Anarchism in Mongolia

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    Anarchism in Mongolia was present during the revolutionary period of the

    Russian anarchist movement in Altai, Buryatia and Tuva
    .

    History

    From the 19th century onwards, Mongolia acted as a refuge for Russian and Chinese revolutionaries, fleeing persecution by their respective empires. Many anarchists were drawn there by the freedom that the wide open spaces of the sparsely-populated plateau afforded to them.[1][2]

    Nestor Kalandarishvil, an anarchist partisan leader during the Russian Civil War, who led a tactical retreat of Soviet forces into Mongolia
    .

    With the

    Altai and Buryatia declared independence from Russia, while Tuva was divided between Russian and Chinese
    occupation forces.

    At the turn of 1918, anarchist detachments began to form in Siberia, including a cavalry division led by

    Maximalists also made up part of the guerilla forces of Alexander Kravchenko and Pyotr Shchetinkin, which led the re-assertion of Soviet power over Tuva in 1919.[14]

    Pavel Baltakhinov, a Buryat anarchist who had been agitating against the Russian State as part of an anarcho-communist group in Irkutsk, fled from the White Terror in early 1919 and went into hiding in Mongolia. During his stay, Baltakhinov participated in anarchist agitprop among the local Mongols, such that when he returned to Siberia in August 1919, he brought many Mongols along with him, where they joined the anarchist guerillas led by Kalandarishvili.[15] He eventually came to command a Buryat guerilla detachment,[16][17][18][19] made up of 50-60 people.[20]

    Ivan Novosyolov, an Altaian anarchist that fled from Bolshevik repression in Altai to China, through Mongolia.

    In

    Bolshevik order, leading to early anti-government protests by many Arats.[23] Repression followed the Soviet Union's annexation of Altai and Buryatia, leading many, including the Altaian anarchist Ivan Novosyolov, to flee first to Mongolia and then to China.[24]

    Founding members of the Mongolian People's Party during the Mongolian Revolution of 1921.

    Nevertheless, forms of

    heterogeneous nature of the Mongolian revolutionary movement, ordered its Bolshevization. It later oversaw the formal subjugation of the Youth Union to the People's Party, further eliminating dissent to single-party rule.[28]

    The Arats, who were being marginalized by the nobility and party officials, continued to push for social reforms - even managing to achieve some in Tuva.[29] However, the nobility continued to hold onto power and the feudal marginalization of Arats continued. In response, many Arats formed Chuduruk Nam, an armed anarchist militant group[30][31] with the goal of protecting the Arats from the oppressive practices of the nobility and party officials. The organization confiscated cattle and property from the wealthy, attacked corrupt party officials, encouraged free love and promoted sanitation and hygiene.[32]

    In March 1924, a counter-revolutionary insurrection was incited by the local nobility and clergy, aiming for a return to traditionalist values.[33] Supported by the Mongolian government, it demanded Tuva be annexed into the Mongolian state,[34] but the insurrection was quickly put down by the intervention of the Soviet Union, a Tuvan government detachment and squads of volunteer Arats.[35] Despite the role that Arats played in putting down the insurrection, the government blamed radical Arat activists for the situation, alleging that Chuduruk Nam had provoked it. As a result, Arat party officials were removed from their posts, including the Tuvan party chairman Oyun Kyursedi.[36] In December 1924, the Chuduruk Nam detachment was surrounded by government forces in the Ulug-Khem Valley and forcibly disarmed.[37]

    With the elimination of the remaining left-wing opposition, the ruling parties of Mongolia and Tuva consolidated their power, overseen by the

    Soviet Imperialism and Joseph Stalin's anti-religious campaigns. After a public argument with Stalin, Peljidiin was removed from power by Khorloogiin Choibalsan, another hardline Stalinist. Peljidiin was subsequently executed and declared a nonperson during the Great Purge, which initiated a campaign of repression in Mongolia. The left-wing opposition remained suppressed until the Mongolian Revolution of 1990
    , which ended single-party rule in Mongolia.

    See also

    References

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    7. ^ "Центросибирь". Slownik.ru. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
    8. ^ Lenin, Vladimir (April 5, 1918). "59. TELEGRAM TO THE C.E.C. OF THE SOVIETS OF SIBERIA". Translated by Clemens Dutt.
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    14. ^ Marmyshev, А.V.; Eliseenko, А.G. (2008). Гражданская война в Енисейской губернии. Krasnoyarsk. pp. 165–168, 174–179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    15. ^ a b Moenhbayar, Ch. (13 April 2011). "Буриад Балтахинов Ар Монголд анархист үзлийг дэлгэрүүлж явжээ" (in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
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    17. ^ Egunov, Nikifor Petrovič (1979). Павел Балтахинов. Irkutsk.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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    19. ^ Basayev, Sergey (17 November 2014). "Мог бы стать священником" (in Russian). Интернет-газета Республики Бурятия. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
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