Anarchism in Morocco

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    Anarchism in Morocco has its roots in the federalism practiced by Amazigh communities in pre-colonial Morocco. During the Spanish Civil War, Moroccan nationalists formed connections with Spanish anarchists in an attempt to ignite a war of national liberation against Spanish colonialism, but this effort was not successful. Despite the brief establishment of an anarchist movement in post-war Morocco, the movement was suppressed by the newly independent government, before finally reemerging in the 21st century.

    History

    The Maghreb after the Berber Revolt of 740.

    Morocco was largely stateless until the establishment of the independent Amazigh kingdom of Mauritania in the 3rd century BCE, but was eventually incorporated into the

    Berghwata, constructed a new syncretic faith.[3][4] By the 11th century, a series of Amazigh dynasties rose to rule over all of Morocco, these included the Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids and Wattasids
    .

    In the 16th century,

    Alaouite Sultanate could not be totally extended throughout Moroccan territory, as many Amazigh tribes did not recognize the Sultan and did not submit to the government. These tribes organized federations from the bottom-up, in opposition to the central government, in which neighborhood representatives and village committees coordinated day-to-day affairs. Within these federations, property and the means of production were held collectively, where farms were worked on a cooperative basis without money exchanging hands. The Moroccan anarchist Brahim Filali examined the Amazigh federalism of pre-colonial Morocco and compared it to the modern-day concept of anarchist federalism, posing it as an example that could be drawn upon by African anarchists in their own organizing.[5]

    Abd el-Krim, leader of the Republic of the Rif in the 1920s.

    At the turn of the 20th century, Morocco was colonized by Spain and France, which divided the country into two European-controlled protectorates. The new governments faced resistance to colonial rule, particularly from Amazigh tribes, who were seeing their autonomy being stripped away. Early anti-colonial revolts were led by the Jebala and Izayen confederations, but the most prominent of these revolts culminated in the Rif War of the 1920s, in which Rifians led by Abd el-Krim briefly established a confederal republic and conducted a protracted guerilla war against the colonial regimes. However, the Republic of the Rif was eventually defeated and Abd el-Krim was exiled to Réunion. Resistance to colonial rule continued into the early 1930s, but was eventually crushed.

    Spanish Civil War

    With the outbreak of the Spanish coup of July 1936, the nationalists seized control of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. Many Moroccans were drafted into the Army of Africa to fight in the Spanish Civil War. In response, the anarchist newspaper Solidarid Obrera began to openly call for the self-determination of the Rif, drawing attention to the nationalists' "reign of terror" in Morocco, and urged workers in the Rif to prepare an armed insurrection against the nationalists.[6]

    In August 1936,

    International Workers' Association (IWA), also proposed a plan to break Abd el-Krim out of his captivity on Réunion, but this too required a declaration of independence for Spanish Morocco to be secured.[7] However, when a copy of the proposals were delivered to the republican government of Francisco Largo Caballero, the plan was rejected, in an attempt to avoid conflict with France.[8][9] The CCMA was subsequently dissolved on October 1, and even when Garcia i Oliver and other leaders of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) joined the republican government, no major changes were made to the government's position on Morocco. In contrast, the nationalist commander Francisco Franco had been persuaded to grant certain freedoms to Moroccans, which included allowing the publication of a local newspaper.[7]

    imperialist views in the paper.[6]

    World War II and independence

    In 1940, the Italian anarchist

    Morocco. Guy-Virgile Martin was among the anarchist activists with a presence in the North African press, working as a teacher in Morocco, where he experienced the country's independence from France.[11] In a letter sent to the Algerian anarchist Fernand Doukhan in January 1958, Martin described the isolation that anarchists were experiencing in the newly independent Morocco, which led him to join the Moroccan Communist Party, in which he became a leading figure.[12]

    Contemporary anarchist movement

    With the founding of the Moroccan anarchist journal

    Arabic language and organizing a number of events.[15]

    References

    1. ISBN 9780521337670
      .
    2. ISBN 2702828655
      .
    3. ISBN 9780521337670
      .
    4. ISSN 2262-7197
      .
    5. ^ Filali, Brahim (11 October 2005). Michael Schmidt (ed.). "On Pre-Colonial Morocco". Anarkismo.net. Translated by Pat Murtagh. Morocco. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
    6. ^
      OCLC 175313588
      . Retrieved 25 March 2021.
    7. ^
      OCLC 175313588
      . Retrieved 25 March 2021.
    8. ^ Padmore, George (20 May 1938). "Why Moors help Franco". New Leader. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
    9. OCLC 925314507
      .
    10. ^ Persici, Vertice (6 November 1988). "Unknown Anarchists: Celso Persici". Umanita Nova. Translated by Paul Sharkey. Kate Sharpley Library.
    11. ^ Le Foll Luciani, Pierre-Jean (December 2019). "Anarchisme et décolonisation en Algérie. Le Mouvement libertaire nord-africain (1950-1956)" (PDF). Histoire@Politique (in French) (39): 5.
    12. ^ Le Foll Luciani, Pierre-Jean (December 2019). "Anarchisme et décolonisation en Algérie. Le Mouvement libertaire nord-africain (1950-1956)" (PDF). Histoire@Politique (in French) (39): 16.
    13. ^ "Campagne d'intimidation à l'encontre du directeur du quotidien Ici et maintenant". Reporters Without Borders (in French). 2 August 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
    14. ^ Alternative libertaire (27 February 2006). "Protégeons la liberté de la presse, Soutenons Brahim Filali" (in French). Union communiste libertaire. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
    15. ^ Alternative libertaire (9 September 2005). "Maroc : Un journaliste libertaire face à la mafia patronale". Commission Journal (in French). Union communiste libertaire. Retrieved 26 March 2021.

    External links

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Morocco&oldid=1219545516"