Anarchism in Portugal
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Anarchism in Portugal first appeared in the form of organized groups in the mid-1880s. It was present from the first steps of the
The 28 May 1926 coup d'état established a National Dictatorship that harshly repressed the workers' movement. The Estado Novo made any anarchist activity illegal, which forced the libertarian movement to clandestine action. In 1974, after the fall of the dictatorship in the Carnation Revolution, the Hot Summer of 1975 brought about a sense of "anarcho-populism", a residue of the spirit of May 1968.[1]
History
From the 1850s, the thought and writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon considerably influenced the first workers' associations and writers.
The Portuguese section of the International Workingmen's Association was formed in 1871.[1] The doctor and writer Eduardo Maia, initially a socialist, turned towards anarchism after reading the works of Peter Kropotkin. As a member of the Portuguese section of the International Association of Workers, he was considered one of the first Portuguese anarchists.
In 1886,
Emergence of the libertarian movement
The first anarchist groups appeared in the mid-1880s. A period of intense editorial activity then began, as several dozen anarchist periodicals were published throughout the country. Under the influence of
Along with
Faced with the specter of "revolutionary terror", the State adopted in 1896 – following the example of the French villainous laws – a special law against anarchist activities.[3] This law reproduced in Portugal the repressive policies of other countries which targeted anarchists and the labor movement, culminating in the International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists in 1898.[4]
This new legal instrument now allowed the arrest of anyone who "supports, defends or incites, orally or in writing, a subversive action [...] or professes anarchist doctrines". The press was formally prohibited from reporting on activities, police investigations and proceedings concerning anarchists. The courts expelled "hundreds of dangerous or suspect workers" to Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and especially Timor.
The General Confederation of Labor
Under the influence of revolutionary unionism, workers' structures developed very rapidly from 1909.
It was not until 1922, after joining the
The Iberian Anarchist Federation
A few days before the
The military dictatorship and repression
In 1926, a military coup led by Manuel Gomes da Costa put an end to the First Portuguese Republic. In 1933, under the leadership of António de Oliveira Salazar, a new constitution was proclaimed, the Estado Novo. In the new, authoritarian, one-party state, strikes were declared illegal and the workers' and employers' unions came under state control. The CGT and its newspaper were banned. Many anarcho-syndicalist activists are arrested and imprisoned. In 1936, the Tarrafal concentration camp was opened on Santiago Island, in Cape Verde.
On 4 July 1937, a group of anarchists, including
Contemporary period
Currently, the anarchist movement in Portugal has little organized expression, with only one national organization, the Portuguese Section of the International Workers' Association, with branches in Guimarães, Lisbon and Porto. In Lisbon there is also the Colectivo Estudantil Libertário de Lisboa, with presence in secondary schools and colleges. In Almada, there is a Libertarian Culture Center.
There have been some attempts to federate various anarchist and libertarian groups and individuals in modern times, with the main examples being União Libertária[13] and Rede de Apoio Mútuo.[14]
See also
- Anarchism in Angola
- Anarchism in Brazil
- Anarchism in East Timor
- Anarchism in Guinea-Bissau
- Anarchism in Mozambique
- Anarchism in Spain
References
- ^ .
- ^ a b Da Fonseca, Carlos (2017). Introduction à l'histoire du mouvement libertaire au Portugal (PDF) (in French). Éditions ArqOperaria / Vosstanie.
- ^ Lei contra os anarquistas (in Portuguese). Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político. 13 February 1896.
- ^ Bigotte Chorão, Luís (2015). Para uma História da Repressão do Anarquismo em Portugal no Século XIX (in Portuguese). Letra Livre.
- ^ Criação da Confederação Geral do Trabalho. No II Congresso Operário Nacional realizado em Coimbra, constitui-se a Confederação Geral do Trabalho. Segue-se o modelo da CGT francesa, por inspiração de Emílio Costa (in Portuguese). Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político. 18 September 1919.
- ^ a b Manuel Joaquim de Sousa (in French). Dictionnaire international des militants anarchistes.
- ^ Samis, Alexandre (2009). Minha Pátria é o Mundo Inteiro. Neno Vasco, o Anarquismo e o Sindicalismo Revolucionário em Dois Mundos (in Portuguese). Lisboa: Letra Livre.
- ^ Anarco-Sindicalismo (in Portuguese). Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político.
No Congresso Revolucionário Sindicalista de Berlim, de 1922–1923, cria-se a Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores, com sindicatos italianos, argentinos e alemão, participando a Confederação Geral do Trabalho portuguesa e a que no ano seguinte adere a congénere espanhola
- ^ "Federació Nacional de Grups Anarquistes d'Espanya". Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (in Catalan). Barcelona.
- ^ "Federació Anarquista Ibèrica". Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (in Catalan). Barcelona.
- ^ Inconnu, Arquivo Histórico-Social (1934). "Militantes cegetistas presos em Peniche". mosca-servidor.xdi.uevora.pt (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Atentado bombista falhado contra Salazar na Avenida Barbosa du Bocage em Lisboa, organizado pelo anarco-sindicalista Emídio Santana, com o apoio da Legião Vermelha" (in Portuguese). Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político. 4 July 1937.
- ^ FONTES, Carlos (2022). Anarquismo em Portugal (PDF). Filorbis. p. 206.
- ^ "Rede de Apoio Mútuo". Radical Guide.
Bibliography
- Da Fonseca, Carlos (1973). Introduction à l'histoire du mouvement libertaire au Portugal (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme.
- Pacheco Pereira, José (1983). "L'historiographie Ouvrière Au Portugal". Le Mouvement Social (in French) (123): 99–108. JSTOR 3777842..
- Freire, João (2002). Les anarchistes du Portugal (in French). Éditions CNT-Région parisienne. ISBN 978-2951616318.
- Freire, João (2017). "Panorama des mouvements sociaux : le Portugal, XIXe, XXe siècles". Variations (in French) (20). .
- Clímaco Pereira, Ana Cristina (1998). L'exil politique portugais en France et en Espagne, 1927–1940 (These de doctorat). Thèse de doctorat en Histoire sous la direction de Andrée Bachoud (in French). Université Paris-Diderot.
- Gonçalves, Cécile (2011). "Salazar et la Guerre civile espagnole". Diacronie (in French) (7). .
- Bigotte Chorão, Luís (2015). Para uma História da Repressão do Anarquismo em Portugal no Século XIX (in Portuguese). Letra Livre.
- Rodrigues, Edgar (1999). História do Movimento Anarquista em Portugal (PDF) (in Portuguese). Universo Ácrata, Editora Insular Florianópolis.
Further reading
- Cleminson, Richard; Duarte, Diogo (2023). "Anarchism, colonialism and the question of 'race' in Portugal (c.1890-1930)". Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies. 29 (1): 115–135. ISSN 1470-1847 – via Taylor & Francis.
External links
- Guilhotina.info
- Portal Anarquista, from the Colectivo Libertário de Évora