Anarchism in Syria
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Anarchism in Syria emerged as a largely disorganized movement during the authoritarian rule of the Assad government, but following the initiation of the
History
In the late 19th century, Syrians were at the forefront of the Arab anarchist movements in
Following the independence of
A power struggle within the party eventually culminated in the
Due to the authoritarianism of the Assad government, the anarchist movement was rather limited in its organizing capacity. Nevertheless, a number of Syrian individuals began to become prominent voices in the wider Arab anarchist movement, including Mazen Kamalmaz, Nader Atassi and Omar Aziz. It wasn't until the outbreak of the civil uprising in 2011 that the Syrian anarchist movement took on a more organized form.[7]
Syrian civil uprising
When the
However, with the
Nevertheless, local councils continued to grow throughout Syria. In July 2013, 128 local councils were listed by the Syrian Nonviolence Movement.[12] And according to the Local Administration Council Unit, by March 2016, an estimated 395 local councils existed in rebel-held territories.[13] But these newly created councils were largely excluded from political participation by the Syrian National Council, so resolved to form their own national organization.[14]
Rojava conflict
On January 16, 2011, the
On September 15, 2014, the
The first of the anarchist detachments to volunteer was the Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity (RUIS), a Greek anarcho-communist squad founded in April 2015.[25] On March 31, 2017, the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (IRPGF) was established and affiliated to the IFB, becoming the second international anarchist detachment to volunteer.
During the
At the beginning of 2018, the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the Syrian National Army (SNA) launched an invasion of Efrin. Anarchist detachments including RUIS and TA were among the internationalists that attempted to defend the canton.[31] On February 24, the Icelandic anarchist Haukur Hilmarsson, was killed while fighting as part of RUIS.[32] On March 4, the Turkish anarchist Şevger Ara Makhno was killed, while fighting as part of TA.[33] Despite the resistance, on March 18, the Turkish-led forces captured Afrin city[34] and pacified the remainder of Afrin District over the subsequent week.[35]
TA was subsequently transferred to fight in the resumed Deir ez-Zor campaign, in an operation to capture what remained of ISIL's dwindling territories along the Euphrates. On March 18, 2019, during the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the Italian anarchist Lorenzo Orsetti was killed in an ambush, while fighting as part of TA.[36]
References
- ^ Al-Shami, Leila (28 November 2013). "Interview with Apatris on the Syrian revolution". Apatris. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ "Syria: World War II and independence". Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b "Background Note: Syria". United States Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3.
- ISBN 978-1-84277-213-3.
- ^ Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath". The Middle East Quarterly.
- ^ Stephens, Joshua (6 September 2013). "Syrian Anarchist Challenges the Rebel/Regime Binary View of Resistance". Truthout. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ THI (11 May 2017). "To Live in Revolutionary Time". Bordered by Silence. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ISSN 0294-2925. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Yassin-Kassab & Al-Shami 2018, p. 69.
- ^ Al-Shami, Leila (23 August 2013). "The life and work of anarchist Omar Aziz, and his impact on self-organization in the Syrian revolution". Tahrir-ICN. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Yassin-Kassab & Al-Shami 2018, p. 261.
- OCLC 960403441.
- OCLC 960403441.
- ^ Shilton, Dor (9 June 2019). "In the Heart of Syria's Darkness, a Democratic, Egalitarian and Feminist Society Emerges". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ TOLHILDAN, AXİN (27 August 2018). "Muslim: Our goal is for TEV-DEM to organize the 3rd territory". ANF News. Firat News Agency. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ Bookchin, Debbie (2018-06-15). "How My Father's Ideas Helped the Kurds Create a New Democracy". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ "More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area". Rudaw. 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "After quiet revolt, power struggle looms for Syria's Kurds". Mobile.reuters.com. 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ^ "PYD Press Release: A call for support and protection of the peaceful establishment, the self-governed Rojava region | هيئة التنسيق الوطنية لقوى التغيير الديمقراطي". Syrianncb.org. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Syria Kobane IS Offensive (15 September 2014 – 26 January 2015)". Agathocle de Syracuse. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^ sohranas. "YPG retakes the entire city of Ayn al- Arab "Kobani" after 112 days of clashes with IS militants". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ "War against ISIS/Daesh: 'From Tuzluçayır to Kobane' – Interview With An Anarchist Warrior (Kurdistan)". 325. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ "The First Internationalist Freedom Battalion Established in Rojava". Isyandan. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- Independent Media Center. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ Martin Chulov (6 October 2017). "The fall of Raqqa: hunting the last jihadists in Isis's capital of cruelty". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ Harp, Seth (23 February 2017). "The Anarchists vs. ISIS". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC.
- ^ Moore, Jack (25 July 2017). "First LGBT unit created to fight ISIS in Syria. Its name? The Queer Insurrection". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ "Collective Announced in Rojava: Tekoşîna Anarşîst". AMW English. January 10, 2019. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
- It's going down. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ grapevine.is (7 March 2018). "Icelander Reportedly Killed In Action In Afrin - The Reykjavik Grapevine". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Rojava: Şehîd Şevger Ara Makhno – Fallen in the Defence of Afrin". Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ "Turkish forces and Free Syrian Army capture Afrin city". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ "Turkey takes full control of Syria's Afrin region, reports say". Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ "Italian volunteer killed in fight against ISIS". www.kurdistan24.net. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
Bibliography
- Yassin-Kassab, Robin; Al-Shami, Leila (2018). Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War. OCLC 1137130901.
- Knapp, Michael; Flach, Anja; Ayboğa, Ercan (2016). Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women's Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. Translated by Janet Biehl. OCLC 961001324.
External links
- Syria section - The Anarchist Library
- Syria section - Libcom.org