Anastylosis
Anastylosis (from the
Methodology
The intent of anastylosis is to rebuild, from as much of the original materials that is left after hundreds or even thousands of years of abuse, historical architectural monuments which have fallen into ruin. This is done by placing components back into their original positions. Where standing buildings are at risk of collapse, the method may entail the preparation of drawings and measurements, piece-by-piece disassembly, and careful reassembly, with new materials as required for structural integrity; occasionally this may include new foundations. When elements or parts are missing, modern materials (of restoration grade) may be substituted, such as plaster, cement, and synthetic resins.
The international Venice Charter of 1964 details criteria for anastylosis. First, the original condition of the structure must be confirmed scientifically. Second, the proper placement of each recovered component must be determined. Third, supplemental components must be limited to those necessary for stability (that is, substitute components may never lie at the top), and must be recognizable as replacement materials. New construction for the sake of filling in apparent lacunae is not allowed.
Criticism
Anastylosis has its detractors in the scientific community. In effect, the method poses several problems:
- No matter how rigorous preparatory studies are, any errors of interpretation will result in errors, often undetectable or incorrigible, in reconstruction.[2]
- Damage to the original components is practically inevitable.
- An element may be, or may have been reused in, or may have originated in, different buildings or monuments from different periods. To use it in one reconstruction obviates its use in others.
Examples
Armenia
One of the well-restored structures restored by the anastylosis method is the
Greece
A primitive anastylosis was carried out in 1836 at the
India
Several monuments protected by the
Indonesia
Early in the 20th century, Dutch archaeologists carried out anastylosis of the
Cambodia
The
Turkey
Aphrodisias has several buildings sufficiently well preserved to allow such anastylosis: the Tetrapylon (1983–90); the east end of the Sebasteion's South Building (2000–2012); the Doric logeion of the Theatre (2011–2012); and the Propylon of the Sebasteion complex (2012– ).[5]
Others
- Temple of Heracles in Agrigento, Italy
- Temple of Debod in Madrid, Spain
- Roman Theatre of Cartagena, Spain
- Theatre at Sabratha , Libya
- Stari Most, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Temple of Trajan, Pergamon, Turkey
- King's funerary complex at Djoser, Egypt by Jean-Philippe Lauer (1926–2001)
- Red Chapel at Karnak, Egypt
- Cretan Palace at Arthur John Evans
- South Palace at Vat Phu, Laos
- Mỹ Sơn, Vietnam
- Notre Dame de Paris, France
- Mesa Verde, United States
Proposals
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Buddhas of Bamiyan - "preservation work has ceased and there are no indications that reconstruction will occur in the foreseeable future". (August 2023) |
The
It would be possible to reconstruct the Gourgion Tower in Gozo, Malta using anastylosis, since many of its decorated stones and inscriptions were retrieved following its destruction in 1943 by the United States, and are now in storage at Heritage Malta.[8]
Following the
See also
References
- S2CID 143161967.
- ^ a b HOUBART, CLAUDINE. ""Reconstruction as a creative act": on anastylosis and restoration around the Venice Congress" (PDF).
- ISBN 9781317406198.
- ^ Ajie, Stefanus (17 February 2018). "Kedulan Temple restoration enters anastylosis phase". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
- ^ "Aphrodisias Excavations - Anastylosis". aphrodisias.classics.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
- ^ "Al Khazneh, Jordan". Archived from the original on 2012-09-11.
- ^ Petzet, Michael. "Anastylosis or reconstruction – the conservation concept for the remains of the Buddhas of Bamiyan" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2016.
- ISSN 1026-132X. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 15, 2015.
- ^ Shaheen, Kareem; Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 March 2016). "Syrian regime forces retake 'all of Palmyra' from Isis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016.
Sources
- (German) Adolf Borbein, Tonio Hölscher, Paul Zanker (Hrsg.): Klassische Archäologie. Eine Einführung. Reimer, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-496-02645-6(darin: Hans-Joachim Schalles: Archäologie und Denkmpalpflege. S. 52 ff. Gottfried Gruben: Klassische Bauforschung. S. 251 ff.)
- (German) Gruben, Gottfried: Anastilosis in Griechenland In: Anita Rieche u.a. (Hrsg.): Grabung – Forschung – Präsentation. Festschrift Gundolf Precht. Zabern, Mainz 2002. S. 327–338. (Xantener Berichte, Band 12) ISBN 3-8053-2960-1
- (German) Klaus Nohlen: Anastilosis und Entwurf. In: Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Bd. 54 (2004), S. 35–54. ISBN 3-8030-1645-2.
- (German) Hartwig Schmidt: Wiederaufbau. Denkmalpflege an archäologischen Stätten, Bd. 2, hrsg. vom Architekturreferat des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Theiss, Stuttgart 1993. ISBN 3-8062-0588-4
- (German) Michael Petzet, Gert Mader: Praktische Denkmalpflege. ISBN 3-17-009007-0; v. a. S. 86 ff. und 98 ff.
External links
Translated from the French language article and the German language article 10 May 2006.