Anchovy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the fish. For the town in Jamaica, see Anchovy, Jamaica.
"Anchovies" and "Chovy" redirect here. For the food, see Anchovies as food. For the David Thomas Broughton EP, see Anchovies (EP). For the esports player, see Chovy (gamer).

Anchovies
Temporal range:
Early Eocene
to present
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Clupeiformes
Suborder:
Clupeoidei
Superfamily: Engrauloidea
Family: Engraulidae
Gill, 1861
Subfamilies & genera[1]

See text

An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.[2]

More than 140 species are placed in 17

genera; they are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Anchovies are usually classified as oily fish.[3]

Taxonomy

Genera

Genera in the family Engraulidae
Genera Species Comment Genera Species Comment
Amazonsprattus 1 Anchoa 35
Anchovia 3 Anchoviella 4
Cetengraulis 2 Coilia 13
Encrasicholina 5 Engraulis 9 Type genus, containing all commercially significant species.
Jurengraulis 1 Lycengraulis 4
Lycothrissa 1 Papuengraulis 1
Pseudosetipinna 1 Pterengraulis 1
Setipinna 8 Stolephorus 20
Thryssa 24

Characteristics

European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus

Anchovies are small, green fish with blue reflections due to a silver-colored

caudal (tail) fin. They range from 2 to 40 centimetres (1 to 15+1⁄2 inches) in adult length,[5]
and their body shapes are variable with more slender fish in northern populations.

The

recently hatched fish
.

Distribution

Anchovies are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans, but are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas. They are generally very accepting of a wide range of temperatures and

brackish
areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays.

The European anchovy is abundant in the Mediterranean, particularly in the

Spawning
occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C (54 °F). The anchovy appears to spawn at least 100 kilometres (55 nautical miles) from the shore, near the surface of the water.

Ecology

The anchovy is a significant food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the

marine mammals and birds; for example, breeding success of California brown pelicans[9] and elegant terns
is strongly connected to anchovy abundance.

Feeding behavior

Anchovies, like most clupeoids (herrings, sardines and anchovies), are filter-feeders that open their mouths as they swim. As water passes through the mouth and out the gills, food particles are sieved by gill rakers and transferred into the esophagus.[10]

Commercial species

This article is part of a series on
Commercial fish
Large pelagic
Forage
Demersal
Mixed
Commercially significant species
Common name Scientific name Maximum
length 		Common
length 		Maximum
weight 		Maximum
age 		Trophic
level 		Fish
Base
FAO
ITIS
IUCN status
European anchovy* Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 20.0 cm (8 in) 13.5 cm (5+1⁄2 in)[11] 49 g (1+3⁄4 oz) 5 years 3.11 [12] [13] [14] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[15]
Argentine anchoita Engraulis anchoita (Hubbs & Marini, 1935) 17.0 cm (6+1⁄2 in) 10.0 cm (4 in) 25 g (7⁄8 oz) ? years 2.51 [16] [17] [18] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[19]
Californian anchovy Engraulis mordax (Girard, 1856) 24.8 cm (10 in) 15.0 cm (6 in) 68 g (2+3⁄8 oz) 7 years 2.96 [20] [21] [22] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[23]
Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 18.0 cm (7 in) 14.0 cm (5+1⁄2 in) 45 g (1+5⁄8 oz) 4 years 2.60 [24] [25] [26] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[27]
Peruvian anchoveta Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) 20.0 cm (8 in) 14.0 cm (5+1⁄2 in) ? g 3 years 2.70 [28] [29] [30] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[31]
Southern African anchovy Engraulis capensis (Gilchrist, 1913) 17.0 cm (6+1⁄2 in) 11.0 cm (4+1⁄2 in) ((Linf+Lm)/2) ? g ? years 2.80 [32] [33] [34] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[35]

* Type species

Fisheries

Global capture of anchovy in tonnes reported by the
FAO
Capture of all anchovy reported by the FAO (green indicates Peruvian anchoveta)[36]
↑  Peruvian anchoveta 1950–2010[36]
↑  Other anchovy 1950–2010[36]
Global commercial capture of anchovy in million tonnes 1950–2010[36]

Black Sea

On average, the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year, mainly in winter. The largest catch is in November and December.[37]

Peru

The Peruvian anchovy fishery is one of the largest in the world, far exceeding catches of the other anchovy species.

El Niño[38]
and did not fully recover for two decades.

As food

Main article: Anchovies as food
Still Life with Anchovies, 1972, Antonio Sicurezza

A traditional method of processing and preserving anchovies is to gut and salt them in brine, allow them to cure, and then pack them in oil or salt. This results in a characteristic strong flavor and the flesh turning a deep grey. Pickled in vinegar, as with Spanish boquerones, anchovies are milder and the flesh retains a white color. In Roman times, anchovies were the base for the fermented fish sauce garum. Garum had a sufficiently long shelf life for long-distance commerce, and was produced in industrial quantities. Anchovies were also eaten raw as an aphrodisiac.[39]

Today, they are used in small quantities to flavor many dishes. Because of the strong flavor, they are also an ingredient in several sauces and condiments, including

Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish, such as tuna and sea bass.[40]

The strong taste people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process. Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as alici, have a much milder flavor.[41] The anchovies from Barcola (in the local dialect: sardoni barcolani) are particularly popular. These white fleshy fish, which are only found at Sirocco in the Gulf of Trieste, achieve the highest prices.[42]

In Sweden and Finland, the name "anchovies" is related strongly to a traditional seasoning, hence the product "anchovies" is normally made of sprats[43] and herring can be sold as "anchovy-spiced". Fish from the family Engraulidae are instead known as sardell in Sweden and sardelli in Finland, leading to confusion when translating recipes.

In Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines, they are deep-fried and eaten as a snack or a side dish. They are known as ikan bilis in Malay, ikan teri in Indonesian and dilis in Filipino.[44]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6
    .
  2. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000100002
    .
  3. ^ "What's an oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. 2004-06-24. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  4. ^
    PMID 32537214
    .
  5. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Engraulidae" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
  6. JSTOR 1444635
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2
    .
  8. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Alboran Sea. eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
  9. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations: 55. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2011-12-04. Pelican reproductive rate ... depends largely on levels of anchovy abundance and availability.
  10. ^ Bone, Q., & Marshall, N. (1982). Biology of fishes. Glasgow: Blackie.
  11. ^ Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) European anchovy, In: Fishbase.se. 2021
  12. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis encrasicolus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  13. ^ Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  14. ^ "Engraulis encrasicolus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  15. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198568A15546291.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  16. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis anchoita" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  17. ^ Engraulis anchoita (Hubbs & Marini, 1935) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  18. ^ "Engraulis anchoita". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  19. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T195023A159405500.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  20. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis mordax" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  21. ^ Engraulis mordax (Girard, 1856) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  22. ^ "Engraulis mordax". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  23. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183856A8189272.en
    .
  24. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis japonicus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  25. ^ Engraulis japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  26. ^ "Engraulis japonicus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  27. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98969433A143841777.en
    .
  28. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis ringens" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  29. ^ Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  30. ^ "Engraulis ringens". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  31. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T183775A102904317.en
    .
  32. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis capensis" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
  33. ^ Engraulis capensis (Gilchrist, 1913) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  34. ^ "Engraulis capensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  35. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98962403A143841628.en
    .
  36. ^ a b c d Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets
  37. ^ "Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys: Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast" (PDF). Middle East Technical University Institute of Marine Sciences.
  38. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-03. Retrieved 2015-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ^ "Tacitus: Germania". thelatinlibrary.com.
  40. ^ Walford L. A. (1945) Fishery Resources of the United States of America, page 26, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  41. ^ "White Anchovy Fillets (Boquerones)". marxfoods.com.
  42. ^ Georges Desrues "Eine Lange Nacht am Meer", In: Triest - Servus Magazin (2020), p 73.
  43. ^ "Food: First catch your anchovies". The Independent. 22 November 1997. Archived from the original on 2009-07-14.
  44. ^ Benayoun, Mike (2017-07-03). "Dilis". 196 flavors. Retrieved 2022-08-19.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engraulidae
(Anchovies).
Look up anchovy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchovy&oldid=1219449622"