Anatolian peoples
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The Anatolians were
History
Origins
Together with the
The Anatolian peoples were intruders in an area in which the local population had already founded cities, established literate bureaucracies and established kingdoms and palace cults.[2] Once they entered the region, the cultures of the local populations, in particular the Hattians, significantly influenced them linguistically, politically and religiously.[5] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Anatolian peoples initially gained a foothold in Anatolia after being hired by the Hattians to fight other invading Indo-European groups.[6]
Bronze Age
The earliest linguistic and historical attestation of the Anatolian peoples are names mentioned in
The Hittites are by far the best known of the Anatolian peoples. Originally referring to themselves as the Neshites after their capital at Kanesh, which they had at one point captured from the Hatti, the Hittites then seized the Hattic capital of Hattusa. The Hittite language thereafter gradually supplanted Hattic as the predominant language in Anatolia.[1] Uniting several independent Hattic kingdoms in Anatolia the Hittites began establishing a Middle Eastern empire in the 17th-century BC.[2] They sacked Babylon, seized Assyrian cities and fought the Egyptian Empire to a standstill at the Battle of Kadesh, the greatest chariot battle of the ancient world.[2] Their empire disappeared with the Late Bronze Age collapse in the 12th-century BC. As Hittite was a language of the elite, the language disappeared with the empire.[2]
Another Anatolian group was the Luwians, who migrated to south-west Anatolia in the early Bronze Age.[9] Unlike Hittite, the Luwian language does not contain loanwords from Hattic, indicating that it was initially spoken in western Anatolia.[2] The Luwians inhabited a large area and their language was spoken after the collapse of the Hittite Empire.[2]
The least known Anatolian group were the
Iron Age
Following the
Culture
Law
The better known
See also
- List of ancient Anatolian peoples
- List of ancient peoples of Anatolia
- Ancient Regions of Anatolia
- Mitanni
- Purushanda
- Hyksos
- Sea peoples
- Maryannu
- Kikkuli
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d Mallory 1997, pp. 12–16
- ^ a b c d e f g h Anthony 2007, pp. 43–48
- ^ a b Beckwith 2009, p. 32
- ^ Hock & Joseph 1996, pp. 520–521
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
- ^ a b c Beckwith 2009, pp. 37–39
- ^ Anthony 2007, pp. 64–65
- ^ Fortson, IV 2011, p. 48
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1134921874.
The Palaic peoples were very quickly overwhelmed by the invasions of the Kaskas, a non-IE people from the East, who swept them away and for centuries kept attacking the Hittite kingdom
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- Fortson, IV, Benjamin W. (2011). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ISBN 3-1101-4784-X. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ISBN 1884964982. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- Melchert, H. Craig (2012). "The Position of Anatolian" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-09.
- Sharon R. Steadman; Gregory McMahon (15 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE). ISBN 978-0-19-537614-2. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
Further reading
- Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". .