Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia
Thirteen
Qaryat al-Fāw
This city was known as Dhāt Kahl in the
The city had an important location, as it was located on a trade route, which had a great impact on the lives of the inhabitants due to their contacts with people from other nations. The archaeological excavations in the city revealed that the city had grown and evolved gradually from the point of the trade route to another important commercial point in the eastern part of the trade route that extends from the south of the Arabian Peninsulas through Najrān across the Gulf and Mesopotamia. It became the economic, religious, cultural and social centre of the central Arabian Peninsula, as well as the capital of the Kindah Kingdom in their first period.[2]
Discovery
Interest in Qaryat al-Fāw as an archaeological site dates back to the 1940s when a reference to it was made by some official workers of the
Market Area
Built near the western edge of the valley which separates between the Ṭuwayq Mountains and the city limits east of the residential area was a large market, 30.75 m in length from west to east, and 25.20 m north to south. It was surrounded by a huge fence consisting of three contiguous parts; the middle one was made of limestone and the internal and external ones made of clay. The market consisted of three floors with seven towers in the market's corners and three in the structure in the middle of the north, south and east of the building. The only entrance to the market was located in the southern half of the west side and was a small door leading to a small square.
Literature
The residents of the Qaryat al-Fāw were concerned with writing, and a great deal of literature was found on the slopes of the mountains, in the market, temples, while paintings were found in the city's residential, and tombstones, pottery and other archaeological materials were also found in the city. The language used was a mix of the language of the north and south. They wrote on different topics, including on religious and commercial issues, as well as on subjects related to personal matters, and through their available literature it has been possible to identify some names of people, tribes, gods, as well as to identify the possible existence of the relations between Qaryat al-Fāw and other kingdoms. A vast amount of inscriptions was found in Qaryat al-Fāw.
Temples
Three temples and one altar were found in Qaryat al- Fāw, two in the area to the west of the market, and one outside the market area. In addition, more than one type of cemetery was found in the town, as there were both public and family graveyards.
Current Condition
As of January 1, 2014, the site is completely fenced for protection against looters by the Saudi Government. The site is tended by a Saudi caretaker whose family has ties to the immediate area. The site was authorized and allocated funds for significant improvement, preservation and the construction of a modern visitors center. Construction was to have been completed by December, 2013, however to date no construction has started. The site is extremely impressive, with multiple Nobelmans and Warrior class tombs spaced along the Eastern periphery. The Kings tomb resides somewhat separated and to the North West of the City. The market place shows significant erosion of the walls, which have buried almost an entire story of the once 3 or 4 level artifice. Remnants of grain storage and baking ovens can still be seen today. Located East of the city lies a large jebel, with significant caves and petroglyphs.
Al-Ukhdūd Archeological Area
Al-Ukhdūd (
Madā'in Sālih
Madā'in Ṣāliḥ
- Qaṣr al-Ṣāni' (Arabic: قَصْر ٱلصَّانِع) is the first group of tombs and occupies two sandstone hills in the southern part of the site. The western hill contains only one large tomb, called Qaṣr al-Ṣāni', while the second one contains six small undated funerary chambers.
- The tombs of the residential area: this group of monuments lies in the south of the residential area. It comprises two sandstone hills, one small and one large. The large one contains eighteen tombs.
- Qaṣr al-Faridis located in the southwest of the site. It was given its name as it was completely isolated from the other tombs.
- Qaṣr al-Bint (Arabic: قَصْر ٱلْبِنْت): this group of tombs lies west of Jabal Ithib. It comprises two sandstone hills, one containing twenty-nine tombs and the second, two tombs.
- Jibal Athilb (Arabic: جِبَال أَثِلْب): The name is a toponym referring to two mountain ranges which dominate the site from the northeast.
- Jabal al-Maḥjar (Arabic: جَبَل ٱلْمَهْجَر): this group of tombs is located to the northwest of the complex of Qaṣr al-Bint and occupies three elongated sandstone hills, one of which is called the Jabal al-Maḥjar. This area contains fourteen tombs.
- Khaymāt (Arabic: ٱلْخَيْمَات): this group of tombs is located to the west of the Ḥijāz railway. It contains fifty-three tombs.
- The residential area (Arabic: مجموعة مقابر ٱلْمِنْطَقَة): is located in the plain which lies in the middle of the site.
Madā'in Ṣāliḥ was recognized by
Jubbah
Jabbah (
Tārūt
Tārūt Island (
Al-Shuwayḥaṭiyah
Al-Shuwayḥaṭiyah (
Thāj
Thāj (
Dūmat Al-Jandal
Dūmat al-Jandal (
See also
- Cities of the ancient Near East
- Al-'Ula: Dedan - Kingdom of Lihyan(~5th century BCE)
- Kinda: Yemeni tribe (2nd century BCE)
- Medina: Yathrib (6th century BCE)
- Tayma: Tema (8th century BCE)
References
- ^ "A First Century BC Arabic Inscription In Musnad Script At Qaryat Al-Faw". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "Qaryat al-Faw: A Portrait of Pre-Islamic Civilisation in Saudi Arabia (1982)". Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Mirza, Mohammed (May 2016). "Qaryat Al Faw – Arabia's Forgotten City". Retrieved 2020-07-12.
- ^ "Trade Routes Resources Blog". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "ThePlace: Qaryat Al-Faw, one of the ancient cities of the pre-Islamic era in Saudi Arabia". Arab News. 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
- ^ "Arabian Rock Art Heritage - Bi'r Hima". Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities. Archived from the originalon 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
- ^ "All News - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Phoenician štrt (*'Ashtart). See Astarte.
- ^ The Desert Frontier of Arabia: Al-Jawf Through the Ages by Abd Al-Rahman Ibn A. Sudayri
- ^ "Qasr Ma'arid, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
External links
- L'heritage du lointain [1][permanent dead link]
- ESP Dating of Tooth from Pre- Islamic Sitin Saudi Arabia [2]
- Saudi Commission for Tourism & Antiquities [3]