Andhra Ikshvaku
Ikshvakus of Andhra | |||||||||||
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Early 3rd century–early 4th century | |||||||||||
Capital | Vijayapuri | ||||||||||
Official languages | Sanskrit, Telugu | ||||||||||
Religion | Shaivism (Hinduism), Buddhism | ||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
Maharaja | |||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Established | Early 3rd century | ||||||||||
early 4th century | |||||||||||
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Today part of | India |
The Andhra Ikshvaku (
The Ikshvaku kings were Shaivites and performed Vedic rites, but Buddhism also flourished during their reign. Several Ikshvaku queens and princes contributed to the construction of the Buddhist monuments at present-day Nagarjunakonda.
Political history
Ancient Sanskrit texts, such as
A record of the Vijayapuri king Ehuvala Chamtamula traces his ancestry to the legendary Ikshvakus.[5] The Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri seem to be same as the "Shriparvatiya Andhras" mentioned in the Matsya Purana.[4]
Chamtamula
The dynasty's founder Vasishthiputra Chamtamula (
No information is available about Chamtamula's parents, except that his father had multiple wives and daughters. Chamtamula had two
The records of the later Ikshvaku kings describe Chamtamula as a great performer of the Vedic sacrifices such as Agnishtoma, Vajapeya and Ashvamedha.[7][8] These descriptions are corroborated by archaeological discoveries, including those of Chamtamula's Ashvamedha-type coins, a tank used for the Avabhritha ceremony, the kurma-chiti (a tortoise-shaped sacrificial altar), and the skeleton of a horse. An inscription of the later Ikshvaku king Ehuvala Chamtamula states that Vasishthiputra Chamtamula won many battles with his valour.[6]
Chamtamula had many wives.[9] His daughter Adavi Chamtisri (IAST: Cāṃtiśrī) married Mahasenapati Mahatalavara Dandanayaka Khamdavishakha (IAST: Khamḍaviśāakha) of the Dhanaka family. He was succeeded by his son Virapurushadatta.[6] An inscription dated to the 20th regnal year of Virapurushadatta mentions Chamtamula's death, which can be interpreted in various ways. It is possible that Chamtamula lived up to this time, having given up the throne at an earlier date; alternatively, it is possible that the inscription merely commemorates his death anniversary.[10]
Virapurushadatta
Mathari-putra Vira-purusha-datta (
His daughter Kodabalishri (IAST: Kodabaliśrī) married the ruler of the Vanavasa country[17] (possibly the Chutu ruler of modern Banavasi).[18] He had two sons, Eli Ehavuladasa (whose mother was Yakhilinika) and Evuvala Chamtamula (whose mother was Khamduvula, and who succeeded him on the throne).[14]
Ehuvala Chamtamula
Vasishthi-putra Ehuvala Chamtamula (
The Ikshvaku kingdom seems to have suffered multiple foreign invasions during Ehuvala's reign. The Sarvadeva temple inscription credits his commander Anikke with victories on the battlefield. The memorial pillar of his general Mahasenapati Chamtapula, a Kulahaka chief, also alludes to battle victories.[20]
Hariti-putra Virapurushadatta, the son of Ehuvala and queen Kapanashri (Kapanaśrī), bore the titles of an
The
Rudrapurushadatta
Vasishthi-putra Rudra-purusha-datta (
According to American academic
Decline
An inscription dated to the 30th regnal year of the
By the mid-4th century, the Pallavas had gained controlled of the former Ikshvaku territory, and the Ikshvaku rulers may have been reduced to vassal status.[22]
Rulers
Four Ikshvaku rulers are known from the inscriptions and coins discovered at
Assuming 227 CE as the last date of the
- Vasishthi-putra Chamtamula (Vāsiṣṭhīputra Cāṃtamūla), c. 227-250
- Mathari-putra Vira-purusha-datta (Māṭharīputra Vīrapuruṣadatta), c. 250-274
- Vasishthi-putra Ehuvala Chamtamula (Vasiṣṭhīputra Ehuvala Cāṃtamūla), c. 274–297; also spelt Ehavala
- Vasishthi-putra Rudra-purusha-datta (Vasiṣṭhīputra Rudrapuruṣadatta), c. 297-309
Historian Upinder Singh estimates the reigns of the Ikshvaku rulers as follows:[24]
- Chamtamula (210-250 CE)
- Virapurushadatta (250-275 CE)
- Ehuvala Chamtamula (275-297/300 CE)
- Rudrapurushadatta (300-325 CE)
Territory
The Ikshvakus ruled parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Their inscriptions have been discovered at Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Kottampalugu, Gurazala, Rentala, and Uppugunduru.[7]
Religion
The Ikshvaku kings are known to have performed various
Buddhism also flourished in Ikshvaku kingdom, and several princes and queens contributed to the construction of the Buddhist shrines.
Inscriptions dated to the regnal years 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, and 24 of Virapurushadatta's rule record the construction of Buddhist monuments by royal ladies and commoners.
References
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Andhra Pradesh and Telangana |
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History and Kingdoms |
- ^ Indian History Congress. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Parts 1-2. pp. 32–33.
- ^ Ram Chandra Jain. Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1970. p. 18.
- ^ Ram Chandra Jain. Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1970. p. 21.
- ^ a b c d K. Krishna Murthy 1977, p. 3.
- ^ Kotra Raghunath 2001, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e f K. Krishna Murthy 1977, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d Himanshu Prabha Ray 2003, p. 140.
- ^ Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya 1974, p. 116.
- ^ a b c d e f K. Krishna Murthy 1977, p. 5.
- ^ a b K. Krishna Murthy 1977, p. 8.
- ^ a b "In Nagarjunakonda Scythian influence is noticed and the cap and coat of a soldier on a pillar may be cited as an example.", in Sivaramamurti, C. (1961). Indian Sculpture. Allied Publishers. p. 51.
- ^ a b "A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. Distinct ethnic and sartorial characteristics are noreworthy.", in Ray, Amita (1982). Life and Art of Early Andhradesa. Agam. p. 249.
- ^ a b P.R.Rao 1993, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f g K. Krishna Murthy 1977, p. 6.
- ^ (India), Madhya Pradesh (1982). Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain. Government Central Press. p. 26.
- ^ "The Iksvakus Kings employed Scythian soldiers as their palace guards, and also an inscription hints that a colony of Scythians existed at Nagarjunakonda.", in The Journal of the Institution of Surveyors (India). Institution of Surveyors. 1967. p. 374.
- ^ K. Krishna Murthy 1977, pp. 5–6.
- JSTOR 42665170.
- ^ Singh 2017, p. 173.
- ^ a b c d K. Krishna Murthy 1977, p. 7.
- ^ Richard Salomon 1998, pp. 93–94.
- ^ K. Krishna Murthy 1977, pp. 8–9.
- ^ K. R. Subramanian 1989, p. 83.
- ^ Singh 2016, p. 45.
- ^ K. Krishna Murthy 1977, pp. 4–5.
Bibliography
- Himanshu Prabha Ray (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01109-9.
- K. Krishna Murthy (1977). Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study. Concept. OCLC 4541213.
- K. R. Subramanian (1989). Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0444-5.
- Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram (1973). The Andhras through the ages. Sri Saraswati.
- Kotra Raghunath (2001). The Ikṣvākus of Vijayapuri: a study of the Nagarjunakonda inscriptions. Eastern Book Linkers. ISBN 978-81-7854-005-4.
- Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509984-2.
- Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974). Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2941-1.
- Singh, Upinder (2016). The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789351506478.
- Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97527-9.
- P.R.Rao (1993). Ancient and Medieval History of Andhra Pradesh. Sterling publishers pvt. ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-1522-6.
External links
- Early Inscriptions of Āndhradeśa: includes several Ikshvaku inscriptions