Andrés Bonifacio
President of the Philippines (unofficial) | |
---|---|
In office August 24, 1896 – March 22 or May 10, 1897 | |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Office abolished Emilio Aguinaldo (as President of Tejeros Revolutionary Government) |
Supremo of Katipunan | |
In office November, 1895 – May 10, 1897 | |
Preceded by | Román Basa |
Succeeded by | Organization defunct |
Personal details | |
Born | Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro November 30, 1863[1] Tondo, Manila,[1] Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire |
Died | May 10, 1897 Maragondon, Cavite, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire | (aged 33)
Cause of death | Execution |
Political party | La Liga Filipina Katipunan |
Spouses | |
Children | 1 |
Education | Magdiwang) |
Years of service | 1896–1897 |
Battles/wars | Philippine Revolution
|
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (Tagalog:
He was one of the founders and later the Kataastaasang Pangulo (Supreme President, Presidente Supremo in Spanish, often shortened by contemporaries and historians to just Supremo)[6] of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or more commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement that sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution.[7][8][5]
With the onset of the revolution, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into a revolutionary government, with himself as President (Pangulo) of a
Bonifacio was executed by Major Lázaro Macapagal under the order of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) headed by General Mariano Noriel in 1897 on the basis of committing sedition and treason against the government.[11][12]
Early life and education
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was born on November 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila,[13] and was the first of six children of Catalina de Castro, a tornatras from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.[14] His parents named him after Saint Andrew the Apostle, the patron saint of Manila whose feast day falls on his birth date.[15][16] He learned the alphabet through his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's private elementary school[17][18] and also in Escuela Municipal de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. He reached third year in a private secondary school in Manila.[14]
Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,[19][20] but, considering the existence of an 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living in Tondo, it is disputed by others.[21] To support his family financially, Bonifacio made canes and paper fans which he and his young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to the traditional view).[22] He also made posters for business firms. This became their thriving family business that continued when the men of the family, namely Andres, Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them with decent living conditions.[23]
In his late teens, he first worked either as an agent or mandatario (messenger) for the British trading firm
Not finishing his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education by reading books. He read books about the
Marriages
Bonifacio's first wife, Monica (surname unknown), was his neighbor in Palomar, Tondo.[28] She died of leprosy[29][30] and they had no recorded children.
In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old
They had one son, born in early 1896,[35] who sadly died of smallpox in infancy.[30][36]
Early political activism
In 1892, Bonifacio became one of the founding members
La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of Filipino
Katipunan
On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the
For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and
From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did not become its Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)[56] until 1895. He was the third head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Román Basa. Prior to this, he served as the society's comptroller and then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).[57][58] The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each province involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district or barrio level.[59][60]
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with
The rapid increase in Katipunan activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On May 3, Bonifacio held a general assembly of Katipunan leaders in
Philippine Revolution
Start of the uprising
The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the Katipunan on August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned for treason.[64] José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to Cuba to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial army in exchange for his release from Dapitan.[65][66] When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship in Manila Bay, to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.[67] Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.[65]
Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, marked by the tearing of cedulas (personal identity documents) was later called the "
This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO[7][72]
On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on
Haring Bayang Katagalugan
Influenced by
Position | Name |
---|---|
President | Andrés Bonifacio |
Vice President | Gregoria de Jesus
|
Secretary of War | Teodoro Plata |
Secretary of State | Emilio Jacinto |
Secretary of the Interior | Aguedo del Rosario |
Secretary of Justice | Briccio Pantas |
Secretary of Finance | Enrique Pacheco |
The above was divulged to the Spanish by the Katipunan member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity.[9][10] Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:
Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.[78]
Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:
As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.[9]
One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents:
Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:[9][10]
- President of the Supreme Council
- Supreme President
- President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
- President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
- Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution
Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People").[79]
Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in Cavite led to command of the revolution shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo at the Tejeros Convention, where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), usually considered the "First Philippine Republic", was formally established in 1899, after a succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the Tejeros government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) also headed by Aguinaldo.
Campaigns around Manila
By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of rebellion:
While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming a no man's land. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in hit-and-run guerrilla warfare against Spanish positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.[81] From Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,[59] though his reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led.[82]
From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of Katipunan mountain and hill bases like Balara in Mariquina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko in Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.[56]
On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on San Mateo, Mariquina and Montalban. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other Katipunan forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or Nangka) river against Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Mariquina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.[56] They were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his collar.[73]
Bonifacio in Cavite
In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall leader of the revolution, was invited to
Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders.
Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen Katipunan funds, his sister was the mistress of a
On December 31, Bonifacio and the
The Tejeros Convention
On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a Friar Estate Residence at
Before the election began, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their own
Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for president. Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and the Election continued.
Repudiation of Tejeros election results
On March 23, 1897, the day after the Tejeros convention, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as president in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of the Pope in Rome.[102]: 109 According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.[103] Artemio Ricarte also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people."[104]
Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up the
Arrest, trial and execution
In late April, Aguinaldo fully assumed the presidential office after consolidating his position among the Cavite elite – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.[111] Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.[112][113]
In April 1897,
Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic initially and then to Maragondon, Cavite, where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.[111][115] The jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness on the charge of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle. However, after the trial the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors.[116][117]
The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May 8, 1897, but
Historical controversies
The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first
Trial and sentencing
Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.[120][121]
Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat by their united and well-armed Spanish foe.[118] In contrast, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially Katipunan leaders who used to be close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, eventually did return to take charge of the revolution during the Spanish–American War.)[122]
Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing Katipunan government.[123][124] Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.[123][125] Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the Katipunan of which he was a member".[84] Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around.[126] Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Convention as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes.[125][127] Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio.[128][129][130] Mabini considered the execution as criminal and "assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism."[131] He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trías, who were united, while Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province: this explains his resentment."[84]
Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted the sentence of death but rescinded his commutation from the pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all of which are supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others[132] [133]
Execution
There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the execution party,
However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.[86] This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.[134] Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.[86] Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.[135] After bones said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull – were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events.[134] Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.[86] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.[134]
Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines
Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación,
The term
According to historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded by over a century of Philippine historiography most often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately taking him to have had dictatorial or monarchist ambitions as opposed to the later democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was only a contraction of Spanish Presidente Supremo - a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President) - and based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call himself by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, but instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.[6] Chua further writes:
...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand his concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual or a King, but as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, or the power, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Sovereign Nation"... So when he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended to be president of a national revolutionary government which aimed to be a democracy.[6]
Bonifacio as national hero
Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to his banishment to Dapitan, Rizal was already regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by the Katipunan.[114] Other historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's La Liga Filipina. León María Guerrero notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of independence per se.[142] Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".[139]
Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "the Philippine national hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated annually nationwide – Rizal Day on December 30 and Bonifacio Day on November 30.[143] According to the website of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts:
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.
Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.[143]
Bonifacio's bones
In 1918, the American occupational government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in
Portrayal in the media
- Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the film Andres Bonifacio (Ang Supremo) (1964)
- Portrayed by Julio Diaz in the film Bayani (1992) and the unrelated TV series Bayani (1995).[146]
- Portrayal by Rody Vera in the musical 1896 (1995) produced by Philippine Educational Theater Association.
- Portrayed by Gardo Versoza in the film José Rizal (1998).[146]
- Portrayed by Alfred Vargas in the film The Trial of Andres Bonifacio (2010) and in the film Supremo (2012).[146]
- Portrayed by Mark Anthony Fernandez in GMA Lupang Hinirang music video in 2010[146]
- Portrayed by Cesar Montano in the film El Presidente (2012).[146]
- Portrayed by Jolo Revilla in the TV series Indio (2013).[146]
- Portrayed by Sid Lucero in the TV series Katipunan (2013) and Ilustrado (2014).[146]
- Portrayed by Robin Padilla in the film Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo (2014).[146]
- Portrayed by Nico Antonio in the film Heneral Luna (2015).[146]
- Portrayed by Unli Life (2018).[146]
- Portrayed by Bullet Dumas in the musical 2Bayani: Isang Rock Operang Alay Kay Andres Bonifacio (2021) produced by Tanghalang Ateneo.
- Portrayed by Gary Guarino in the film GomBurZa (2023).
- Portrayed by Paw Castillio in the musical Pingkian: Isang Musika (2024) produced by Tanghalang Pilipino.
Notes
- ^ ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Archivedfrom the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
- ^ In isolation, his given name and last name are pronounced [anˈdɾes] and [boniˈfaθjo] respectively. The Spanish pronunciation of Bonifacio in both Latin America and the United States is [boniˈfasjo].
- ^ "Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'". Philippine News Agency. November 30, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
- JSTOR 42634247.
- ^ a b "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures" (PDF). Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2011..
- ^ a b c d e f Chua, Michael Charleston B. (November 30, 2018). "Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo". ABS-CBN. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Agoncillo 1996, p. 41
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 146.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 962-258-228-1.)
{{cite book}}
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- ^ ISBN 978-971-538-368-4.
- ^ "8 things you might not know about Andres Bonifacio". GMA News. November 30, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
- ^ Quodala, Schatzi (November 29, 2011). "Did you know". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ Nobles, Arsenio F. (1964). Philippine Journal of Education. p. 211. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ^ Archipelago. Bureau of National and Foreign Information, Department of Public Information. 1975. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ISBN 978-971-552-075-1, archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020, retrieved June 7, 2019
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- ^ Ocampo 2016.
- ^ Carballo, Bibsy M. (December 15, 2014). "Bonifacio, Ang Unang Pangulo". philstar.com. PhilStar Global. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
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- ^ Villanueva 1989, p. 30.
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- ^ Szczepanski, Kallie. "Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
- ^ De Ocampo, Esteban A. (1966). The Life and Achievements of Bonifacio. p. 8.
- ^ a b Ocampo, Ambeth R. "Walking tour of Bonifacio's Manila". opinion.inquirer.net. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ISBN 9789716300918. Archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ^ "Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan – National Historical Commission of the Philippines". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
- ^ Laus, Emiliano L. (1951). Brief Biographies of the Ten Most Outstanding Filipino National Leaders. National Print. Company. p. 14. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ^ Andres Bonifacio | Filipino political leader. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
- ISBN 9789715422154. Archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ^ Lizares, Luci (December 1, 2016). "Andres Bonifacio: beyond the textbooks". Sunstar. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ^ "July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina". The Kahimyang Project. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
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- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 132.
- ^ a b Constantino 1975, pp. 158–159
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- ^ Richardson, Jim. "Katipunan: Documents and Studies". kasaysayan-kkk.info. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
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- ^ Nery, John (December 2, 2013). "The most important book of our time". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ a b Agoncillo 1990, p. 166
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 151.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 163
- ^ a b c d e f Álvarez 1992.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 152
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 150.
- ^ a b c d Guerrero 1996a, pp. 3–12.
- ^ Guerrero 1998, pp. 149–150.
- ^ Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa Archived December 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site.
- ^ a b Constantino 1975, p. 175.
- ^ Guerrero 1998, pp. 160–164.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 176.
- ^ a b Constantino 1975, p. 177
- ^ Guerrero 1998, pp. 143, 164.
- ^ Borromeo-Buehler 1998, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Borromeo-Buehler 1998
- ^ Guerrero 1996b, pp. 13–22
- ^ a b Guerrero 1998, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Agoncillo 1996, pp. 152–153
- ^ Salazar 1994, p. 107.
- ^ a b c d Agoncillo 1990, p. 173
- ^ a b c Salazar 1994.
- ^ Zaide 1984.
- ^ Salazar 1994, p. 104.
- ^ a b Guerrero 1998, p. 173.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. [page needed]
- ^ a b Nakpil 1964.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 179
- ^ a b Guerrero 1998, pp. 175–176.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 180
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 178–181
- ^ a b c d Mabini 1969.
- ^ Garcia & Rodriguez 2001.
- ^ a b c d e f Cristobal 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f Aguinaldo 1964.
- ^ a b Constantino 1975, pp. 181–182
- ^ a b Guerrero 1998, p. 190.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 182
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- ^ Guerrero 1998, pp. 187–191.
- ^ a b Constantino 1975, p. 184
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- ^ Guerrero 1998, pp. 191–193.
- ^ Linn 2000, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 224
- ^ a b Agoncillo 1990, p. 178
- ^ Álvarez 1992, p. 87. Original Filipino text, p. 322: "Ako, sa pagka-Pangulo nitong Kapulungan, at sa pagka-Presidente Supremo ng K.K.K. ng mga A.N.B, na kilala at talastas ng lahat, ipinahahayag kong lansag at walang kabuluhan ang lahat ng bagay na pinagkayarian at pinagtibay sa Pulong na ito."
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 185
- ISBN 1-881261-05-0
- ^ Álvarez 1992.
- ^ Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. "Katipunan". Archived from the original on August 19, 2011.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 188
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 192.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 171–172.
- ^ Zaide 1999, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Zaide 1999, p. 247.
- ISBN 978-971-23-3449-8
- ^ a b Guerrero 1998, p. 194.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 178–180
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 193.
- ^ a b c Ocampo 1999.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 180
- ^ Guerrero 1998, pp. 194–196.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 189–191
- ^ a b c Agoncillo 1990, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 191
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 190–191
- ^ Villanueva 1989, pp. 60, 64.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 190–206
- ^ a b Villanueva 1989, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 188, 190–191
- ^ a b Constantino 1975, p. 190
- ^ Villanueva 1989, pp. 61, 64.
- ^ Villanueva 1989, pp. 58–64.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 183–185
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 189.
- ^ Villanueva 1989, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Mabini, Apolinario (1969). The Philippine revolution. Manila: Republic of the Philippines, National Historical Commission.
- ^ Aguinaldo, Emilio (1948). "General Emilio Aguinaldo's "Confession"" (in Tagalog). Archived from the original on May 27, 2008.
- ^ Agoncillo 1996, pp. 259, 275.
- ^ a b c d e Ocampo 2001.
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 196.
- ^ "La Ilustración Española y Americana", Año 1897, Vol. I.[permanent dead link] Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site.
- ^ Ronquillo 1996
- ^ Quirino 1969.
- ^ a b Agoncillo 1990, p. 160
- ^ Constantino 1980, pp. 125–145.
- ^ Friend 1965, p. 15
- Leon Ma. Guerrero, "The First Filipino", as quoted in Nick Joaquin's "Anatomy of the Anti-Hero." http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm Archived August 28, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Selection and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical Figures". Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
- ^ Morallos 1998.
- ^ "Philippine Revolution." Archived July 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on August 1, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Godinez, Bong (November 30, 2020). "IN PHOTOS: Actors who portrayed Andres Bonifacio on film and TV". GMA Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
References
- ISBN 971-10-2415-2, archivedfrom the original on October 24, 2020, retrieved October 1, 2020.
- ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
- Aguinaldo, Emilio (1964), Mga gunita ng himagsikan, Manila
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Sagmit; et al. (2007), The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed., Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 978-971-23-4154-0, archivedfrom the original on June 29, 2016, retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ISBN 971-550-077-3.
- Cristobal, Adrian (2005) [1997], The Tragedy of the Revolution, University of the Philippines Press, ISBN 971-542-471-6.
- Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad Masangkay (1998), The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.
- Constantino, Renato (1980) [1970], "Veneration without Understanding", Dissent and Counter-consciousness, Quezon City: Malaya Books, pp. 125–145.
- ISBN 971-8958-00-2, archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2020, retrieved October 1, 2020.
- Delmendo, Sharon (2000), "Pax Americana and the Pacific Theater", in Tolentino, Roland (ed.), Geopolitics of the visible: essays on Philippine film cultures, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 971-550-358-6, archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020, retrieved November 28, 2015.
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- ISBN 0-8078-4948-0.
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- Ocampo, Ambeth (June 1, 2016). "Rediscovering PH through Filipiniana". INQUIRER.net. INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
... [Joel S.] Regala went to the archives and found the 1881 records on Andres Bonifacio! Reproduced in the book [In the Blood] is the page where you find the parents of the hero: Santiago Bonifacio (aged 39) and Catalina de Castro (aged 36).... This small bit off information disproves the textbook story that Andres and his siblings were orphaned young.
. - ISBN 971-27-0920-5.
- Quirino, Carlos (1969), The Young Aguinaldo: From Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato, Manila
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Ronquillo, Carlos (1996), Isagani Medina (ed.), Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896–1897, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
- Salazar, Zeus (1994), Agosto 29–30, 1896: Ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore.
- Villanueva, Alejo (1989), Bonifacio's Unfinished Revolution, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, ISBN 9789711004040, retrieved August 18, 2019
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1983). History of the Republic of the Philippines. National Book Store. ISBN 978-971-08-3995-7.
- Zaide, Gregorio(1984), Philippine History and Government, National Bookstore Printing Press.
- Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing, ISBN 978-971-642-071-5, archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2016, retrieved November 12, 2016
External links
- Works by or about Andrés Bonifacio at Internet Archive
- Works by Andrés Bonifacio at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Andres Bonifacio: 1863–1897. United States Library of Congress
- The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio Full text and online collection of court documents in Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio trial.
- The Court-Martial of Andres Bonifacio English translation of the historical court documents and testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed by Filipiniana.net
- Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog Summary and full text of an article written by Andrés Bonifacio in the Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan posted in Filipiniana.net
- "Transcript of the Trial of Andres Bonifacio". malacanang.gov.ph. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
- "Aguinaldo 'confession' letters on Bonifacio execution fetch P5 million at auction". ABS-CBN News (with image of a typewritten account amended in Emilio Aguinaldo’s handwriting). February 23, 2019.