Andrea Doria-class battleship

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Andrea Doria during World War II
Class overview
Operators
Preceded byConte di Cavour class
Succeeded by
Built1912–1916
In service1915–1953
Completed2
Scrapped2
General characteristics (as built)
Type
Dreadnought battleship
Displacement24,729 long tons (25,126 t) (
deep load
)
Length176 m (577 ft 5 in) (o/a)
Beam28 m (91 ft 10 in)
Draft9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Range4,800 nmi (8,900 km; 5,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement
  • 31 officers
  • 969 enlisted men
Armament
  • 3 × triple, 2 × twin
    305 mm (12 in) guns
  • 16 × single 152 mm (6 in) guns
  • 19 × single
    76 mm (3 in) guns
  • 3 × 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes
Armor
General characteristics (after reconstruction)
Displacement28,882–29,391 long tons (29,345–29,863 t) (deep load)
Length186.9 m (613 ft 2 in)
Beam28.03 m (92 ft 0 in)
Draft10.3 m (33 ft 10 in)
Installed power
  • 75,000 shp (56,000 kW)
  • 8 × Yarrow boilers
Propulsion
  • 2 × shafts
  • 2 × geared steam turbines
Speed26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph)
Range4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Complement1,520
Armament
  • 2 × triple, 2 × twin 320 mm Model 1934 guns
  • 4 × triple
    135 mm /45
    guns
  • 10 × single
    AA guns
  • 6 × twin, 3 × single 37 mm Breda AA guns
  • 8 × twin,
    20 mm Breda
    AA guns

The Andrea Doria class (usually called Duilio class in Italian sources) was a pair of

Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) between 1912 and 1916. The two ships—Andrea Doria and Duilio—were completed during World War I. The class was an incremental improvement over the preceding Conte di Cavour class
. Like the earlier ships, Andrea Doria and Duilio were armed with a main battery of thirteen 305-millimeter (12.0 in) guns.

The two ships were based in southern Italy during World War I to help ensure that the

boilers and steam turbines, and lengthening their hulls. The reconstruction work lasted until 1940, by which time Italy was already engaged in World War II
.

The two ships were moored in Taranto on the night of 11/12 November 1940 when the British launched a carrier strike on the Italian fleet. In the resulting Battle of Taranto, Duilio was hit by a torpedo and forced to beach to avoid sinking. Andrea Doria was undamaged in the raid; repairs for Duilio lasted until May 1941. Both ships escorted convoys to North Africa in late 1941, including Operation M42, where Andrea Doria saw action at the inconclusive First Battle of Sirte on 17 December. Fuel shortages curtailed further activities in 1942 and 1943, and both ships were interned at Malta following Italy's surrender in September 1943. Italy was permitted to retain both battleships after the war, and they alternated as fleet flagship until the early 1950s, when they were removed from active service. Both ships were scrapped after 1956.

Design and description

Right elevation and deck plan as depicted in Brassey's Naval Annual 1923

The Andrea Doria-class ships were designed by

amidships gun turret and the upgrading of the secondary armament to sixteen 152-millimeter (6 in) guns in lieu of the eighteen 120-millimeter (4.7 in) guns of the older ships.[1]

General characteristics

The ships of the Andrea Doria class were 168.9 meters (554 ft 2 in)

double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by 23 longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. The ships had two rudders, both on the centerline. They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men.[3]

Propulsion

The ships were fitted with three

propeller shafts. It was flanked by compartments on either side, each housing one turbine set powering the outer shafts. Steam for the turbines was provided by 20 Yarrow boilers, 8 of which burned oil and 12 of which burned coal sprayed with oil. Designed to reach a maximum speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) from 32,000 shaft horsepower (24,000 kW), neither of the ships reached this goal on their sea trials, only achieving speeds of 21 to 21.3 knots (38.9 to 39.4 km/h; 24.2 to 24.5 mph). The ships could store a maximum of 1,488 long tons (1,512 t) of coal and 886 long tons (900 t) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 4,800 nautical miles (8,900 km; 5,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[4]

Armament

As built, the ships' main armament comprised thirteen 46-

armor-piercing (AP) projectiles at the rate of one round per minute and that they had a muzzle velocity of 840 m/s (2,800 ft/s), which gave a maximum range of 24,000 meters (26,000 yd).[7][Note 1]

The secondary armament on the two ships consisted of sixteen 45-caliber

76 mm (3.0 in) guns; they could be mounted in 39 different positions, including on the turret roofs and upper decks. These guns had the same range of elevation as the secondary guns, and their rate of fire was higher at 10 rounds per minute. They fired a 6-kilogram (13 lb) AP projectile with a muzzle velocity of 815 meters per second (2,670 ft/s) to a maximum distance of 9,100 meters (10,000 yd). The ships were also fitted with three submerged 45-centimeter (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and the third in the stern.[10]

Armor

The Andrea Doria-class ships had a complete waterline armor belt with a maximum thickness of 250 millimeters (9.8 in) that reduced to 130 millimeters (5.1 in) towards the stern and 80 millimeters (3.1 in) towards the bow.[11] Above the main belt was a strake of armor 220 millimeters (8.7 in) thick that extended up to the lower edge of the main deck. Above this strake was a thinner one, 130 millimeters thick, that protected the casemates. The ships had two armored decks: the main deck was 24 mm (0.94 in) thick in two layers on the flat that increased to 40 millimeters (1.6 in) on the slopes that connected it to the main belt. The second deck was 29 millimeters (1.1 in) thick, also in two layers. Fore and aft transverse bulkheads connected the belt to the decks.[12]

The frontal protection of the

gun turrets was 280 millimeters (11.0 in) in thickness with 240-millimeter (9.4 in) thick sides, and an 85-millimeter (3.3 in) roof and rear. Their barbettes had 230-millimeter (9.1 in) armor above the deck that reduced to 180 millimeters (7.1 in) between the forecastle and upper decks and 130 millimeters below the upper deck. The forward conning tower had walls 320 millimeters (12.6 in) thick; those of the aft conning tower were 160 millimeters (6.3 in) thick.[12]

Modifications and reconstruction

Duilio in 1943

During World War I, a pair of 50-caliber 76-millimeter guns on high-angle mounts were fitted as

rangefinders were upgraded and a fixed aircraft catapult was mounted on the port side of the forecastle for a Macchi M.18 seaplane.[13]

By the early 1930s, the Regia Marina had begun design work on the new Littorio-class battleships, but it recognized that they would not be complete for some time. As a stop-gap measure in response to the new French Dunkerque-class battleships, the navy decided to modernize its old battleships; work on the two surviving Conte di Cavours began in 1933 and the two Andrea Dorias followed in 1937.[14] The work lasted until July 1940 for Duilio and October 1940 for Andrea Doria. The existing bow was dismantled and a new, longer, bow section was built, which increased their overall length by 10.91 meters (35 ft 10 in) to 186.9 meters (613 ft 2 in) (on the Cavour-class the new bow had been grafted over the existing one, instead). Their beam increased to 28.03 meters (92 ft 0 in)[15] and their draft at deep load increased to 10.3 meters (33 ft 10 in).[16] The changes made during their reconstruction increased their displacement to 28,882 long tons (29,345 t) for Andrea Doria and 29,391 long tons (29,863 t) for Duilio at deep load.[11] The ships' crews increased to 70 officers and 1,450 enlisted men.[16]

Two of the propeller shafts were removed and the existing turbines were replaced by two sets of Belluzzo geared steam turbines rated at 75,000 shp (56,000 kW). The boilers were replaced by eight

superheated Yarrow boilers. On their sea trials the ships reached a speed of 26.9–27 knots (49.8–50.0 km/h; 31.0–31.1 mph), although their maximum speed was about 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) in service. The ships now carried 2,530 long tons (2,570 t) of fuel oil, which provided them with a range of 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).[16]

The center turret and the torpedo tubes were removed and all of the existing secondary armament and AA guns were replaced by a dozen 135-millimeter (5.3 in) guns in four triple-gun turrets and ten

rangefinders.[16]

The deck armor was increased during reconstruction to a total of 135 millimeters (5.3 in). The armor protecting the secondary turrets was 120 millimeters (4.7 in) thick.

Pugliese system that consisted of a large cylinder surrounded by fuel oil or water that was intended to absorb the blast of a torpedo warhead.[22]

These modernizations have been criticized by some naval historians because these ships would eventually prove to be inferior to the British battleships they were meant to face (namely the Queen Elizabeth class, since by the time the decision to proceed was taken a war between Italy and the United Kingdom seemed more likely). In addition, the cost of the reconstruction would be not much less than the cost of building a brand new Littorio-class battleship; moreover, the reconstruction work caused bottlenecks in the providing of steel plates, that caused substantial delays in the construction of the modern battleships, which otherwise might have been completed at an earlier date.[23]

Ships

Construction data
Ship Namesake Builder[5]
Laid down[5]
 Launched[5] Completed[2] Fate
Andrea Doria Admiral Andrea Doria[24]
Arsenale di La Spezia, La Spezia
 24 March 1912 30 March 1913 13 March 1916 Scrapped, 1961[24]
Duilio Gaius Duilius[25] Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia, Castellammare di Stabia 24 February 1912 24 April 1913 10 May 1915 Scrapped, 1957[26]

Service history

Andrea Doria on gunnery drills during World War I

Both battleships were completed after Italy entered World War I on the side of the

MAS torpedo boats, conducted raids on Austro-Hungarian ships and installations. Meanwhile, Revel's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro-Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement.[28]

Andrea Doria and Duilio both cruised in the eastern Mediterranean after the war, and both were involved in postwar disputes over control of various cities. Duilio was sent to provide a show of force during a dispute over control of İzmir in April 1919 and Andrea Doria assisted in the suppression of Gabriele D'Annunzio's seizure of Fiume in November 1920. Duilio cruised the Black Sea after the İzmir affair until she was replaced in 1920 by the battleship Giulio Cesare. Andrea Doria and Duilio were present during the Corfu incident in 1923. In January 1925, Andrea Doria visited Lisbon, Portugal, to represent Italy during the celebration marking the 400th anniversary of the death of explorer Vasco da Gama. The two ships performed the normal routine of peacetime cruises and goodwill visits throughout the 1920s and early 1930s; both were placed in reserve in 1933.[29]

Both Andrea Doria and Duilio went into drydock in the late 1930s for extensive modernizations; this work lasted until October and April 1940, respectively. By that time, Italy had entered World War II on the side of the

torpedo-bombers, launched from HMS Illustrious, attacked the ships moored in the harbor. Andrea Doria was undamaged in the raid, but Duilio was hit by a torpedo on her starboard side. She was grounded to prevent her from sinking in the harbor and temporary repairs were effected to allow her to travel to Genoa for permanent repairs, which began in January 1941.[30][31] In February, she was attacked by the British Force H; several warships attempted to shell Duilio while she was in dock, but they scored no hits.[32] Repair work lasted until May 1941, when she rejoined the fleet at Taranto.[33]

Duilio in 1948

In the meantime, Andrea Doria participated in several operations intended to catch British convoys in the Mediterranean, including the

Italian and German forces fighting there. These convoys included Operation M41 on 13 December and Operation M42 on 17–19 December. During the latter, Andrea Doria and Giulio Cesare engaged British cruisers and destroyers in the First Battle of Sirte on the first day of the operation.[30] The Italian battleships main guns near-missed and damaged the British destroyer HMS Kipling.[34] Neither the Italians nor the British pressed their attacks and the battle ended inconclusively. Duilio was assigned to distant support for the operation, and was too far away to actively participate in the battle. Convoy escort work continued into early 1942, but thereafter the fleet began to suffer from a severe shortage of fuel, which kept the ships in port for the next two years.[30] Duilio sailed away from Taranto on 14 February with a pair of light cruisers and seven destroyers in order to intercept the British convoy MW 9, bounded from Alexandria to Malta, but the force could not locate the British ships, and so returned to port. After learning of Duilio departure, however, British escorts scuttled the transport Rowallan Castle, previously disabled by German aircraft.[35]

Both ships were interned at Malta following

naval register in September 1956 and were subsequently broken up for scrap.[36]

Notes

  1. ^ Friedman provides a variety of sources that show armor-piercing shell weights ranging from 416.92 to 452.32 kilograms (919.16 to 997.2 lb) and muzzle velocities around 861 m/s (2,820 ft/s).[8]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Giorgerini, p. 278
  2. ^ a b Fraccaroli, p. 260
  3. ^ Giorgerini, pp. 270, 272
  4. ^ Giorgerini, pp. 272–73, 278
  5. ^ a b c d Preston, p. 179
  6. ^ Friedman, p. 234
  7. ^ Giorgerini, pp. 268, 276, 278
  8. ^ Friedman, pp. 233–34
  9. ^ Friedman, p. 240
  10. ^ Giorgerini, pp. 268, 277–78
  11. ^ a b Whitley, p. 162
  12. ^ a b Giorgerini, p. 271
  13. ^ Whitley, p. 164
  14. ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 379
  15. ^ Whitley, pp. 162, 164
  16. ^ a b c d e Brescia, p. 62
  17. ^ Whitley, pp. 158, 164–65
  18. ^ Campbell, p. 324
  19. ^ Campbell, p. 322
  20. ^ a b Whitley, p. 165
  21. ^ Campbell, p. 343
  22. ^ Whitley, p. 158
  23. ^ De Toro, Augusto. "Dalle "Littorio" Alle "Impero" – Navi da battaglia, studi e programmi navali in Italia nella seconda metà degli anni Trenta" (PDF). Marina Militare. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  24. ^ a b Silverstone, p. 294
  25. ^ Silverstone, p. 297
  26. ^ Silverstone, p. 296
  27. ^ a b Halpern, p. 150
  28. ^ Halpern, pp. 141–142
  29. ^ Whitley, pp. 165–167
  30. ^ a b c Whitley, pp. 166–168
  31. ^ Rohwer, p. 47
  32. ^ Ireland, p. 64
  33. ^ Whitley, p. 166
  34. ^ Royal Australian Navy. "H.M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action in WWII". www.navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  35. ^ Woodman, pp. 285–286
  36. ^ Whitley, pp. 167–168

References

Further reading

External links

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