Andrea Dworkin

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Andrea Dworkin
Dworkin appearing on the British television discussion programme After Dark in 1988: "What is Sex For?"
Born
Andrea Rita Dworkin

(1946-09-26)September 26, 1946
Camden, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedApril 9, 2005(2005-04-09) (aged 58)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
EducationBennington College (BA)
Occupations
  • Writer
  • activist
Years active1966–2005
Notable work
Movement
  • Anti-prostitution feminism
Spouses
  • Cornelius Dirk de Bruin
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1969; div. 1976)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1998)​
Websiteandreadworkin.com
Signature

Andrea Rita Dworkin (September 26, 1946 – April 9, 2005) was an American

pornography. Her feminist writings, beginning in 1974, span 30 years. They are found in a dozen solo works: nine books of non-fiction, two novels, and a collection of short stories. Another three volumes were co-written or co-edited with US constitutional law professor and feminist activist, Catharine A. MacKinnon
.

The central objective of Dworkin's work is analyzing

patriarchal context. She wrote on a wide range of topics including the lives of Joan of Arc,[1] Margaret Papandreou,[2] and Nicole Brown Simpson;[3] she analyzed the literature of Charlotte Brontë,[4] Jean Rhys,[5] Leo Tolstoy, Marquis de Sade, Kōbō Abe, Tennessee Williams, James Baldwin, and Isaac Bashevis Singer;[6] she brought her own radical feminist perspective to her examination of subjects historically written or described from men's point of view, including fairy tales, homosexuality,[7] lesbianism,[8] virginity,[9] antisemitism, the State of Israel,[10] the Holocaust, biological superiority,[11] and racism.[12] She interrogated premises underlying concepts such as freedom of the press[13] and civil liberties.[14] She theorized the sexual politics of intelligence,[15] fear, courage,[16] and integrity.[17] She described a male supremacist political ideology manifesting in and constituted by rape,[18] battery,[19] prostitution,[20] and pornography.[21]

Biography

Early life

Andrea Dworkin was born on September 26, 1946, in

socialist, whom she credited with inspiring her passion for social justice. Her relationship with her mother was strained, but Dworkin later wrote that her mother's belief in legal birth control and abortion, "long before these were respectable beliefs", inspired her later activism.[23]

Though she described her Jewish household as being in many ways dominated by the memory of the Holocaust, it nonetheless provided a happy childhood until she reached the age of nine, when an unknown man molested her in a movie theater. When Dworkin was ten, her family moved from the city to the suburbs of Cherry Hill, New Jersey (then known as Delaware Township), which she later wrote she "experienced as being kidnapped by aliens and taken to a penal colony".[24] In sixth grade, the administration at her new school punished her for refusing to sing "Silent Night" (as a Jew, she objected to being forced to sing Christian religious songs at school).[25] She said she "probably would have become a rabbi" if women could have while she was in high school and she "would have liked" being a Talmudic scholar.[26]

Dworkin began writing poetry and fiction in the sixth grade.

Beat poets, especially Allen Ginsberg,[27] and has included among writers she "admired most" Jean Genet, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron.[29] She graduated in 1964 from what is now Cherry Hill High School West.[30]

College and early activism

In 1965, while a freshman at

internal examination which was so rough that she bled for days afterwards. She spoke in public and testified before a grand jury about her experience, and the media coverage of her testimony made national and international news.[32][33] The grand jury declined to make an indictment in the case, but Dworkin's testimony contributed to public outrage over the mistreatment of inmates. The prison was closed seven years later.[34]

Soon after testifying before the grand jury, Dworkin left Bennington College on the ocean liner

pacifist who had burned himself to death in protest of the Vietnam War. She also wrote several poems and dialogues which she hand-printed after returning to the United States; these became the book Morning Hair (1967).[37]

It was during those years that she produced two books of poetry, Child (1965) and Morning Hair (1967). After living in Crete, Dworkin returned to Bennington College for two years, where she continued to study literature and participated in campaigns against the college's student conduct code, for

contraception on campus, for the legalization of abortion, and against the Vietnam War.[38] She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in literature in 1968.[39]

Life in the Netherlands

After graduation, Dworkin moved to Amsterdam to interview Dutch anarchists in the Provo movement, which used theatrical street happenings to instigate change.[40] While there, she became involved with one of the anarchists, Cornelius (Iwan) Dirk de Bruin,[41] and they married. Soon after, she says that de Bruin began to abuse her severely, punching and kicking her, burning her with cigarettes, beating her on her legs with a wooden beam, and banging her head against the floor until he knocked her unconscious.[42]

After she left de Bruin late in 1971, Dworkin said her ex-husband attacked, persecuted, and harassed her, beating her and threatening her whenever he found where she was hiding. She found herself desperate for money, often homeless, thousands of miles from her family, later remarking that "I often lived the life of a fugitive, except that it was the more desperate life of a

battered woman who had run away for the last time, whatever the outcome."[43] Due to poverty, Dworkin turned to prostitution for a period.[44] Ricki Abrams, a feminist and fellow expatriate, sheltered Dworkin in her home and helped her find places to stay on houseboats, a communal farm, and in deserted buildings.[45]
Dworkin tried to work up the money to return to the United States.

Abrams introduced Dworkin to early

radical feminist writing from the United States, and Dworkin was notably inspired by Kate Millett's Sexual Politics, Shulamith Firestone's The Dialectic of Sex, and Robin Morgan's Sisterhood Is Powerful.[46] She and Abrams began to work together on "early pieces and fragments" of a radical feminist text on the hatred of women in culture and history,[47] including a completed draft of a chapter on the pornographic counterculture magazine Suck, which was published by a group of fellow expatriates in the Netherlands.[48]

Dworkin later wrote that she eventually agreed to help smuggle a briefcase of heroin through customs in return for $1,000 and an airplane ticket, thinking that if she was successful she could return home with the ticket and the money, and if caught she would at least escape her ex-husband's abuse by going to prison. The deal for the briefcase fell through, but the man who had promised Dworkin the money gave her the airline ticket anyway, and she returned to the United States in 1972.[49]

Before she left Amsterdam, Dworkin spoke with Abrams about her experiences in the Netherlands, the emerging feminist movement, and the book they had begun to write together. Dworkin agreed to complete the book—which she eventually titled Woman Hating—and publish it when she reached the United States.[50] In her memoirs, Dworkin relates that during that conversation, she vowed to dedicate her life to the feminist movement:

Sitting with Ricki, talking with Ricki, I made a vow to her: that I would use everything I knew, including from prostitution, to make the women's movement stronger and better; that I'd give my life to the movement and for the movement. I promised to be honor-bound to the well-being of women, to do anything necessary for that well-being. I promised to live and to die if need be for women. I made that vow some thirty years ago, and I have not betrayed it yet.[51]

Return to New York and contact with the feminist movement

In New York City, Dworkin worked again as an anti-war organizer, participated in demonstrations for

Take Back the Night march in November 1978 (led by WAVPM), and her 1983 speech at the Midwest Regional Conference of the National Organization for Changing Men (now the National Organization for Men Against Sexism[56]) titled "I Want a Twenty-Four Hour Truce During Which There Is No Rape."[57]

Relationship with John Stoltenberg

In 1974, two occasions brought them together. First, Andrea and

New York Times
in 1985, "unless one of us is terminally ill or jailed for political activity.'' About that piece, John said the "editor refused to allow the writer to identify us as gay and lesbian, as we had asked." They married in 1998 due to her ill health, specifically painful osteoarthritis. Their life of thirty-one years together ended in April 2005 with Dworkin's sudden death from heart disease, an enlarged heart. Since then, he has lived with his husband in Washington, DC.

In Martin Duberman’s biography, Andrea Dworkin: the Feminist as Revolutionary, John is quoted describing the sexual dimension of their relationship. Andrea’s relationship with a woman, Joanne, was unwinding though the last half of the decade, and John maintained gay relationships with men throughout their time together. But their love was expressed sexually on occasion, intimately and with affection and passion.[59]

Stoltenberg began writing a series of essays, books, and articles examining manhood and masculinity from a radical feminist perspective.[60] Although Dworkin publicly wrote, "I love John with my heart and soul,"[61] and Stoltenberg described Dworkin as "the love of my life,"[62] she continued to publicly identify herself as lesbian, and he as gay. Stoltenberg, recounting the perplexity that their relationship seemed to cause people in the press, summarized the relationship by saying, "So I state only the simplest facts publicly: yes, Andrea and I live together and love each other and we are each other's life partner, and yes we are both out."[58]

Later life

From 1974 through 1983, Dworkin wrote prolifically, producing four volumes developing her overall thesis about the practice, meaning, and function of patriarchal, misogynist violence. In 1977, she became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press.[63] Between 1985 and 1997, she produced eight more books: three of them with Catharine A. MacKinnon either as co-author or editor and two collections of formerly unpublished essays and speeches. Her two final books came out in the first years of the 21st century, the latter being a memoir.

Dworkin was a strong opponent of President

scandal centered on his behavior toward Monica Lewinsky, whom she supported.[64] She also expressed support for Paula Jones and Juanita Broaddrick.[65]

In June 2000, she published Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation, in which she compared the oppression of women to the persecution of Jews, discussed the sexual politics of Jewish identity and antisemitism, and called for the establishment of a women's homeland as a response to the oppression of women.

Also that same month, Dworkin published articles in the New Statesman[66] and in The Guardian,[67] stating that one or more men had raped her in her hotel room in Paris the previous year, putting GHB in her drink to disable her. Her articles ignited public controversy[68] when writers such as Catherine Bennett[44] and Julia Gracen[69] published doubts about her account, polarizing opinion between skeptics and supporters such as Catharine MacKinnon, Katharine Viner,[70] and Gloria Steinem. Her reference to the incident was later described by Charlotte Raven as a "widely disbelieved claim", better seen as "a kind of artistic housekeeping."[71] Emotionally fragile and in failing health, Dworkin mostly withdrew from public life for two years following the articles.[72][73][74][75]

In 2002, Dworkin published her autobiography, Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant. She soon began to speak and write again, and in an interview with Julie Bindel in 2004 said, "I thought I was finished, but I feel a new vitality. I want to continue to help women."[72] She published three more articles in The Guardian and began work on a new book, Writing America: How Novelists Invented and Gendered a Nation, on the role of novelists such as Ernest Hemingway, Zora Neale Hurston, William Faulkner, and Eudora Welty in the development of American political and cultural identity, which was left unfinished when she died.[76] Dworkin's outline and proposal for the book was made public on June 15, 2022.[77]

Illness and death

During her final years, Dworkin suffered fragile health, and she revealed in her last column for The Guardian that she had been weakened and nearly crippled for the past several years by her weight and severe

prosthetics. She wrote, "The doctor who knows me best says that osteoarthritis begins long before it cripples—in my case, possibly from homelessness, or sexual abuse, or beatings on my legs, or my weight. John, my partner, blames Scapegoat, a study of Jewish identity and women's liberation that took me nine years to write; it is, he says, the book that stole my health. I blame the drug-rape that I experienced in 1999 in Paris."[78] When a newspaper interviewer asked her how she would like to be remembered, she said, "In a museum, when male supremacy is dead. I'd like my work to be an anthropological artifact from an extinct, primitive society."[79] She died in her sleep at her home in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 2005, at the age of 58.[80] The cause of death was later determined to be acute myocarditis.[81]

Anti-pornography activism

Dworkin is known for her role as a speaker, writer, and activist in the feminist anti-pornography movement.

Take Back the Night march in November 1978, joining 3,000 women in a march through the red-light district of San Francisco.[84]

In 1981, Dworkin published Pornography: Men Possessing Women, which analyzes contemporary and historical pornography as an industry of misogynistic dehumanization. She argues that pornography is implicated in violence against women, both in its production (through the abuse of the women used to star in it), and in the social consequences of its consumption by encouraging men to eroticize the domination, humiliation, and abuse of women.[72][70][79] Dworkin, who joined The American Heritage Dictionary's Usage Panel, also argued in Pornography that this denigration of women is built into linguistic norms.[85]

Anti-pornography Civil Rights Ordinance

Main article: Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance

In 1980,

civil rights law to seek damages from Traynor and the makers of Deep Throat. Boreman was interested, but backed off after Steinem discovered that the statute of limitations for a possible suit had passed.[86]

Dworkin and MacKinnon, however, continued to discuss civil rights litigation as a possible approach to combating pornography. In the fall of 1983, MacKinnon secured a one-semester appointment for Dworkin at the

Women's Studies program and co-teach (with MacKinnon) an interdepartmental course on pornography, where they hashed out details of a civil rights approach. With encouragement from community activists in south Minneapolis
, the Minneapolis city government hired Dworkin and MacKinnon to draft an antipornography civil rights ordinance as an amendment to the Minneapolis city civil rights ordinance.

The amendment defined pornography as a civil rights violation against women, and allowed women who claimed harm from pornography to sue the producers and distributors in

American Booksellers v. Hudnut. Dworkin continued to support the civil rights approach in her writing and activism, and supported anti-pornography feminists who organized later campaigns in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1985),[88] and Bellingham, Washington (1988), to pass versions of the ordinance by voter initiative.[89]

Testimony before Attorney General's Commission on Pornography

On January 22, 1986, Dworkin testified for half an hour before the

Playboy[92] (Dworkin wrote that the magazine "in both text and pictures promotes both rape and child sexual abuse")[93] and Penthouse.[94] The demands spread nationally and intimidated some retailers into withdrawing photography magazines, among others.[95] The Meese Commission's campaign was eventually quashed with a First Amendment admonishment against prior restraint by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).

In her testimony and replies to questions from the commissioners, Dworkin denounced the use of criminal obscenity prosecutions against pornographers, stating, "We are against obscenity laws. We do not want them. I want you to understand why, whether you end up agreeing or not."[96] She argued that obscenity laws were largely ineffectual,[96] that when they were effectual they only suppressed pornography from public view while allowing it to flourish out of sight,[97] and that they suppressed the wrong material, or the right material for the wrong reasons, arguing that "Obscenity laws are also woman-hating in their very construction. Their basic presumption is that it's women's bodies that are dirty."[98]

Instead she offered five recommendations for the Commission, recommending (1) that "the Justice Department instruct law-enforcement agencies to keep records of the use of pornography in violent crimes",[98] (2) a ban on the possession and distribution of pornography in prisons,[99] (3) that prosecutors "enforce laws against pimping and pandering against pornographers",[99] (4) that the administration "make it a Justice Department priority to enforce RICO (the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) against the pornography industry",[99] and (5) that Congress adopt federal anti-pornography civil rights legislation which would provide for civil damages for harm inflicted on women. She suggested that the Commission consider "creating a criminal conspiracy provision under the civil rights law, such that conspiring to deprive a person of their civil rights by coercing them into pornography is a crime, and that conspiring to traffic in pornography is conspiring to deprive women of our civil rights."[100] Dworkin compared her proposal to the Southern Poverty Law Center's use of civil rights litigation against the Ku Klux Klan.[96]

Dworkin also submitted into evidence a copy of Boreman's book Ordeal, as an example of the abuses that she hoped to remedy, saying "The only thing atypical about Linda is that she has had the courage to make a public fight against what has happened to her. And whatever you come up with, it has to help her or it's not going to help anyone." Boreman had testified in person before the Commission, but the Commissioners had not yet seen her book.[101]

Addendum: Butler decision in Canada

In 1992, the

R. v. Butler which incorporated some elements of Dworkin and MacKinnon's legal work on pornography into the existing Canadian obscenity law. In Butler, the Court held that Canadian obscenity law violated Canadian citizens' rights to free speech under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms if enforced on grounds of morality or community standards of decency; but that obscenity law could be enforced constitutionally against some pornography on the basis of the Charter's guarantees of sex equality.[102] The Court's decision cited extensively from briefs prepared by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF), with the support and participation of Catharine MacKinnon.[103]

Dworkin opposed LEAF's position, arguing that feminists should not support or attempt to reform criminal obscenity law.[104] In 1993, copies of Dworkin's book Pornography were held for inspection by Canada Customs agents,[105] fostering an urban legend that Dworkin's own books had been banned from Canada under a law that she herself had promoted. However, the Butler decision did not adopt Dworkin and MacKinnon's ordinance, Dworkin did not support the decision, and her books (which were released shortly after they were inspected) were held temporarily as part of a standard procedural measure, unrelated to the Butler decision.[106]

Non-fiction (selected works)

Woman Hating

Main article: Woman Hating

Published in 1974, Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality was Dworkin's first book outlining many foundational points comprising her developing feminist philosophy. She identifies the book a revolutionary act, an expression of a "commitment to ending male dominance" in all its cultural and social manifestations.[107]

The last section explores androgyny in myths and religions across the globe to "discern another ontology, one which discards the fiction that there are two polar distinct sexes." She was not alone in this endeavor. Dworkin's exploration exists in a Western literary lineage that includes Orlando: A Biography, by Virginia Woolf, and Woman on the Edge of Time, by Marge Piercy. In the final chapter, she examines sexual similarities, hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, pansexuality, homosexuality, transsexuality, transvestism, bestiality, incest, the family, and children. About this chapter she reflects on her own theorizing as problematic, existing outside of girls' and women's lived experience: "I think there are a lot of things really wrong with the last chapter of Woman Hating", said Dworkin in an interview with Cindy Jenefsky for her book, Without Apology: Andrea Dworkin's Art and Politics. She identifies factors which influenced the chapter: 'years of reading Freud and trying to figure out abstractly what all this was about'... [A]t the time Woman Hating was written, [there were] roots in the counterculture and the sexual liberation movement."[108]

Dworkin's work from the early 1980s onward contained frequent condemnations of incest and pedophilia as one of the chief forms of violence against women, arguing once that "incest is a crime committed against someone, a crime from which many victims never recover."[109] In the early 1980s, she had a public row with her formerly admired friend Allen Ginsberg, with whom she shared godparent status of a mutual friend's child. The intense disagreement was over his support for child pornography and pedophilia, in which Ginsberg said, "The right wants to put me in jail." Dworkin responded, "Yes, they're very sentimental; I'd kill you."[110]

Right-Wing Women

In 1983, Dworkin published Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females, an examination of women's reasons for collaborating with conservative men for the limitation of women's freedom.[111]

In the preface to the British edition,

Right, controlled by men, enlist their participation and loyalty? And why do right-wing women truly hate the feminist struggle for equality?"[115]

In one review, it was described as being premised on agreement between feminists and right-wing women on the existence of domination by men in sex and class, but disagreement on strategy.[116]

Intercourse

Main article: Intercourse (book)

In 1987, Dworkin published Intercourse, in which she extended her analysis from pornography to sexual intercourse itself, and argued that the sort of sexual subordination depicted in pornography was central to men's and women's experiences of heterosexual intercourse in a male supremacist society. In the book, she argues that all heterosexual sex in our patriarchal society is coercive and degrading to women, and sexual penetration may by its very nature doom women to inferiority and submission, and "may be immune to reform".[117]

Citing from both pornography and literature—including

sexist society, the experience of heterosexual intercourse itself becomes a central part of men's subordination of women, experienced as a form of "occupation" that is nevertheless expected to be pleasurable for women and to define their very status as women.[117]

Such descriptions are often cited by Dworkin's critics, interpreting the book as claiming "all" heterosexual intercourse is rape, or more generally that the anatomical mechanics of sexual intercourse make it intrinsically harmful to women's equality. For instance, Cathy Young says that statements such as "intercourse is the pure, sterile, formal expression of men's contempt for women" are reasonably summarized as "all sex is rape".[118]

Dworkin rejected that interpretation of her argument,[119] stating in a later interview that "I think both intercourse and sexual pleasure can and will survive equality" and suggesting that the misunderstanding came about because of the very sexual ideology she was criticizing: "Since the paradigm for sex has been one of conquest, possession, and violation, I think many men believe they need an unfair advantage, which at its extreme would be called rape. I do not think they need it."[120]

Life and Death

In 1997, Dworkin published a collection of her speeches and articles from the 1990s in Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War on Women, including a long autobiographical essay on her life as a writer, and articles on violence against women, pornography, prostitution,

war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Montreal massacre, Israel, and the gender politics of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[76]

Reviewing Life and Death in

Catharine MacKinnon and Dworkin as "man-haters", and argues that First Amendment critiques of Dworkin's civil ordinance proposal against pornography "are not saying anything intellectually respectable", for the First Amendment "has never covered all speech: bribery, threats, extortionate offers, misleading advertising, perjury, and unlicensed medical advice are all unprotected." Nussbaum adds that Dworkin has focused attention on the proper moral target by making harm associated with subordination, not obscenity, civilly actionable. Nevertheless, Nussbaum opposes the adoption of Dworkin's pornography ordinance because it (1) fails to distinguish between moral and legal violations, (2) fails to demonstrate a causal relationship between pornography and specific harm, (3) holds a creator of printed images or words responsible for others' behavior, (4) grants censorial power to the judiciary (which may be directed against feminist scholarship), and (5) erases the contextual considerations within which sex takes place. More broadly, Nussbaum faults Dworkin for (1) occluding economic injustice through an "obsessive focus on sexual subordination", (2) reproducing objectification in reducing her interlocutors to their abuse, and (3) refusing reconciliation in favor of "violent extralegal resistance against male violence."[121]

Many of Dworkin's early speeches are reprinted in her second book, Our Blood (1976). Later selections of speeches were reprinted ten and twenty years later, in Letters from a War Zone (1988) and Life and Death (1997).[122]

Fiction

Dworkin published three fictional works after achieving notice as a feminist author and activist. She published a collection of short stories, the new womans broken heart in 1980. Her first novel, Ice and Fire, was originally published in the United Kingdom in 1986. It is a

Juliette.[123] However, Dworkin aimed to depict men's harm to women as normalized political harm, not as eccentric eroticism. Dworkin's second novel, Mercy, reviewed by the New York Times as a Bildungsroman,[124] was first published in the United Kingdom in 1990. According to The Telegraph, the novels "were not popular".[125]

Dworkin's short fiction and novels often incorporated elements from her life and themes from her nonfiction writing, sometimes related by a first-person narrator. Critics have sometimes quoted passages spoken by characters in Ice and Fire as representations of Dworkin's own views.[126][127][119] Dworkin, however, wrote "My fiction is not autobiography. I am not an exhibitionist. I do not show myself. I am not asking for forgiveness. I do not want to confess. But I have used everything I know—my life—to show what I believe must be shown so that it can be faced. The imperative at the heart of my writing—what must be done—comes directly from my life. But I do not show my life directly, in full view; nor even look at it while others watch."[128]

Influence

Dworkin's writings were designed to assert the ubiquity and denounce the injustice of institutionalized and normalized sex-based harm against women. She became one of the most influential writers and spokeswomen of American

Catharine MacKinnon,[129] Gloria Steinem,[130] John Stoltenberg,[80] Nikki Craft,[131] Susan Cole,[132] and Amy Elman.[133] Rebecca Traister stated that Dworkin's Intercourse was one of the books that inspired her 2018 book Good and Mad.[134] However, Jessa Crispin reproved contemporary feminists for abandoning Dworkin's work in her 2017 book Why I Am Not a Feminist: A Feminist Manifesto.[135]

Dworkin's uncompromising positions and forceful style of writing and speaking, described by Robert Campbell as "apocalyptic",[136] earned her frequent comparisons to other speakers such as Malcolm X (by Robin Morgan,[80] Susie Bright,[123] and others). Gloria Steinem repeatedly compared her style to that of the Biblical prophets.[137][138]

Critical of what she described as male supremacist values expressed among conservatives, liberals, and radicals,

protesting the Vietnam War or when active in the Gay liberation Movement. She addressed liberal men on the issue of rape.[140] She spoke with and wrote about politically conservative women, resulting in the publication of Right-Wing Women. She testified at a Meese Commission hearing on pornography while Attorney General Edwin Meese was serving socially conservative President Ronald Reagan. She had a political discourse with National Review writer David Frum and their spouses arranged by Christopher Hitchens.[141][142]

Her life partner John Stoltenberg wrote that Dworkin was a trans ally who "repudiated the sex binary—and the biological essentialism upon which belief in it is based." Stoltenberg also wrote that "she is often invoked to support beliefs she actively repudiated in her work."[143]

Criticism

Dworkin's discursive style, coupled with antipathy for her views, produced sharply polarizing debate. In 1992,

insane,[148][149] criticizing what she called Dworkin's "destructive legacy", and describing Dworkin as a "sad ghost" that feminism needs to exorcise.[150]

Other feminists published sympathetic or celebratory memorials online and in print.

Catharine MacKinnon, Dworkin's longtime friend and collaborator, published a column in The New York Times, celebrating what she described as Dworkin's "incandescent literary and political career", suggested that Dworkin deserved a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and complained that "lies about her views on sexuality (that she believed intercourse was rape) and her political alliances (that she was in bed with the right) were published and republished without attempts at verification, corrective letters almost always refused. Where the physical appearance of male writers is regarded as irrelevant or cherished as a charming eccentricity, Andrea's was reviled and mocked and turned into pornography. When she sued for libel, courts trivialized the pornographic lies as fantasy and dignified them as satire."[151]

Further critics, especially women who identify as feminists but sharply differ with Dworkin's positions and strategies, have offered nuanced views, suggesting that Dworkin called attention to real and important problems, but that her legacy as a whole had been destructive to the women's movement.[153] Her work and activism on pornography—especially in the form of the Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance—were criticized by liberal groups such as the Feminist Anti-Censorship Task Force (FACT).[154]

Dworkin was also met with criticism from sex-positive feminists, in what became known as the feminist sex wars of the late 1970s and 1980s. The sex wars were a series of heated debates that polarized feminist thought on a number of issues relating to sex and sexuality. Sex-positive feminist critics criticized Dworkin's legal activism as censorious, and argued that her work on pornography and sexuality promoted an essentialist, conservative, or repressive view of sexuality, which they often characterized as "anti-sex" or "sex-negative". Her criticisms of common heterosexual sexual expression, pornography, prostitution, and sadomasochism were frequently claimed to disregard women's own agency in sex or deny women's sexual choices. Dworkin countered that her critics often misrepresented her views,[155] and that under the heading of "choice" and "sex-positivity", her feminist critics were failing to question the often violent political structures that confined women's choices and shaped the meaning of sex acts.[156]

However, in the 21st century, Dworkin has garnered favor with younger generations of feminists, Lauren Oyler (b. 1991), Moira Donegan (b. 1989), Jennifer Szalai (b. 1979-80), Michelle Goldberg (b. 1975), and Joanna Fateman (b. 1974), who found liberal and sex-positive feminism lacking in depth of analysis and action.[157][158][159][160][161][162]

In 1989, Dworkin wrote an article about her life as a battered wife in the Netherlands, "What Battery Really Is", in response to Susan Brownmiller, who had argued that Hedda Nussbaum, a battered woman, should have been indicted for her failure to stop Joel Steinberg from murdering their adoptive daughter.[163] Newsweek initially accepted "What Battery Really Is" for publication, but then declined to publish the account at the request of their attorney, according to Dworkin, arguing that she needed either to publish anonymously "to protect the identity of the batterer" and remove references to specific injuries, or to provide "medical records, police records, a written statement from a doctor who had seen the injuries". Instead, Dworkin submitted the article to the Los Angeles Times, which published it on March 12, 1989.[164]

Bibliography

Non-fiction

Sole author

List of books, with first edition details
Title First edition details
Year Publisher
Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality 1974 E. P. Dutton
Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics 1976
Harper & Row
Pornography: Men Possessing Women 1981 Putnam
Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females 1983 The Women's Press
Intercourse 1987 Free Press
Letters from a War Zone: Writings, 1976–1989 1989 E. P. Dutton
Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women 1997 Virago Press
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation 2000 Free Press
Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant 2002 Basic Books

Co-authored/co-edited with Catharine A. MacKinnon

  • The Reasons Why: Essays on the New Civil Rights Law Recognizing Pornography as Sex Discrimination. New York: Women Against Pornography. 1985.
    OCLC 15992953
    .
Includes:

Anthology

Chapters in other anthologies

Fiction

List of books, with first edition details
Title First edition details
Year Publisher
The New Woman's Broken Heart: Short Stories 1980 Frog in the Well
Ice and Fire: A Novel 1986
Secker & Warburg
Mercy 1991 Four Walls Eight Windows

Poetry

Articles

Speeches

Spoken word recording

  • Taped Phone Interview Andrea Dworkin interviewed by Nikki Craft on Allen Ginsberg, May 9, 1990. (Audio File, 20 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)
  • Dworkin on Dworkin, c. 1980[165]

Reviews

In popular culture

In Dworkin's lifetime, two volumes considered and analyzed the body of her work: Andrea Dworkin by Jeremy Mark Robinson, first published in 1994,[167] and Without Apology: Andrea Dworkin's Art and Politics by Cindy Jenefsky in 1998.[168] Dworkin's influence has continued beyond her death. The play Aftermath was produced in 2015 by John Stoltenberg, based on Dworkin's unpublished writing.[169] The Dworkin anthology Last Days at Hot Slit was published in 2019.[170] The documentary feature My Name is Andrea by Pratibha Parmar was released in 2020;[171] the biography Andrea Dworkin: The Feminist as Revolutionary by Martin Duberman was published the same year.[172] Dworkin's book proposal for Writing America: How Novelists Invented and Gendered a Nation was made public in mid-2022.[77]

She appears in Season 3 Episode 4 of The Deuce as a member of Women Against Pornography.

References

  1. ^ Dworkin 1987, pp. 103–133
  2. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 153–161
  3. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1995). "Disorder in the Court : THE ABUSE : In Nicole Brown Simpson's Words". Los Angeles Times.
  4. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 68–87
  5. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 87–94
  6. ^ Dworkin 1987, pp. 3–100
  7. ^ Dworkin 1978a, pp. 107–146
  8. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1975). "Lesbian Pride". No Status Quo.
  9. ^ Dworkin 1987, pp. 103–151
  10. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1990). "Israel: Whose Country Is It Anyway?". No Status Quo.
  11. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1977). "Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea". No Status Quo.
  12. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2016.07.004
    – via Research Gate.
  13. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1979). "For Men, Freedom of Speech; For Women, Silence Please". No Status Quo.
  14. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1981). "The ACLU: Bait and Switch". No Status Quo.
  15. ^ Dworkin 1978a, pp. 37–69
  16. ^ Dworkin 1976, pp. 50–65
  17. ^ Dworkin 1987, pp. 127–128
  18. ^ Dworkin 1976, pp. 22–49
  19. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1978b). "A Battered Wife Survives". No Status Quo.
  20. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1993). "Prostitution and Male Supremacy". No Status Quo.
  21. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1981). "Pornography and Male Supremacy". No Status Quo.
  22. ^ Shalvi, Alice. "Andrea Dworkin, 1946–2005". Jewish Women Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  23. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 23
  24. ^ Dworkin 1997, p. 3
  25. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 21–22
  26. ^ Vincent, Norah, Sex, Love and Politics: Andrea Dworkin, in New York Press, vol. 11, no. 5, Feb. 4–10, 1998, p. 42, col. 1 (main title and subtitle may have been in either order, per id., p. [1]).
  27. ^ a b Dworkin 1997, pp. 23–24, 28; Dworkin 2002, pp. 37–40
  28. ^ Both quotations: Vincent, Norah, Sex, Love and Politics, op. cit., p. 42, col. 4.
  29. ^ Vincent, Norah, Sex, Love and Politics, op. cit., p. 42, col. 4 (quoting interviewer Vincent).
  30. ^ Strauss, Robert. "A 50th High School Reunion, and a Generation to Follow", The New York Times, September 19, 2014. Accessed October 29, 2018. "Today the drive-in spot is occupied by the Crowne Plaza hotel, where the Worthingtons, along with about 100 former classmates, gathered on a recent Saturday night for the 50th reunion of their Cherry Hill High School West graduating class..... On the 'In Memory' board with 54 other deceased classmates was Andrea Dworkin, the feminist known for her writings against pornography."
  31. ^ Apmann, Sarah Bean (January 29, 2018). "The Women's House of Detention". The blog of the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation.
  32. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 77–81
  33. ^ Farrell, William E. (March 6, 1965). "Inquiry Ordered at Women's Jail; Mrs. Kross Acts in Case of a Bennington Student Seized in U.N. Protest". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2013. (subscription required)
  34. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 80
  35. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 80, 83
  36. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 83–85, 87
  37. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 98
  38. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 107–112
  39. ^ Fox, Margalit (April 12, 2005). "Andrea Dworkin, Writer and Crusading Feminist, Dies at 58". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  40. ^ Dworkin 1997, pp. 24–25; Dworkin 2002, p. 117
  41. ^ Dworkin, Andrea. Videotape Collection of Andrea Dworkin, 1981–1998 (Inclusive): A Finding Aid (Cambridge, Mass.: Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard Univ. (Vt-136), Feb., 2009) Archived November 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, as accessed October 18, 2018.
  42. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 119; Dworkin 1989a, pp. 103, 332
  43. ^ Dworkin 1997, p. 17
  44. ^ a b Catherine Bennett (June 8, 2000). "Doubts about Dworkin". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  45. ^ Dworkin 1997, pp. 18–19
  46. ^ Dworkin 1997, p. 19; Dworkin 2002, p. 118
  47. ^ Dworkin 1974, Acknowledgment, p. 7
  48. ^ Dworkin 1997, p. 21; Dworkin 2002, p. 122
  49. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 332–333; Dworkin 1997, p. 22
  50. ^ Dworkin 1997, p. 22
  51. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 122.
  52. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 123
  53. ^ Dworkin 1989a, p. 3
  54. ^ Dworkin 2002, p. 124
  55. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 139–143
  56. ^ "A Brief History of NOMAS". National Organization for Men Against Sexism. May 2012. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  57. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 162–171
  58. ^ a b John Stoltenberg (May–June 1994). "Living with Andrea Dworkin". Lambda Book Report. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  59. ISBN 9781620975855
    .
  60. ^ Sporenda (September 9, 2013). "John Stoltenberg on manhood, male supremacy, and men as feminist allies". Feminist Current.
  61. ISBN 978-0-8103-4518-8
    .
  62. ^ John Stoltenberg (April 30, 2005). "Imagining Life Without Andrea". Feminist.com. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  63. ^ "Associates |  The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press". www.wifp.org. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  64. ^ James Taranto (August 4, 1998). "Who's a Hypocrite – and Who Cares?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
  65. Their Lives: The Women Targeted by the Clinton Machine
    . Torrance, Calif.: World Ahead Publishing. p. 240.
  66. ^ Dworkin (June 5, 2000). "The Day I Was Drugged and Raped". New Statesman. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  67. ^ Dworkin (June 2, 2000). "They took my body from me and used it". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  68. ^ David A. Roberts (April 27, 2005). "A Post-Mortem Analysis of Andrea Dworkin". ifeminist.com. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  69. ^ Julia Gracen (September 20, 2000). "Andrea Dworkin in Agony". Salon.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  70. ^ a b c d Katharine Viner (April 12, 2005). "She never hated men". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  71. ^ Charlotte Raven (June 19, 2006). "Body of Evidence". New Statesman. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  72. ^ a b c d Julie Bindel (September 30, 2004). "A life without compromise". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  73. ^ a b Louise Armstrong (July 25, 2001). "The Trouble with Andrea". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  74. ^ Pat Califia, ed. Forbidden Passages: Writings Banned in Canada. Pittsburgh: Cleis Press, 1995.
  75. ^ Adam Parfrey. "The Devil and Andrea Dworkin", in Cult Rapture. Portland, OR: Feral House Books, 1995. pp. 53–62.
  76. ^ a b "Obituary". The Times. London. April 13, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  77. ^ a b ""Writing America: How Novelists Invented & Gendered a Nation" By Andrea Dworkin". Daily Kos. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  78. ^ a b Dworkin (April 23, 2005). "Through the pain barrier". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  79. ^ a b c Julie Bindel (April 12, 2005). "Obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  80. ^ a b c Ariel Levy (May 29, 2005). "The Prisoner of Sex". New York. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  81. ^ Beth Ribet (March 11, 2006). "First Year: An Interview with John Stoltenberg". Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  82. ISBN 978-0-385-31486-2
    .
  83. ^ Brownmiller, In Our Time, pp. 303, 316.
  84. ^ Brownmiller, In Our Time, pp. 391–392.
  85. ISBN 0-395-44895-6
    .
  86. ^ Brownmiller, In Our Time, p. 337.
  87. ISBN 978-0-226-16162-4
    .
  88. ^ Dworkin, Andrea; MacKinnon, Catharine A. MacKinnon. "Model Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance". No Status Quo.
  89. ^ Dworkin 1997, pp. 90–95
  90. ISBN 978-0525248248
    .
  91. ^ "Victimization". Attorney General's Commission on Pornography. 1986. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  92. ^ a b Pat Califia (1994). "The Obscene, Disgusting, and Vile Meese Commission Report". Public Sex: The Culture of Radical Sex. San Francisco: Cleis Press. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  93. ^ Colleen McEneany. "Pornography and Feminism". FeministUtopia. Archived from the original on July 20, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  94. ^ David M. Edwards. "Politics and Pornography: A Comparison of the Findings of the President's Commission and the Meese Commission and the Resulting Response". Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  95. ^ Christopher M. Finan and Anne F. Castro. "The Rev. Donald E. Wildmon's Crusade for Censorship, 1977–1992". Media Coalition. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  96. ^ a b c Dworkin 1989a, p. 285
  97. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 285–286
  98. ^ a b Dworkin 1989a, p. 286
  99. ^ a b c Dworkin 1989a, p. 287
  100. ^ Dworkin 1989a, p. 288
  101. ^ Dworkin 1989a, p. 289
  102. ISBN 978-0-8020-7643-4
    .
  103. ISBN 978-0-7735-2538-2
    .
  104. ISBN 978-0-7425-1223-8
    .
  105. ^ Zachary Margulis (March 1995). "Canada's Thought Police". Wired. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  106. ^ Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin (August 26, 1994). "Statement by Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin Regarding Canadian Customs and Legal Approaches to Pornography". Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  107. ^ Dworkin 1974, p. 17
  108. ISBN 978-0813318264
    .
  109. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 139–142, 149, 176–180, 308, 314–315; Dworkin, Intercourse, pp. 171, 194; Dworkin 1997, pp. 22–23, 79–80, 86, 123, 143, 173, 188–189
  110. ^ Dworkin 2002, pp. 36–39, The Fight
  111. ^ Dworkin (1983). "Abortion". Right Wing Women. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  112. ^ Reprinted in Dworkin 1989a, pp. 185–194
  113. ^ Dworkin 1989a, pp. 192–193
  114. ^ Dworkin 1989a, p. 193
  115. ^ Dworkin 1989a, p. 194
  116. ^ Foster, Sallie L. (January 1983). ""Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females", by Andrea Dworkin (Book Review)". Library Journal. 108 (1): 59. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
  117. ^ a b Dworkin. "Occupation/Collaboration". Intercourse. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  118. ^ Cathy Young (April 19, 2005). "Woman's Hating: The Misdirected Passion of Andrea Dworkin". Reason.com.
  119. ^ a b Nikki Craft. "The Andrea Dworkin Lie Detector". Andrea Dworkin Online Library. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  120. ^ Michael Moorcock (April 21, 1995). "Fighting Talk". New Statesman and Society. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  121. ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. "Rage and Reason." The New Republic. August 11, 1997, pp. 36–42.
  122. ^ "Obituary". The Times. London. April 13, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  123. ^ a b Susie Bright (April 11, 2005). "Andrea Dworkin Has Died". Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  124. ^ Steiner, Wendy (September 15, 1991). "Declaring War on Men". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.
  125. ^ Andrea Dworkin, in The Telegraph, April 13, 2005, (section "News", subsection "Obits", subsubsection "Culture"), as accessed February 15, 2013 (obituary).
  126. ^ Gladden Schrock. "Feminist Hate-Speech". The Fatherhood Coalition. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  127. ^ Eric Ross (November 21, 2017). "Mind-Programming of the Masses". MacDworkinism and VAWA: The Fraud of the Millennia. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  128. ^ Dworkin 1997, p. 15
  129. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (April 12, 2006). "Are women human?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  130. ^ Heller, Zoe (December 6, 1992). "The New Eve". Independent on Sunday. London. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  131. ^ Craft, Nikki. "The Nikki Wiki: All About Nikki Craft". nikkicraft.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  132. ^ Cole, Susan G. (May 12–19, 2005). "Sex, lies and ideologies". NOW. 24 (37).
  133. SSRN 1452255. Pdf.
  134. ^ Traister, Rebecca (October 2, 2018). "The Books That Inspired Rebecca Traister's Good and Mad". The Cut.
  135. ISBN 978-1612196015
    .
  136. ^ Campbell, Robert L. (March 29, 2004). "Radical Feminism: Some Thoughts on Long's Defense (blog)". History News Network. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  137. ^ Honigsbaum, Mark (April 12, 2005). "Andrea Dworkin, embattled feminist, dies at 58". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  138. ^ Steinem, Gloria (June 23, 2005). "Gloria Steinem remembers feminist writer and activist Andrea Dworkin". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  139. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (November 26, 2019). "Woman Hating Left and Right". YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  140. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1983). "I Want a Twenty-Four-Hour Truce During Which There Is No Rape". NoStatusQuo.
  141. National Review Online. National Review. Archived from the original
    on February 26, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  142. ^ Staff writer (April 17, 2005). "The Nation: Seeing Eye to Eye; A Radical Feminist Who Could Dine With (Not On) Conservatives". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  143. ^ Stoltenberg, John (April 8, 2020). "Andrea Dworkin Was a Trans Ally". Boston Review.
  144. ^ McFadyean, Melanie (July 19, 1992). "How we met: 43. Michael Moorcock and Andrea Dworkin". The Independent. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014.
  145. ISBN 978-0060188771
    .
  146. Daily Dish. Archived from the original
    on March 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  147. ^ Young, Cathy. "Welcome to the website of writer and journalist Cathy Young". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  148. ^ Young, Cathy (November 24, 2005). "Anti-feminist? Moi? (blog)". cathyyoung.blogspot.co.uk. Blogspot. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  149. ^ Young, Cathy (April 17, 2005). "The Dworkin Whitewash". Reason. Reason Foundation. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010.
  150. ^ Young, Cathy (April 18, 2005). "The Misdirected Passion of Andrea Dworkin". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 18, 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  151. ^
    MacKinnon, Catharine A. (April 16, 2005). "Who Was Afraid of Andrea Dworkin?". The New York Times
    . Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  152. ^ Staff writer (April 11, 2005). "Andrea Dworkin Dies". Ms. Archived from the original on December 25, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  153. ^ Marking, Havana (April 15, 2005). "The Real Legacy of Andrea Dworkin". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  154. S2CID 144019251
    .
  155. ^ See, for example, Dworkin 1989a, p. 110: "One of the slurs constantly used against me by women writing in behalf of pornography under the flag of feminism in misogynist media is that I endorse a primitive biological determinism. Woman Hating clearly repudiates any biological determinism; so does Our Blood (1976), especially "The Root Cause." So does this piece, published twice, in 1978 in Heresies and in 1979 in Broadsheet. The event described in this piece ["Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea"], which occurred in 1977, was fairly notorious, and so my position on biological determinism—I am against it—is generally known in the Women's Movement."
  156. ^ See, for example, the 1995 Preface to Intercourse, pp. vii–x, and Intercourse, Chapter 7.
  157. ^ April 21; Pazner, 2021 Lily. "Lessons From Andrea Dworkin: On Creating the Feminist Movement We Need". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved May 15, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  158. ^ Oyler, Lauren (March 23, 2019). "The Radical Style of Andrea Dworkin". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  159. ^ Donegan, Moira (February–March 2019). "Sex During Wartime: The return of Andrea Dworkin's radical vision". www.bookforum.com. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  160. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  161. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  162. ^ Fateman, Johanna (February 15, 2019). "The Power of Andrea Dworkin's Rage". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  163. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1989b). "What Battery Really Is". No Status Quo.
  164. ^ Dworkin 1989a, p. 330
  165. ^
    off our backs
    ) (10th birthday issue).
  166. ISBN 978-0743466271. Retrieved October 15, 2015. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help
    )
  167. ISBN 978-1-86171-126-7
    .
  168. ISBN 978-0813318264
    .
  169. ^ Stoltenberg, John. "Staging Andrea's Last Words". Feminist.com.
  170. ISBN 978-1635900804
    .
  171. ^ Parmar, Prathibha. "My Name is Andrea". IMDb.
  172. ^ Duberman, Martin (2020). Andrea Dworkin: The Feminist as Revolutionary. The New Press.

Sources

External links

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