Andrew III of Hungary
Andrew III | |
---|---|
Croatia | |
Reign | 10 July 1290 – 14 January 1301 |
Coronation | 23 July 1290, Székesfehérvár |
Predecessor | Ladislaus IV |
Successor | Wenceslaus |
Born | c. 1265 Venice, Republic of Venice |
Died | 14 January 1301 Buda, Kingdom of Hungary | (aged 35–36)
Burial | Greyfriars' Church, Buda |
Spouses | |
Issue | Elizabeth of Töss |
Dynasty | Árpád |
Father | Stephen the Posthumous |
Mother | Tomasina Morosini |
Religion | Roman Catholic |
Andrew III the Venetian (
Being the last male member of the
Hungary was in a state of constant anarchy during Andrew's reign. The
Childhood (c. 1265–1278)
Andrew was the son of
The exact date of Andrew's birth is unknown.[6] According to historians Tibor Almási, Gyula Kristó, and Attila Zsoldos, he was born in about 1265.[6][7][8] Stephen the Posthumous nominated his wife's two kinsmen, including her brother Albertino Morosini, as Andrew's guardians before his death in 1272.[9]
Pretender (1278–1290)
Andrew came to Hungary for the first time in 1278 at the invitation of a powerful lord,
Andrew returned to Hungary at the beginning of 1290.
Three Cuman assassins murdered Ladislaus IV on 10 July 1290,[12][13] and Archbishop Lodomer subsequently dispatched two monks to Vienna to inform Andrew of the king's death.[14] With the monks' assistance, Andrew left his prison in disguise and hastened to Hungary.[14]
Reign
Coronation and pretenders (1290–1293)
Upon Andrew's arrival, his opponents tried to bribe Theodore Tengerdi, Provost of the Székesfehérvár Chapter, not to hand over the Holy Crown of Hungary to the soon-to-be-king, but the prior refused them.[14] Archbishop Lodomer crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 23 July.[15][16] The lords and prelates swore loyalty to Andrew only after he issued a charter promising the restoration of internal peace and respect for the privileges of the nobility and the clergymen.[17][13][18] He then appointed the most powerful noblemen, who had for years administered their domains independently of the monarch, to the highest offices.[19] Amadeus Aba, who dominated the northeastern parts of the kingdom, was made palatine, Ivan Kőszegi, the lord of the western parts of Transdanubia, became master of the treasury, and Roland Borsa remained the voivode of Transylvania.[18][20] Andrew held a diet before 1 September.[13] To put an end to anarchy, the "prelates, barons and noblemen" ordered the destruction of castles which had been erected without royal permission and the restoration of estates that had been unlawfully seized to their rightful owners.[15] Andrew promised that he would hold a diet each year during his reign.[15]
There were several other challengers to Andrew's claim to the throne. Rudolf I of Germany claimed that Hungary escheated to him after Ladislaus IV's childless death, because Ladislaus IV's grandfather, Béla IV of Hungary, had sworn fidelity to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor during the Mongol invasion of Hungary.[21] Although Pope Innocent IV had years before freed Béla IV of his oath, Rudolf I of Germany attempted to bestow Hungary on his own son, Albert of Austria, on 31 August.[21][13] The self-declared "Andrew, Duke of Slavonia"—an adventurer who claimed to be identical to Ladislaus IV's dead younger brother—also challenged King Andrew's right to the crown and stormed into Hungary from Poland.[13][22] He was shortly thereafter forced to return to Poland, where he was murdered.[13][21]
Andrew married
Ladislaus IV's sister
Rebellions and attempts to consolidate (1293–1298)
Upon Andrew's request, his mother, Tomasina, moved to Hungary in 1293.
Roland Borsa besieged and captured Benedict, Bishop of Várad's fortress at Fenes (Finiș) on 23 May 1294.[26][37] Andrew held a general assembly and outlawed Borsa. [38] According to historian Attila Zsoldos, he made Nicholas Kőszegi palatine on this occasion.[38] Andrew laid siege to Borsa's fort at Adorján (Adrian).[38] The siege lasted three months before the fort fell to Andrew in October.[26] Andrew replaced Roland Borsa with Ladislaus III Kán as voivode of Transylvania, but the former preserved all his domains in the lands east of the Tisza.[26][38]
The Croatian lord Paul Šubić again turned against Andrew and joined the camp of Charles Martel in early 1295, but Charles died in August.[39][40] Within two months, the Babonići also rebelled against Andrew.[40] Early the next year, the recently widowed King Andrew visited Vienna and arranged a marriage with Duke Albert's daughter Agnes.[40] The Kőszegis soon rose up in open rebellion.[40] Andrew declared war on the rebels, and Archbishop Lodomer excommunicated them.[37] Andrew and Albert jointly seized the Kőszegis' main fort at Kőszeg in October, but could not subdue them.[37][40] Andrew's mother seems to have died at the end of the year because references to her activities disappear from the contemporaneous documents.[40]
Last years (1298–1301)
Andrew held an assembly of the prelates, noblemen, Saxons, Székelys, and Cumans in
A group of powerful lords—including the Šubići, Kőszegis and Csáks—urged Charles II of Naples to send his grandson, the 12-year-old
Andrew was buried in the Franciscan church in
Family
Ancestors of Andrew III of Hungary Azzo VI d'Este | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10. Aldobrandino I d'Este | |||||||||||||||||||
21. (Sofia) Aldobrandini | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Beatrice d'Este | |||||||||||||||||||
1. Andrew III of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||
6. Michele Morosini | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Tomasina Morosini | |||||||||||||||||||
Andrew's first wife, Fenenna of Kuyavia (d. 1295), gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, in 1291 or 1292.[67] Elizabeth became engaged to Wenceslaus, the heir to Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, in 1298, but the betrothal was broken in 1305.[68][69] She joined the Dominican convent at Töss where she died a nun on 5 May 1338.[70][71] She is now venerated as Blessed Elizabeth of Töss.[72] Andrew's second wife, Agnes of Austria, was born in 1280.[73] She survived her husband, but did not marry again; she died in the Königsfelden Monastery of the Poor Clares in 1364.[71][70]
References
Citations
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282, Appendix 4.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 282.
- ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 123.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 124–125.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2003, p. 124.
- ^ a b Almási 2012, p. 100.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 283.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 125.
- ^ a b c d e Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 173.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 135.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 473.
- ^ a b c d e f Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Zsoldos 2003, p. 136.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 110.
- ^ a b Bartl et al. 2002, p. 34.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Kontler 1999, p. 84.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 143–144, 147–148.
- ^ a b c Zsoldos 2003, p. 134.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 163.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 182.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 286, Appendix 4.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2003, pp. 164–165.
- ^ a b c d Sălăgean 2005, p. 241.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 169.
- ^ a b Magaš 2007, p. 59.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 207.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 173.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 177.
- ^ a b c d e Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 183.
- ^ a b c d Zsoldos 2003, p. 183.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 207–208.
- ^ a b c Zsoldos 2003, p. 187.
- ^ a b c d e Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d Zsoldos 2003, p. 188.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 208.
- ^ a b c d e f Zsoldos 2003, p. 198.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 203.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 204.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 185.
- ^ Sălăgean 2005, pp. 242–241.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2003, p. 206.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 207.
- ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 186.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 211, 213.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2003, p. 214.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 218–219.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 208–209.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2003, p. 220.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 220–221.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 187.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2003, p. 221.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 287–288.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 124.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 288.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 128–130.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 130–134.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282, Appendices 3–4.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, pp. 121–125.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 345, Appendix III.
- ^ Chiappini 2001, pp. 31–32, 45.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 286–287, Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 287.
- ^ Klaniczay 2002, p. 207.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 287, Appendix 4.
- ^ a b Klaniczay 2002, p. 208.
- ^ Klaniczay 2002, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 286.
Sources
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- Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. ISBN 0-86516-444-4.
- Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78156-5.
- Chiappini, Luciano (2001). Gli Estensi: Mille anni di storia [The Este: A Thousand Years of History] (in Italian). Corbo Editore. ISBN 88-8269-029-6.
- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
- ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN 963-9165-37-9.
- Klaniczay, Gábor (2002). Holy Rulers and Blessed Princes: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42018-0.
- Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
- Magaš, Branka (2007). Croatia Through History. SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-775-9.
- ISBN 0-521-06162-8.
- Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Regnum Transilvanum. The assertion of the Congregational Regime". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541). Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 233–246. ISBN 973-7784-00-6.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2003). "III. András". In Szovák, Kornél; Szentpéteri, József; Szakács, Margit (eds.). Szent István és III. András [Saint Stephen and Andrew III] (in Hungarian). Kossuth Kiadó. pp. 119–227. ISBN 963-09-4461-8.