Andrew II of Hungary
Andrew II | |
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Prince of Halych | |
Reign | 1188–1189 or 1190 1208 or 1209–1210 |
Predecessor |
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Successor | |
Born | c. 1177 |
Died | 21 September 1235 (aged 57–58) |
Burial | |
Spouses |
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Issue |
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Dynasty | Árpád |
Father | Béla III of Hungary |
Mother | Agnes of Antioch |
Religion | Roman Catholic |
Andrew II (
.Despite the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son,
When the . Andrew pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise.
Andrew's first wife,
Early life
Childhood and youth (c. 1177–1197)
Andrew was the second son of King
After Béla's withdrawal from Halych, Roman Mstislavich returned with the assistance of
He did not receive a separate duchy from his father, who only gave him some fortresses, estates and money.
Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia (1197–1204)
Andrew used the funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords.
Pope Innocent III urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John, Abbot of Pannonhalma, Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, and many other prelates and lords.[19] For instance, incumbent Palatine Mog also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to the Duke.[28] The Pope threatened Andrew with excommunication if he failed to fulfill his father's vow, but Andrew did not yield.[29] The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199, when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew's partisans to Bishop Boleslaus.[30] That summer, royal troops routed Andrew's army in the valley of Rád near Lake Balaton, and Andrew fled to Austria.[4][30] During Andrew's exile, Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia.[31] A papal legate mediated a reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric, who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200.[30] Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203; her father, Berthold, Duke of Merania, owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew's duchy, in what is now Slovenia.[20][30][32]
When Emeric's son, Ladislaus, was born around 1200, Andrew's hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered.[4][32] Pope Innocent confirmed the child's position as heir to the crown, declaring that Andrew's future sons would only inherit Andrew's duchy.[32][30] Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother, but King Emeric captured him without resistance near Varaždin in October 1203.[33] In contrast, historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother's province with an army initially convened for a crusade.[34]
[All] the magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted [King Emeric] and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew. Very few men indeed remained with the king, and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success, but rather advised him to flee. Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for battle. ... [After] much wise thought, with inspiration from heaven [King Emeric] found a successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed. So he said to his men, "Stay here a while, and do not follow me." Then he laid down his weapons, and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks. As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude, he cried out in a loud and strong voice, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!" Seeing him, all fell back, and not daring even to mutter, they left a wide passage for him on either side. And then when [King Emeric] reached his brother, he took him, and leading him outside the body of troops, he sent him to a certain castle for custody.
— Thomas the Archdeacon: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split[35]
Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of Gornji Kneginec, then in Esztergom.[33] Alexander of the Hont-Pázmány clan freed him in early 1204.[18][33] It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric's consent.[34] Having fallen ill, King Emeric had his son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August.[36] As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop Ugrin Csák to perform the coronation in April, it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew's release, therefore, the coronation was not vitally urgent.[37] Andrew reconciled with his dying brother, who entrusted him with "the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority",[38] according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon.[4]
Nephew's guardian (1204–1205)
King Emeric died on 30 November 1204.[36] Andrew governed the kingdom as Ladislaus's regent, but subsequently he counted his regnal years from the time of his brother's death, showing that he already regarded himself as the lawful monarch during Ladislaus III's reign.[36] Pope Innocent told Andrew that he should remain loyal to Ladislaus,[39] also instructing him to fulfill his vow to lead a crusade, to secure the incomes of Emeric's widow and Ladislaus III's mother, Constance of Aragon, and to keep royal property intact. The pope's letters suggest that serious tensions burdened the relationship between Andrew and Constance after Emeric's death.[40]
Instead, Andrew seized the money that Emeric had deposited for Ladislaus in Pilis Abbey.[39] He also confiscated a significant portion of private wealth from Constance, who deposited it in the Stephanites' convent in Esztergom prior to that, in addition to the denial of her dower.[41] Queen Constance fled from Hungary, taking her son and the Holy Crown to Austria.[11] According to the Annals of Admont, "some bishops and nobles" escorted them, breaking through the blockade that Andrew erected along the Austrian border.[42] Andrew prepared for a war against Leopold VI of Austria, but Ladislaus suddenly died in Vienna on 7 May 1205.[43] Andrew sent Bishop Peter of Győr to Austria, who successfully recovered the Holy Crown.[44]
Reign
"New institutions" and campaigns in Halych (1205–1217)
During his reign, Andrew was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych. After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin,
Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns—Split and Omiš—and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the archbishops of Split in 1207.[57] Taking advantage of a conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of Benedict, son of Korlát.[58] Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209.[59][58] Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych.[60] Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery",[61] according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. The boyars offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod, if he could overthrow Benedict.[58] Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict.[58]
Queen Gertrude's two brothers,
Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210.
A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211.
Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son,
Andrew signed a new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216.
Andrew's crusade (1217–1218)
In July 1216, the newly elected Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade.[95] Andrew, who had postponed the crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed.[96][97] Steven Runciman, Tibor Almási and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople, because his wife's uncle, Emperor Henry, had died in June.[52][97][98] According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217, envoys from the Latin Empire had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay, as emperor.[99] Nonetheless, the barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216.[97][100][101]
Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign, which became part of the
The leaders of the crusade included
Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218, even though
Golden Bull (1218–1222)
When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues." [12] A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary.[103] Andrew was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage.[12] In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman.[119][120] Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter.[119] In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla, the duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.[114][121]
Andrew employed
Conflicts with son and the Church (1222–1234)
Andrew discharged Palatine Theodore Csanád and restored Julius Kán in the second half of 1222.[131] The following year, Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade.[132] If the report of the Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis is reliable, Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade, but no other sources mention this event.[132] Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son, Béla, but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Béla and his wife in the autumn of 1223.[131][126] This angered Andrew, and Béla fled to Austria. He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him.[131]
In his
In 1228, Andrew authorized his son, Béla, to revise his previous land grants.[139] Pope Honorius also supported Béla's efforts.[139] Béla confiscated the domains of two noblemen, Simon Kacsics and Bánk Bár-Kalán, who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude.[139] In 1229, upon Béla's proposal, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Béla.[140] Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom, made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See, because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims.[141] Pope Gregory IX authorized the archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials.[142] Under duress, Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull.[142][87][143] In the second half of the year, Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son, Andrew, to the throne.[142]
Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an
Andrew and Frederick II, Duke of Austria, signed a peace treaty in late 1233.[146] Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old Beatrice D'Este on 14 May 1234, even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage.[148] John, Bishop of Bosnia, put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg.[149][150] Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against the bishop's act at the Holy See.[149]
Last years (1234–1235)
Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych, and Andrew's youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234.[150] However, Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235, forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary.[150] Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by the authorization of the Holy See.[150] Andrew died on 21 September,[151] and was buried in Egres Abbey.[152]
Family
Ancestors of Andrew II of Hungary Bohemund II of Antioch | | |||||||||||||||
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29. Constance of France | ||||||||||||||||
7. Constance of Antioch | ||||||||||||||||
30. Baldwin II of Jerusalem | ||||||||||||||||
15. Alice of Jerusalem | ||||||||||||||||
31. Morphia of Melitene | ||||||||||||||||
Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was born around 1185, according to historian Gyula Kristó.[157] Their first child, Mary, was born in 1203 or 1204. She became the wife of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[158] Andrew's eldest son, Béla, was born in 1206. He later succeeded his father as king.[158] Béla's younger sister, Elisabeth, was born in 1207. She married Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.[158] She died in 1231 and was canonized during Andrew's life.[159] Andrew's second son, Coloman, was born in 1208. His third son, Andrew, was born around 1210. Coloman and Andrew each ruled the Principality of Halych for a short period.[158]
Two years after his first wife was murdered, Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay, who was born around 1198.
Notes
- ^ In older historiography, Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gien, but in 1989 Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the Lords of Donzy (Hamilton 2000, p. 104.)
References
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 75.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 229, Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó 1994, p. 43.
- ^ a b c d e f Almási 2012, p. 86.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 229.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 191.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 224.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 191, 193.
- ^ a b c d e Dimnik 2003, p. 193.
- ^ a b c d e f g Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 54.
- ^ a b Dimnik 2003, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 122.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 249.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2022, p. 19.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 234.
- ^ a b Bartl et al. 2002, p. 30.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 124.
- ^ a b c d Curta 2006, p. 347.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2022, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 22.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 24.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 370.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 52.
- ^ Bárány 2012, p. 132.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 31.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 124–125.
- ^ a b c d e Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 125.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 230.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 126.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2022, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 23.), pp. 141–143.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 89.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 38.
- ^ Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 23.), p. 143.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 227, 231.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 39.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 40.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 41.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 227–228.
- ^ Zsoldos 2022, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 91.
- ^ a b c Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 427.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 93.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 251–253.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 253–254.
- ^ a b Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 441.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 317.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 254–255, 258.
- ^ a b c d Dimnik 2003, p. 263.
- ^ The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1207), p. 19.
- ^ Bárány 2012, p. 136.
- ^ a b c d e Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 128.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 263–264.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 264.
- ^ The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1210), p. 20.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 233.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 232–233.
- ^ a b c Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 428.
- ^ Almási 2012, p. 88.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 232–234.
- ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 9), p. 27.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 234.
- ^ a b Magaš 2007, p. 58.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 149.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 129.
- ^ a b c d Dimnik 2003, p. 266.
- ^ The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1211), p. 20.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 236.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 385.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 145.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 102.
- ^ a b c d e f g Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 131.
- ^ Spinei 2009, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Kroonen et al. 2014, p. 243.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 90.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 404.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 130.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 272.
- ^ a b c Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 429.
- ^ a b c d e f g Engel 2001, p. 94.
- ^ Almási 2012, p. 89.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 92.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, pp. 427–428.
- ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Bárány 2012, p. 143.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, pp. 105–106.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 108.
- ^ Bárány 2013, p. 462.
- ^ a b c d Van Cleve 1969, p. 387.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 146.
- ^ Almási 2012, p. 87.
- ^ Bárány 2013, p. 463-465.
- ^ Almási 2012, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Bárány 2013, p. 463.
- ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, pp. 387–388.
- ^ a b c d Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 133.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Richard 1999, p. 297.
- ^ Sterns 1985, p. 358.
- ^ Van Cleve 1969, p. 390.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 148.
- ^ a b c d e Van Cleve 1969, p. 393.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, pp. 148–149.
- ^ a b Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 25.), p. 165.
- ^ Richard 1999, p. 298.
- ^ Van Cleve 1969, pp. 388, 393.
- ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 238.
- ^ Bárány 2012, p. 148.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 129.
- ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, p. 394.
- Date accessed: 4 January 2020
- ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 134.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 289–290.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 425.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 96–97.
- ^ a b Berend 2006, p. 152.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 135.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b Bárány 2012, p. 150.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 85, 94.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, pp. 428–429.
- ^ Ertman 1997, p. 273.
- ^ Ertman 1997, pp. 273–4.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 137.
- ^ a b Bárány 2012, p. 151.
- ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 403.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 114.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 147.
- ^ a b c d e f Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 138.
- ^ Curta 2006, pp. 405–405.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 95.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 139.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 140.
- ^ Berend 2006, p. 155.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 141.
- ^ Berend 2006, pp. 154–155.
- ^ a b Berend 2006, p. 157.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 142.
- ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 143.
- ^ Berend 2006, pp. 158–159.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 243.
- ^ a b Berend 2006, p. 160.
- ^ a b c d Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 144.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 98.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 244.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 229, Appendices 2–4.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 345, Appendix III.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 104.
- ^ Dimnik 1994, pp. 85, 95.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 231.
- ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 232, Appendix 4.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 97.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 243, Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 243, 282, Appendix 4.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282.
Sources
Primary sources
- Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
- Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (Latin text by Olga Perić, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. ISBN 963-7326-59-6.
- The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag. LCCN 72-79463.
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