Angelo Emo

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Angelo Emo
La Valletta, Hospitaller Malta
Buried
San Biagio, Venice (since 1817)
AllegianceRepublic of Venice
Service/branchVenetian navy
Years of service1752–1792
RankCapitano Straordinario delle Navi, Provveditore Generale da Mar
Battles/warsVenetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis

Angelo Emo (3 January 1731 – 1 March 1792) was a Venetian noble, administrator, and admiral. He is notable for his reforms of the Venetian navy and his naval campaigns, being regarded as the last great admiral of the Venetian Republic.

The scion of a distinguished family, Emo received an excellent education, and began his naval career as a cadet in 1752. He was quickly recognized for his ability and given his first command of a

Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774
.

In 1775, he proposed naval reforms based on the practices of the

Arsenal of Venice: new techniques were introduced, training and pay were improved, and new warships were constructed. In 1784–1785 Emo led the Venetian fleet in a series of raids on the harbours of the Beylik of Tunis in retaliation for corsair attacks on Venetian-flagged shipping, but his requests for a landing to capture Tunis were rejected. He spent the last years of his life in anti-piracy patrols, and died after a brief illness on 1 March 1792. His body was returned to Venice, where he received a hero's funeral, and a funerary monument by the sculptor Antonio Canova
was commissioned in his honour.

Biography

Early life

Angelo Emo was born in Venice in January 1731; the exact date is usually given as 3 January,

Procurator of Saint Mark, the highest distinction for a Venetian citizen below that of Doge of Venice.[5] His mother was Lucia Lombardo, his father's second wife.[9] Angelo Emo was the third child of his father, having an older sister, Fiordaliso, and an older brother, Alvise or Luigi, from Giovanni's first marriage to Apollonia Bon; and a younger sister, Cecilia.[10] His first cousin on his mother's side, Giacomo Nani, born in 1725, also became a notable admiral a few years ahead of Emo himself.[11]

Emo was of mediocre stature, slight build and pale complexion, and stood out for his wide forehead, thick eyebrows, and large eyes.

humanistic education, the young Emo distinguished himself in philosophy, but not so much in other scholarly pursuits.[1] During his studies, Emo was repeatedly urged to enter holy orders, but refused.[15] He was an ardent student of Venetian history, whose military achievements he sought to emulate in later life, as well as the ancient Roman historian Tacitus, who became his favourite author.[5]

Start of a naval career

By law, the traditional Venetian cursus honorum for a young nobleman began with a four-year service in the Venetian navy.[16] Emo entered service in 1751 or 175, becoming a Nobile di Nave (gentleman cadet).[8][17] In 1752, he went on his first sea voyage, escorting the Venetian trade convoy to Smyrna.[5] The voyage proved adventurous: his ship, the large frigate San Vincenzo,[18] went up in flames and sank at the anchorage at Govino Bay in Corfu, on 11 May.[19] Emo proved a quick learner in naval matters, and his first commander remarked on his promise as a naval officer.[5] His rise was rapid, and in January 1755 he was promoted to captain (Governatore di Nave) of a first-rate[a] ship,[18] the 74-gun ship of the line Sant'Ignazio.[17][21]

During the 18th century, the Venetian maritime trade, that had once dominated the Mediterranean, was in decline. The wealthy patricians preferred reliable investments in their estates in the

Algiers and Tunis, as well as raids by the smaller Dalmatian pirate towns of Bar (Antivari) and Ulcinj (Dulcigno) were also a constant threat. The main task of the Venetian fleet, based at Corfu, was to safeguard Venetian shipping against such attacks.[23] The interruption caused by the War of the Austrian Succession had allowed the Venetian government, which remained neutral, the opportunity to try and seize back a share of trade with the Atlantic ports of Western Europe, equipping new and better ships and providing subsidies to merchants. Venetian successes proved ephemeral, as the end of the war in 1748 had allowed the English and Dutch traders to resume their voyages, but for some time the Venetian government continued to attempt to revive its Atlantic trade.[24] The Venetian navy had also declined during the same time; after the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 and especially after the reconfirmation of the treaty in 1733 and 1736, the danger of a new war with the Ottoman Empire receded, and despite occasional war scares the naval establishment was cut back as the Republic pursued an increasingly passive foreign policy centred on a strict neutrality.[25][26]

Ships being constructed at the

Fiume.[30] By 1756, the Venetian sailing fleet at Corfu had been reduced to a historic low of seven vessels, but there were twenty further ships mothballed in a near-ready state in the Arsenal of Venice, and the rise in Barbary piratical attacks obliged the Venetian authorities to start putting them into service.[31] During these years, Emo distinguished himself in escort duties of the trade convoys to Smyrna, repelling the attacks of pirates,[8][21] especially the Dulcignoti, from whose hands he recaptured a Venetian merchant vessel.[32] He then commanded the second-rate Speranza of 58 guns.[17]

In 1758, Emo assumed command of the 74-gun first-rate San Carlo Borromeo, then the newest ship of the line of the Venetian fleet, and lead ship of its class.[33] In this command, Emo tested a new mast configuration—rather than made out of single tree-trunks, they were composed from different pieces of wood—inspired by English models.[21][34] Emo gave a display of the new mast's abilities while carrying the new Provveditore Generale da Mar, Francesco Grimani, to his seat at Corfu: faced with strong northeastern wind, instead of reefing or reducing his sails, Emo ordered full sails set to test and demonstrate the new masts, until Grimani ordered him to reduce sail.[35][36]

Expedition to Portugal

View of the Grand Harbour of Malta in the 1750s

As part of these attempts, in 1758 Emo was charged to lead an expedition to Lisbon, in order to await the arrival and cover the return of six Venetian merchantmen from London and protect them from anticipated Barbary pirate attacks. He was given a squadron of three ships, comprising the San Carlo Borromeo, the second-rate (also designated a 'large frigate') San Vincenzo Ferrer of 58 guns, and the 28-gun frigate Costanza, all of them fairly newly built ships.[17][21][37] Emo's squadron left Corfu on 27 September 1758. Three days later, it reached Malta, where it gathered intelligence on the Barbary pirates, and in vain tried to find a competent pilot who knew the Atlantic waters up to Lisbon.[38]

Emo set sail westward in mid-October. Contrary winds delayed the voyage near

vice-consul at Figueira arranged for Portuguese ships to tow the San Carlo to Lisbon.[41]

Sea cliffs north of Cape da Roca

At Cape da Roca, a hard easterly wind forced the towing vessels to abandon the effort. The San Carlo was left to drift rudderless for several days, while the crew tried to

jury-rig a new rudder. The Costanza, also heavily damaged and leaking water, was sighted and the two ships remained in contact for a day, before they drifted apart again. Water supplies on board the San Carlo ran low.[41] A makeshift rudder was installed, which allowed the ship to once again reach the Cape da Roca, before yet another violent wind came from the south and drove the San Carlo to the north. The new rudder had to be cut free, and only with great difficulty, by sailing stern first, did the crew narrowly avoid a shipwreck at the Berlengas.[42]

The crew by this time had been reduced by accident, illness and fatigue from 590 to some 130 men.

Tagus River on 5 February 1759.[43] There he found his other two ships: the San Vincenzo had got in on 8 December, and the Costanza on 22 December.[43]

At Lisbon, where Emo's struggle with the elements and misfortune had been followed with great interest, he was received by King Joseph I with the honours due to an ambassador.[44] Taking charge of the Venetian merchant ships from London, he returned home via Genoa and Naples with little incident, reaching Corfu in mid-July 1759.[44][45] Over the course of the voyage, the San Carlo had no fewer than 250 dead, while the San Vincenzo suffered 90 dead and the Costanza four. 76 more crewmen (from an original total crew of 1236 for the entire squadron) deserted.[45] Emo's conduct during the voyage gave proof of his seamanship and command skills,[46] earning acclaim from the government on his return to Venice in August.[8] Nevertheless, Emo's decision to press on without qualified pilots, while possibly taken under the impression of the urgency of his mission, led to recriminations by some contemporaries and historians.[47][48] Officially, the near-disaster was attributed to bad design on the San Carlo, which underwent refits and modifications as a result, but ended up sinking with all hands during another tempest in 1768.[49][50]

Civilian offices and rise to high command

Following Venetian tradition, a military appointment was followed by a civilian one.

Savio ed Esecutore alle Acque (water commissioner) in 1761–62. In this capacity he commissioned a plan of the Venetian Lagoon, which was completed in six months.[8][6] So accurate was this plan that it continued in use until well into the 19th century.[44]

Osella celebrating Emo's anti-pirate successes, 1765

In 1763 Emo finally returned to the navy, being elected to the higher command rank of Patron delle Navi (rear admiral of the sailing fleet) and charged with anti-piracy operations in the Adriatic Sea.[8][53] The election was not smooth, however: in the first election, the post was given to Alvise da Riva instead, and only when the latter resigned after finding conditions at sea too severe, was Emo elected to replace him.[54] The reasons for the initial rebuff, which temporarily threw Emo into despair, are unclear. Da Riva may have enjoyed more political support, which he mobilized to gain the post, as a naval command could be a springboard for higher office. At the same time, Emo's cousin, Giacomo Nani, was Capitano delle Navi, full admiral of the sailing fleet at the same time, and concerns may have existed about concentrating control of the navy in the hands of a single clan.[55] Instead of directly proceeding to join the fleet at Corfu by sea, however, Emo travelled overland through Italy, visiting Florence, Rome, and Naples, where he was received by King Charles VII, before embarking at Otranto.[54][56] During the next sixteen months of his tenure, Emo dedicated himself to escorting merchant vessels against pirate attacks. His main achievement was the recovery of two Venetian vessels and their entire cargo from the Dulcignoti, an achievement celebrated in the osella minted in that year (1765).[56][57] In the same year Emo was promoted to Almirante (vice admiral of the sailing fleet).[53]

In contrast to the sustained anti-piracy efforts in the Adriatic, in the 1760s Venice opted for a different policy against the Barbary states. Accords were concluded with Algiers and Tunis in 1763,

Marseilles, where he purchased two xebecs for service with the Venetian fleet.[62] The Republic honoured Emo with appointment to the Order of the Golden Stole, and sent Emo's brother, Alvise, to Marseilles to convey him the Order's insignia.[60][62] On 12 June 1768, Emo was raised to Capitano delle Navi.[8][62]

Russo-Turkish War

When the Russian fleet under

Venetian Ionian Islands. Emo pursued them at Kythira (Cerigo) and recovered two captured ships.[63]

Emo's fleet suffered heavy losses when it was caught in a storm near Cape Matapan on 19 December 1771: half his squadron, the 74-gun Corriera and the 28-gun frigate Tolleranza, foundered off Elos, the former with almost all hands. Emo's own flagship, the 74-gun Ercole, only survived by cutting her masts. Emo himself was swept into the sea during the manoeuvre and was rescued with difficulty by his crew.[53][65] Distraught over what he perceived as a personal failure, Emo offered to donate his private fortune to make up for the losses.[66]

Emo's naval command expired in 1772. He entered the

Murano glass.[8]

Emo was named to a seven-member commission to examine reforms for the Venetian navy in March 1775.[67] Although the parlous state of the Venetian navy was well known and had been a subject of debate and reform proposals for decades, nothing had been achieved.[68] Emo authored the commission's report, the Scrittura sul sistemare la marina da guerra in cui eravi il cav. Emo e dettata dal cav. Emo stesso.[67] The report recommended reforms on the model of the British Royal Navy, but although the commission numbered some influential senators, again its proposals failed to be taken up.[69]

In 1776–1778, again in the post of Savio alle Acque, Emo was responsible for several maintenance works around the Lagoon, on the Brenta River, the Terraglio road, and the canal of Cava.[8]

Demonstration off Tripoli

Emo again received a naval command on 18 July 1778, being elected Capitano delle Navi, with the heavy frigate

Pashalik of Tripolitania, who tried to exploit the "right of search" accorded to them by treaty on Venetian shipping beyond the agreed-upon limits. Emo led his fleet in a demonstration of force in front of Tripoli, leading the pasha to conclude a new peace agreement with the Republic.[8][53] Emo's appointment was renewed for the year after, but in the event it was not required for him to set sail.[53]

In 1779, as a

Savio alla Mercanzia (trade commissioner), Emo promoted reforms such as the reduction of tax on silk, the opening of new shops at Šibenik (Sebenico) and the transfer of the Venetian consulate in Egypt from Cairo to the port city of Alexandria.[8] In 1780 he was a Provveditore ai Beni Inculti (commissioner on uncultivated lands) and laid out plans for the draining of the Valli Veronesi, the Adige marshlands around Verona, a project begun already by Zaccaria Betti. However, once again due to lack of funds, the plans were not carried out.[8][6]

Director of the Arsenal and naval reforms

Entrance of the Arsenal in the 1740s

During the January 1782 visit of the

Grand Duke Paul (the future Tsar Paul I of Russia) to Venice, Emo personally educated Paul on the details of the Venetian naval apparatus.[70] When Venice resolved to send a permanent envoy to Saint Petersburg shortly after, Emo's name was on top of the list, but he managed to avoid the costly and unattractive appointment by pleading ill health.[71] In 1783, as an extraordinary commissioner, Emo led the negotiations with the Habsburg envoy Philipp von Cobenzl on freedom of navigation in Istria and Dalmatia.[6][72]

In 1782–1784 Emo served as one of the three extraordinary inquisitors on the Venetian Arsenal (Inquisitore Straordinario all'Arsenale).

hawsers and rigging.[8] He also increased the salaries of non-noble officers,[8] introduced a theoretical training for naval cadets, as well as a publicly funded welfare scheme for invalid and aged sailors.[74] Taking advantage of the sudden sinking of the ship of the line Fenice, while at anchor at Malamocco in 1783, the inquisitors were also able to break the stranglehold on naval constructions of the traditionalist-minded chief shipwrights (the proti) and replace them with a corps of naval architects.[77] Using his own position as a senator and his connections in the Republic's government, Emo secured funds for the construction of new warships: 15 were laid down after his tenure and until the end of the Republic in 1797.[74]

Naval campaigns against Tunis

On 6 March 1784 Emo was elected as Capitano Straordinario delle Navi (commander-in-chief of the sailing fleet) of a naval expedition against the Beylik of Tunis.[8] The warlike new Bey, Hammuda ibn Ali, had become embroiled in a quarrel with the Republic that quickly escalated to warfare. When a Venetian ship laden with goods from Tunis was burned by the authorities in Malta due to it being infected with the plague, the Bey asked for an enormous compensation, and when the Venetian admiral Andrea Querini tried to negotiate, he was assaulted by a riot staged by the Bey.[74] On 21 June, Emo sailed from Venice on a slow voyage to Corfu, where he was joined by more ships. His fleet comprised a few ships of the line, including Emo's flagship, the 64-gun Fama [it], a few xebecs, two bomb vessels, and a galiot. The fleet sailed for Tunis on 12 August.[78][79]

Emo's squadron anchored at Cape Carthage, five miles from the city of Tunis, on 1 September.[6][79] The Tunisian fleet, geared towards piracy against merchantmen, did not sail to oppose the Venetians, who were able to infiltrate the harbour of La Goulette during the night of the 3rd/4th and retake a Neapolitan merchant ship just captured by the pirates.[79][80] After replenishing water and supplies in Sardinia,[79] Emo sailed for Sousse, which he bombarded on 5–7 and 12 October,[79] before the autumn storms forced him to return to winter in Trapani in Sicily and Malta.[80][81]

Emo returned to the Tunisian shore in April 1785, anchoring at La Goulette. Negotiations with the Bey of Tunis failed, and Emo sailed back to Malta and Sicily.[80][82] The Venetian fleet again bombarded Sousse intermittently (21 July 27 and 31 July – 4 August) due to the bad weather, but with meagre results. Sfax followed (15–17 August), before the fleet retired to Trapani again.[82] After receiving reinforcements from Venice that raised his fleet to five first-rate ships of the line, one light frigate, two xebecs, one galiot, and the two bomb-vessels, Emo returned to La Goulette.[82] It was here that Emo employed floating batteries of his own invention: large floats made of empty barrels, fortified with wet sandbags, and equipped with 40-pound guns and mortars.[80][83] Along with the bomb-vessels, this gave the Venetians the ability to hit the settlements behind the sea walls during the nights of 3, 5, and 10 October.[80][84] As the Bey remained obdurate, Emo dismantled his rafts and returned to Trapani.[84]

Sketch of the Venetian fleet bombarding Sfax
Giuseppe Gatteri

As the Bey continued to insist on his previous demands, Emo returned to the Tunisian coast in early 1786,[80] attacking Sfax (on 6, 18, and 22 March 30 April and 4 May).[8][85] The Tunisians had prepared for his arrival, repairing their walls and installing heavy guns, leading to intense artillery duels between the city and the fleet. Emo too had appreciated the effect of his floating batteries, and had built more of them, with still heavier mortars; in nightly operations they were led up to the sea walls, and bombarded the city's interior with such devastating effect that the inhabitants of Sfax pleaded with the Bey to resume negotiations, to little effect.[85][86] The Venetian fleet retired to Malta, where the news that Emo had been elected Procurator of Saint Mark on 28 May reached the fleet, an event that was celebrated for three days and nights.[8][87] With the Bey still refusing to negotiate, Emo attacked Bizerte from 30 July to 10 August, and then, from 26 September to 6 October, Sousse, which now was left almost entirely in ruins.[88][87]

These operations not only caused great damage and casualties in these cities, but also confined the Tunisian pirate fleet to its harbours.[8][6] They also made Emo famous throughout Europe, where the images of his firework-like night bombardments kindled the imagination.[87] Nevertheless, they failed to achieve their principal objective, namely to force the Bey of Tunis to the negotiating table.[87][89] Venice, like the other European naval powers, preferred to reach an agreement with the pirates, including the annual payments, than engage in long, and far more expensive, military campaigns that would be required to thoroughly deal with the pirate threat.[90] Thus Emo's requests of a 10,000-man expeditionary force with which to assault and capture the city of Tunis, were rejected by the Venetian Senate.[91]

Final years and death

Silver medal issued in 1790, to celebrate the Venetian successes against the Barbary corsairs

In early 1787 the Senate recalled Emo with the bulk of his fleet, leaving only a small squadron under the Patron delle Navi

Pasha of Scutari; having accomplished that, it returned to its base in early 1788.[92] Until 1791, Emo spent his time in anti-piracy cruises off the western coasts of Greece, with the exception of a foray into the Aegean in 1790 that brought him to Paros.[93] For his efforts in combating the Tunisian pirates, the nobles of Zakynthos (Zante) awarded him with a golden sword and a medal.[94]

In late 1790, the Senate named Emo Provveditore Generale da Mar, but did not entrust him with leading the fleet against the Tunisian coast. With the French Revolution under way in Europe, the Senate was loath to become embroiled in a prolonged conflict, and preferred peace. The Senate feared that Emo's aggressive nature would hamper these efforts, and instead placed Condulmer, promoted to Capitano delle Navi, in charge of the naval blockade and peace negotiations.[95] In 1791, the Venetian government decided on a final show of force, reuniting the fleet of Emo with the squadron of Condulmer. The combined fleet demonstrated off the Tunisian coast from late August until returning to Malta in December.[93] Hospitalized after a lung infection, Emo died at La Valetta, Malta on 1 March 1792.[96] The story circulated that he had died from a bilious attack after learning that a peace, mostly disadvantageous to Venice, had been concluded with Tunis without his being consulted.[97]

Emo's funeral, drawing by Giuseppe Gatteri

Celebrated as a great naval hero, his body was embalmed and carried to Venice on board his flagship, the Fama.[8][97] The sculptor Antonio Canova was charged with erecting a monument to Emo. Completed in 1794, it is in the second armoury of the Venetian Arsenal. Canova was honoured by the Republic with a medal for this monument, the last such medal issued by the Republic before its end.[98] His funeral took place at St Mark's on 17 April, and he was buried at the church of Santa Maria dei Servi.[8] A funerary monument was erected over his tomb by Canova's teacher, Giovanni Ferrari, initially at Santa Maria dei Servi, then moved to San Martino, and finally, from 1817, to San Biagio.[99]

Legacy

Following the death of his older brother, Alvise Emo, in 1790, Angelo Emo's death also meant the end of the San Simeon Piccolo branch of the Emo family.[98]

Already at the time of Emo's death, his loss was seen as a heavy blow and symptom of the Republic's decline.

Lion of St. Mark on the sea", while for Samuele Romanin he might have been able to "shake [the Republic] from the disastrous abandonment" and "inspire in her the strength and energy" that she sorely lacked in the final years of its existence. For Romanin, Emo was the last of the great military commanders of the Venetian navy, and indeed of the Republic, which "may indeed be said to have herself descended with him into the sepulchre".[8] After him, the Venetian navy would no longer be called upon to fight.[97]

His sudden death also led to rumours that he had been poisoned.[98] Dandolo insisted that this was the case, and identified his deputy Condulmer, ambitious not only to succeed him, but also to conclude a peace treaty with the Barbary states, as the culprit. This has been convincingly disproved by modern historian Alvise Zorzi.[8]

Two

Royal Italian Navy were named after him
.

Footnotes

  1. ^ According to Venetian nomenclature, largely for prestige reasons, as these were the heaviest vessels in the Venetian fleet. By contemporary British practice these ships would be considered third-rates, and second-rates according to French practice.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c Ercole 2022, p. 8.
  2. ^ von Wurzbach 1858, pp. 35–36.
  3. ^ Moro 2012, p. 21.
  4. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 21, 22.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Eickhoff 2008, p. 197.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i von Wurzbach 1858, p. 36.
  7. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 19–21.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Preto 1993.
  9. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 21–22.
  10. ^ Moro 2012, p. 22.
  11. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 7.
  12. ^ a b Sanfelice di Monteforte 2011, p. 111.
  13. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 24–25.
  14. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 25–26.
  15. ^ Moro 2012, p. 25.
  16. ^ Moro 2012, p. 26.
  17. ^ a b c d Anderson 1946, p. 50.
  18. ^ a b Moro 2012, p. 27.
  19. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 10.
  20. ^ Candiani 2009, pp. 286–287.
  21. ^ a b c d Eickhoff 2008, p. 198.
  22. ^ Eickhoff 2008, pp. 195–196.
  23. ^ Eickhoff 2008, pp. 197–198.
  24. ^ Eickhoff 2008, pp. 196–197.
  25. ^ Nani Mocenigo 1935, pp. 351–352.
  26. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 37–40.
  27. ^ Nani Mocenigo 1935, pp. 355–356.
  28. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 46–48.
  29. ^ Nani Mocenigo 1935, p. 353.
  30. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 41–43.
  31. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 16.
  32. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 27–28.
  33. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 14 (esp. note 7).
  34. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 14 (esp. note 8).
  35. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 15.
  36. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 28–29.
  37. ^ Ercole 2022, pp. 16, 17 (notes 14 & 15).
  38. ^ Anderson 1946, pp. 50–51.
  39. ^ a b Anderson 1946, p. 51.
  40. ^ Anderson 1946, pp. 51–52.
  41. ^ a b Anderson 1946, p. 52.
  42. ^ Anderson 1946, pp. 52–53.
  43. ^ a b c d Anderson 1946, p. 53.
  44. ^ a b c d Eickhoff 2008, p. 199.
  45. ^ a b Anderson 1946, p. 54.
  46. ^ Anderson 1952, pp. 308–309.
  47. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 17 (note 16).
  48. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 30–32.
  49. ^ Ercole 2022, pp. 14 (note 7), 18.
  50. ^ Moro 2012, p. 34.
  51. ^ a b Ercole 2022, p. 19.
  52. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 34–35.
  53. ^ a b c d e f Anderson 1952, p. 309.
  54. ^ a b Ercole 2022, p. 29.
  55. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 29 (note 23).
  56. ^ a b Moro 2012, p. 36.
  57. ^ Ercole 2022, p. 30.
  58. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 50–52, 56.
  59. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 54–56.
  60. ^ a b c Eickhoff 2008, p. 200.
  61. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 56–57.
  62. ^ a b c Moro 2012, p. 57.
  63. ^ a b Eickhoff 2008, pp. 200, 240.
  64. ^ Eickhoff 2008, p. 240.
  65. ^ Eickhoff 2008, pp. 200–201.
  66. ^ a b Eickhoff 2008, p. 201.
  67. ^ a b Zampieri 2011, p. 123.
  68. ^ Sanfelice di Monteforte 2011, pp. 114–117.
  69. ^ Sanfelice di Monteforte 2011, pp. 117–118.
  70. ^ Eickhoff 2008, p. 246.
  71. ^ Eickhoff 2008, p. 248.
  72. ^ Moro 2012, p. 76.
  73. ^ Eickhoff 2008, p. 308.
  74. ^ a b c d Eickhoff 2008, p. 309.
  75. ^ Moro 2012, p. 75.
  76. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 48, 75.
  77. ^ Moro 2012, pp. 48–49, 75–76.
  78. ^ Nani Mocenigo 1935, p. 358.
  79. ^ a b c d e Anderson 1952, p. 310.
  80. ^ a b c d e f Eickhoff 2008, p. 310.
  81. ^ Anderson 1952, pp. 310–311.
  82. ^ a b c Anderson 1952, p. 311.
  83. ^ Anderson 1952, pp. 311–312.
  84. ^ a b Anderson 1952, p. 312.
  85. ^ a b Anderson 1952, pp. 312–313.
  86. ^ Eickhoff 2008, pp. 310–311.
  87. ^ a b c d Eickhoff 2008, p. 311.
  88. ^ Anderson 1952, pp. 313–314.
  89. ^ a b c Anderson 1952, p. 314.
  90. ^ Eickhoff 2008, pp. 311–312.
  91. ^ Nani Mocenigo 1935, p. 359.
  92. ^ Anderson 1952, p. 315.
  93. ^ a b Anderson 1952, p. 316.
  94. ^ Arbel 2013, pp. 202–203.
  95. ^ Nani Mocenigo 1935, pp. 359–360.
  96. ^ Eickhoff 2008, p. 312.
  97. ^ a b c Nani Mocenigo 1935, p. 360.
  98. ^ a b c von Wurzbach 1858, p. 37.
  99. ^ von Wurzbach 1858, pp. 37–38.

Bibliography

Further reading