Anglesey
Isle of Anglesey
Ynys Môn (Welsh) | |
---|---|
2nd | |
• Speakers | 55.8%[1] |
Geocode | 00NA (ONS) W06000001 (GSS) |
ISO 3166 code | GB-AGY |
Website | www |
The Isle of Anglesey (/ˈæŋɡəlsiː/; Welsh: Ynys Môn [ˈənɨs ˈmoːn]) is a county off the north-west coast of Wales. It is named after the island of Anglesey, which makes up 94% of its area, but also includes Holy Island (Ynys Gybi) and some islets and skerries.[2] The county borders Gwynedd across the Menai Strait to the southeast, and is otherwise surrounded by the Irish Sea. Holyhead is the largest town, and the administrative centre is Llangefni. The county is part of the preserved county of Gwynedd.
The Isle of Anglesey is sparsely populated, with an area of 276 square miles (710 km2) and a population of 68,900.[3] After Holyhead (12,103),[4][failed verification] the largest settlements are Llangefni (5,500) and Amlwch (3,967). The economy of the county is mostly based on agriculture, energy, and tourism, the latter especially on the coast. Holyhead is also a major ferry port for Dublin, Ireland.[5] The county has the second-highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 57.2%, and is considered a heartland of the language.[6]
The island of Anglesey, at 676 square kilometres (261 sq mi), is the largest in Wales and the Irish Sea, and the seventh largest in Britain. The northern and eastern coasts of the island are rugged, and the southern and western coasts are generally gentler; the interior is gently undulating. In the north of the island is Llyn Alaw, a reservoir with an area of 1.4 square miles (4 km2). Holy Island has a similar landscape, with a rugged north and west coast and beaches to the east and south. The county is surrounded by smaller islands; several, including South Stack and Puffin Island, are home to seabird colonies. Large parts of the county's coastline have been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The county has many prehistoric monuments, such as Bryn Celli Ddu burial chamber. In the Middle Ages the area was part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and native Principality of Wales, and the ruling House of Aberffraw maintained courts (Welsh: llysoedd) at Aberffraw and Rhosyr. After Edward I's conquest of Gwynedd he built the castle at Beaumaris, which forms part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. The Menai Strait to the mainland is spanned by the Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge, originally designed by Robert Stephenson in 1850.
Name
The English name for Anglesey may be derived from the
Ynys Môn, the island's and county's Welsh name, first appeared in the Latin Mona of various Roman sources.[15][16][17] It was likewise known to the Saxons as Monez.[18] The Brittonic original was in the past taken to have meant "Island of the Cow".[11][19] This view is untenable according to modern scientific philology[specify], and the etymology remains a mystery.
Poetic names for the island of Anglesey include the Old Welsh Ynys Dywyll (Shady or Dark Isle) for its former groves and Ynys y Cedairn (Isle of the Brave) for its royal courts;[12] Gerald of Wales' Môn Mam Cymru ("Môn, Mother of Wales") for its agricultural productivity;[20] and Y fêl Ynys (Honey Isle).[21]
History
Prehistoric history
The history of the settlement of the local people of Anglesey starts in the
There are numerous megalithic monuments and menhirs in the county, testifying to the presence of humans in prehistory. Plas Newydd is near one of 28 cromlechs that remain on uplands overlooking the sea. The Welsh Triads claim that the island of Anglesey was once part of the mainland.[11]
Bronze Age to Roman times
After the Neolithic age, the
During the Iron Age the Celts built dwellings
Modern Anglesey
Roman occupation
Historically, Anglesey has long been associated with the
Kingdom of Gwynedd and House of Aberffraw
After the Roman departure from Britain in the early 5th century, pirates from Ireland colonised Anglesey and the nearby Llŷn Peninsula. In response to this, Cunedda ap Edern, a Gododdin warlord from Scotland, came to the area and began to drive the Irish out. This was continued by his son Einion Yrth ap Cunedda and grandson Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion;[44] the last Irish invaders were finally defeated in battle in 470.[citation needed]
During the 9th century, King
After the Irish, the island was invaded by Vikings — some raids were noted in famous sagas (see Menai Strait History) such as the Jómsvíkinga— and by Saxons, and Normans, before falling to Edward I of England in the 13th century. The connection with the Vikings can be seen in the name of the island. In ancient times it was called "Maenige" and received the name "Ongulsey" or Angelsoen, from where the current name originates.[47][49]
Anglesey (with Holy Island) is one of the 13
20th century
The
In 1936 the
During the
In 1971, a 100,000 ton per annum
In 1974, Anglesey became a district of the new
Brand new council offices were built at Llangefni in the 1990s for the new Isle of Anglesey County Council.[64]
Geography
Physical
Anglesey is a low-lying island with low hills spaced evenly over the north. The highest six are Holyhead Mountain, 220 metres (720 ft); Mynydd Bodafon, 178 metres (584 ft); Mynydd Llaneilian, 177 metres (581 ft); Mynydd y Garn, 170 metres (560 ft); Bwrdd Arthur, 164 metres (538 ft); and Mynydd Llwydiarth, 158 metres (518 ft). To the south and south-east, the island is divided from the Welsh mainland by the Menai Strait, which at its narrowest point is about 250 metres (270 yd) wide. In all other directions the island is surrounded by the Irish Sea. At 676 km2 (261 sq mi), it is the 52nd largest island of Europe and just five km2 (1.9 sq mi) smaller than the main island of Singapore.
There are a few natural lakes, mostly in the west, such as
The climate is humid (though less so than neighbouring mountainous Gwynedd) and generally equable thanks to the Gulf Stream. The land is of variable quality and has probably lost some fertility. Anglesey has the northernmost olive grove in Europe and presumably in the world.[65]
Human
The coast of the Isle of Anglesey is more populous than the interior. The largest community is Holyhead, which is located on Holy Island and had a population of 12,103 at the 2021 United Kingdom census. It is followed by Amlwch (3,697), Llanfair-Mathafarn-Eithaf (3,085), and Menai Bridge (3,046), all located on the coast of the island of Anglesey. The largest community in the interior of Anglesey is Llangefni (5,500), the county town; the next-largest is Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog (1,711).[66]
Beaumaris (Welsh: Biwmares) in the east features Beaumaris Castle, built by Edward I during his Bastide campaign in North Wales. Beaumaris is a yachting centre, with boats moored in the bay or off Gallows Point. The village of Newborough (Welsh: Niwbwrch), in the south, created when townsfolk of Llanfaes were relocated for the building of Beaumaris Castle, includes the site of Llys Rhosyr, another court of medieval Welsh princes featuring one of the United Kingdom's oldest courtrooms. The centrally localted Llangefni is the island's administrative centre. The town of Menai Bridge (Welsh: Porthaethwy) in the south-east, expanded to accommodate workers and construction when the first bridge to the mainland was being built. Hitherto Porthaethwy had been one of the main ferry ports for the mainland. A short distance from the town lies Bryn Celli Ddu, a Stone Age burial mound.
Nearby is the village with the longest name in Europe, Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, and Plas Newydd, ancestral home of the Marquesses of Anglesey. The town of Amlwch lies in the north-east of the island and was once largely industrialised, having grown in the 18th century to support a major copper-mining industry at Parys Mountain.
Other settlements include Cemaes, Pentraeth, Gaerwen, Dwyran, Bodedern, Malltraeth and Rhosneigr. The Anglesey Sea Zoo is a local attraction offering looks at local marine wildlife from common lobsters to congers. All fish and crustaceans on display are caught round the island and placed in habitat reconstructions. The zoo also breeds lobsters commercially for food and oysters for pearls, both from local stocks. Sea salt (Halen Môn, from local sea water) is produced in a facility nearby, having formerly been made at the Sea Zoo site.
Coastal path
The coastline is classed as an
Economy
Tourism is now the major economic activity. Agriculture comes second, with local dairies being some of the most productive in the region.[69][70]
Major industry is restricted to Holyhead (Caergybi), which until 30 September 2009 supported an
Anglesey has three wind farms on land.[71] There were plans to install tidal-flow turbines near The Skerries off the north coast,[72] and for a major biomass plant on Holy Island (Ynys Gybi). Developing such low-carbon-energy assets to their full potential forms part of the Anglesey Energy Island project.[73][74]
When the aluminium smelter closed in September 2009, it cut its workforce from 450 to 80, in a major blow to the island's economy, especially to Holyhead. The Royal Air Force station RAF Valley (Y Fali) holds the RAF Fast Jet Training School and 22 Sqn Search and Rescue Helicopters, both units providing employment to about 500 civilians. RAF Valley is now the 22 Sqn Search and Rescue headquarters.
The range of smaller industries is mostly in industrial[75] and business parks such as Llangefni[76] and Gaerwen.[77] The island is on one of the main road routes from Britain to Ireland, via ferries from Holyhead on Holy Island to Dún Laoghaire and Dublin Port.
Abandoned nuclear plan
Plans were offered in 2013 by Horizon, a subsidiary of Hitachi, to start production in the 2020s.[78] Though enthusiastically endorsed by Anglesey Council and Welsh Assembly members, protesters raised doubts about its economic and safety claims,[79] and in January 2019 Hitachi announced it was putting development on hold.[80]
On 17 January 2019, Hitachi-Horizon Nuclear Power announced it was abandoning plans to build a nuclear plant on the Wylfa Newydd site in Anglesey. There had been concern that the start might have involved too much public expenditure, but Hitachi-Horizon say the decision to scrap has cost the company over £2 billion.[81][82][83][84]
Ecology and conservation
Much of Anglesey is used for relatively intensive cattle and sheep farming, but several important
There are marked occurrences of the
Anglesey supports two of the UK's remnant colonies of red squirrels, at Pentraeth and Newborough.[86][87]
Almost the whole coastline of Anglesey is designated as an Area of Outstandng Natural Beauty (AONB) to protect the aesthetic appeal and variety of the island's coastal landscape and habitats from inappropriate development. The coastal zone of Anglesey was classed as an AONB in 1966 and confirmed as such in 1967. The AONB is predominantly coastal, covering most of Anglesey's 125 miles (201 km) coastline, but includes Holyhead Mountain and Mynydd Bodafon. Large areas of other land protected by the AONB form the backdrop to the coast. The AONB is about 221 sq. m (85 sq mi) and is the largest in Wales, covering a third of the island.[88]
A number of Anglesey habitats gain still greater protection through UK and European designations of their nature conservation value. These include:
- 6 candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs)
- 4 Special Protection Areas (SPAs)
- 1 National Nature Reserve
- 26 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
- 52 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs)
These support a variety of wildlife, such as harbour porpoises and marsh fritillary.
The AONB takes in three sections of open, undeveloped coastline designated as Heritage Coast. These non-statutory designations complement the AONB and cover about 31 miles (50 km) of the coastline. The sections are:
- North Anglesey 28.6 km (17.8 mi)
- Holyhead Mountain 12.9 km (8.0 mi)
- Aberffraw Bay 7.7 km (4.8 mi)
Popular recreations include sailing, angling, cycling, walking, wind surfing and jet skiing. They place pressures and demands on the AONB, while stoking the local economy.[89]
Culture
Anglesey hosted the
It belongs to the
The annual Anglesey Show is held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday of August. Farmers from around the country compete in livestock–rearing contests, including sheep and cattle. Other events have included the Channel 4 archaeological television programme Time Team (series 14), transmitted on 4 February 2007, and Gottwood, an electronic music and arts festival held each summer at the Carreglwyd estate.
Capital Cymru, a commercial contemporary hit radio station, also covers Gwynedd. Môn FM, a volunteer community radio station, broadcasts from the county town, Llangefni.
In 2017 filming took place for the Netflix TV series Free Rein. Scenes were used in all three series. Locations included Newborough Warren and Beaumaris Pier.[91] In 2018, the BBC began a three-part series entitled Anglesey: Island Lives, detailing the lives of several residents of the island. In the first episode, Kris Hughes, a noted companion of the Druid community and the Anglesey Druid Order, was followed as the order marked the Summer Solstice.[92]
Welsh language
Anglesey is a stronghold of the Welsh language. According to the 2011 census it was the local authority with the second highest proportion of Welsh speakers. The earlier percentages were these:
- 1901: 91%[93]
- 1911: 89%[93]
- 1921: 88%
- 1931: 87%
- 1951: 80%[94]
- 1961: 75%
- 1971: 66%
- 1981: 61%
- 1991: 62%
- 2001: 60%
- 2011: 57%
- 2021: 55%
Today, Welsh is less widely used, but remains the dominant language in some areas, particularly in the centre, including Llangefni and some parts of the south coast. The island's five secondary schools vary widely in the proportions of their pupils from predominantly Welsh-speaking homes, and in those who can speak Welsh:
- Ysgol David Hughes (in Menai Bridge): 33% come from Welsh-speaking homes; 90% "can speak Welsh."[95]
- Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (in Llangefni): 68% of pupils speak Welsh as their first language; 87% of pupils take their exams through the medium of Welsh.
- General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE).
- Ysgol Uwchradd Bodedern (in Bodedern): 67% of pupils come from Welsh-speaking homes; "a majority" speak Welsh fluently.[96]
- Ysgol Uwchradd Caergybi (in Holyhead): 14% of pupils speak Welsh at home; 11% are taught the "Welsh First Language" curriculum.
Geology
The geology of Anglesey is complex and frequently targeted for geology field trips by schools and colleges. Younger strata in Anglesey rest upon a foundation of old Precambrian rocks that appear at the surface in four areas:
- a western region including Holyhead and Llanfaethlu[14]
- a central area about Aberffraw and Trefdraeth[14]
- an eastern region which includes Newborough,[14] Gaerwen and Pentraeth
- a coastal region at Glyn Garth between Menai Bridge and Beaumaris[14]
These rocks are
Under the name
Landmarks
- Anglesey Motor Racing Circuit
- Anglesey Sea Zoo near Dwyran
- Bays and beaches – Benllech, Cemlyn, Red Wharf, and Rhosneigr
- Beaumaris Castle and Gaol
- Cribinau – tidal island with 13th-century church
- Elin's Tower (Twr Elin) – RSPB reserve and the lighthouse at South Stack (Ynys Lawd) near Holyhead
- King Arthur's seat – near Beaumaris
- Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, one of the longest place names in the world
- Malltraeth – centre for bird life and home of wildlife artist Charles Tunnicliffe
- Moelfre – fishing village
- Parys Mountain – copper mine dating to the early Bronze Age
- Penmon– priory and dovecote
- Skerries Lighthouse – at the end of a low piece of submerged land, north-east of Holyhead
- Stone Science Museum – privately run fossil museum near Pentraeth[101]
- Swtan longhouse and museum – owned by the National Trust and managed by the local community
- Working windmill – Llanddeusant
- Ynys Llanddwyn (Llanddwyn Island) – tidal island
- St Cybi's Church Historic church in Holyhead
Notable people
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2021) |
Born in Anglesey
- Tony Adams – actor (Anglesey, 1940)
- Stu Allan – radio and club DJ
- John C. Clarke – U.S. state politician (Anglesey, 1831)
- Grace Coddington – creative director for US Vogue (Anglesey, 1941)
- Charles Allen Duval – artist and writer (Beaumaris, 1810)
- Dawn French – actress, writer, comedian (Holyhead, 1957)
- Huw Garmon – actor (Anglesey, 1966)
- Hugh Griffith – Oscar-winning actor (Marianglas, 1912)
- Elen Gwdman – poet (fl. 1609)
- Meinir Gwilym – singer and songwriter (Llangristiolus, 1983)
- Owain Gwynedd – royal prince (Anglesey, c. 1100)
- Hywel Gwynfryn – radio and TV personality (Llangefni, 1942)
- Aled Jones – singer and television presenter (Llandegfan, 1970)
- John Jones – amateur astronomer (Bryngwyn Bach, Dwyran 1818 – Bangor 1898); a.k.a. Ioan Bryngwyn Bach and Y Seryddwr
- William Jones – mathematician (Llanfihangel Tre'r Beirdd, 1675)
- Stella(Anglesey, 1968)
- John Morris-Jones – grammarian and poet (Llandrygarn, 1864)
- Edward Owen – 18th-century artist, notable for letters documenting life in London's art scene
- Goronwy Owen – 18th-century poet (Llanfair-Mathafarn-Eithaf, 1723)
- Osian Roberts – association football player and manager (Bodffordd)
- Tecwyn Roberts – NASA aerospace engineer and Director of Networks at Goddard Space Flight Center (Llanddaniel Fab, 1925)
- Hugh Owen Thomas – pioneering orthopaedic surgeon (Anglesey, 1836)
- Ifor Owen Thomas – operatic tenor, photographer and artist (Red Wharf Bay, 1892)
- Sefnyn – medieval court poet
- Owen Tudor – grandfather of Henry Tudor, married the widow of Henry V, which gave the Tudor family a claim on the English throne (Anglesey, c. 1400).
- Kyffin Williams – landscape painter (Llangefni, 1918)
- William Williams – recipient of the Victoria Cross (Amlwch, 1890)
- Andy Whitfield – actor (Amlwch, 1971)
- Gareth Williams – employee of Britain's GCHQ signals intelligence agency (Anglesey, 1978)
Lived in Anglesey
- Rachel Davies (Rahel o Fôn) – preacher
- Henry Austin Dobson – poet and essayist (Plymouth, Devon 1840)
- Taron Egerton – actor and star of Rocketman (moved to Wales aged 12)
- Ren Gill – musician, known as Ren, (born Bangor, 1990; raised in Dwyran)
- Gareth Glyn – composer and broadcaster (since 1978)
- Wayne Hennessey – footballer, currently goalkeeper with Crystal Palace and Wales (Bangor, 1987)
- Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister – heavy metal bass player and singer, front man of Motörhead (Stoke-on-Trent, 1945)
- Glenys Kinnock – politician (Holyhead, 1950s)
- Llanfairpwll
- Matthew Maynard – cricketer (Oldham, Lancashire 1966)
- George North – Wales rugby union international (born King's Lynn, 1992; family moved to Anglesey in his early childhood)
- Bethesda(Haverfordwest, 18 July 1970)
- Iain Duncan Smith – leader of the Conservative Party 2001–2003, attended HMS Conway School Ship Plas Newydd, Llanfairpwll, 1968–1972.
- Charles Tunnicliffe – wildlife artist (Langley, Macclesfield, 1901)
- Naomi Watts – Oscar-nominated actress (born Kent, 1968)
- Rex Whistler – artist (born Eltham, Kent 1905)
- Maurice Wilks – father of the Land Rover, which was test driven on Newborough and Llanddona beach
- Prince William, Prince of Wales – grandson of Queen Elizabeth II, and his wife Catherine, Princess of Wales(2010–13)
- Clive Woodward – rugby union player and England / British Lions coach, attended HMS Conway School Ship Plas Newydd, Llanfairpwll, 1969–1974.
Schools
Secondary schools:
- Ysgol David Hughes, Menai Bridge
- Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni, Llangefni
- Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones, Amlwch
- Ysgol Uwchradd Bodedern, Bodedern
- Ysgol Uwchradd Caergybi, Holyhead
There are 50 primary, all co-educational day schools.[102]
Transport
Anglesey is linked to the mainland by the Britannia Bridge, carrying the A55 from Holyhead, and the Menai Suspension Bridge, carrying the A5 trunk road. The A5025 round the northern edge of Anglesey and the A4080 round the southern edge form a ring.
The six railway stations are
The ferry port of Holyhead handles over two million passengers a year. Stena Line and Irish Ferries sail to Dublin (previously to Dún Laoghaire), forming the main surface transport link from central and northern England and Wales to Ireland.
Sport and leisure
Anglesey is independently represented in the Island Games (as Ynys Môn). The team finished joint 17th in the 2009 Games hosted by Åland,[104] winning medals in gymnastics, sailing, and shooting.[105]
Anglesey made an unsuccessful bid for the 2009 games, led by Ynys Môn MP Albert Owen, in the hope of more than £3m of spending if it had hosted the event. However, Anglesey lacks two needful facilities: a six-lane competition swimming pool and an athletics track.[106]
Several precursors to the modern football codes were popular in Anglesey. They had few rules and were quite violent. Rhys Cox at the turn of the 18th century described a game in Llandrygan ending with "numbers of players... left here and there on the road, some having limbs broken in the struggle, others severely injured, and some carried on biers to be buried in the churchyard nearest to where they had been mortally injured." William Bulkeley, in his April 1734 diary, records that the violence of such games left no hard feelings, with both sides parting "as good friends as they came, after they had spent half an hour together cherishing their spirits with a cup of ale... having finished Easter Holydays innocently and merrily."[107]
Association football
This arrived in the 1870s and met with local resistance for its perceived associations with drunkenness and rowdiness and the lower classes. One critic called it an "un-Christian practice". An Anglesey League of teams from Amlwch, Beaumaris, Holyhead, Menai Bridge, Llandegfan, and Llangefni was formed in the 1895–96 season.[108] This gave way in 2020 to the North Wales Coast West Football League.
The
For the aborted 2020–21 season, Llangefni Town and Holyhead Hotspur were due to play in the Cymru North league, the second tier of the Welsh football league system, after winning the Welsh Alliance League two years before. There were due to be nine Anglesey sides in the same season's fourth tier North Wales Coast West Football League Premier Division: Aberffraw, Amlwch Town, Bodedern Athletic, Bro Goronwy, Gaerwen, Gwalchmai, Menai Bridge Tigers, Pentraeth and Trearddur Bay Bulls. There are a further nine teams in Division One.
Rugby Union
Llangefni RFC is the island's highest competing team in the WRU Division One North. Llangoed hosts an annual rugby sevens contest. Touring sides have included Manhattan RFC.
Anglesey Hunt
Anglesey Hunt, formed in 1757, was the second oldest fox hunting association in Wales after Tivyside Hunt in Cardiganshire.[109]
Athletics
Every September the Anglesey Festival of Running includes a marathon, a half-marathon, 10-km and 5–km races, and children's contests. Its slogan is Run the Island. There are at present no 400-metre, all-weather, synthetic tracks on the island, the nearest being between Bangor and the Britannia Bridge on the mainland.
Motorsport
The Anglesey Circuit (Welsh: Trac Môn) is a licensed MSA and ACU championship racing circuit that opened in 1997. It hosts many events all year round and is a popular track.
Cricket
The Beaumaris Cricket Club formed in 1858. Clubs at Holyhead, Amlwch and Llangefni formed in the following decade, but not until the 1880s was the sport popular outside the upper classes. Bodedern Cricket Club was formed in 1947.[108]
Sailing
The Royal Anglesey Yacht Club hosts the annual Menai Strait Regatta.
Swimming
The Menai Strait hosts two annual open-water contests: the Menai Strait Swim from Foel to Caernarfon (1 mile), and the Pier to Pier Open Water Swim, between Beaumaris and Garth Pier, Bangor. There is a 25-metre pool at Plas Arthur Leisure Centre in Llangefni.
See also
- Prehistoric Wales
- Roman conquest of Anglesey
- List of scheduled monuments in Anglesey
- List of places in Anglesey
- List of Anglesey towns by population
- List of lord lieutenants of Anglesey
- List of custos rotulorums of Anglesey
- List of sheriffs of Anglesey
- Isle of Anglesey County Council
- Ynys Môn (UK Parliament constituency)
- Ynys Môn (Assembly constituency)
- List of islands of Wales – including those around Anglesey
- The Royal Navy's four ships named HMS Anglesea
- HMS Anglesey (P277)
Notes
- ^ "How life has changed on Isle of Anglesey: Census 2021".
- ^ "Sir Ynys Mon – Isle of Anglesey". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "How life has changed on Isle of Anglesey: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ "Build a custom area profile - Census 2021, ONS". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- Washington, D. C.: National Council for Science and the Environment.
- ^ "The Welsh language on Anglesey". www.anglesey.gov.wales. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ a b Lena Peterson; et al. (May 2001), Nordiskt runnamnslexikon [Dictionary of Names from Runic Inscriptions] (PDF), p. 116, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012, retrieved 6 June 2012
- ^ ISBN 9780786418145. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ Warren Kovach. "Anglesey, Wales". Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ John Davies. A History of Wales. pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 18.
- ^ a b "Anglesey". The London encyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, by the orig. Ed. Of the Encyclopaedia metropolitana [T. Curtis]. London Encyclopaedia. London: Tegg. 1839. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ University of Texas at Austin's Linguistics Research Center (17 May 2011). "Proto-Indo-European Etyma 9.14: Physical Acts & Materials: to Bend". Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 17.
- ^ Tacitus, "XIV.29", Annals, retrieved 6 April 2013 and Agricola, XIV.14 & 18.
- ^ Pliny, "IV.30.", Natural History, retrieved 6 April 2013
- ^ Cassius Dio. Roman History. p. 62 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ^ "Wales. Anglesea". The Present State of the British Empire in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. London: Griffith. 1768.
- ^ Davies, Edward (1809). The Mythology and Rites of the British Druids. London: Booth. p. 177. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ "Local Food Heroes on Anglesey". greentraveller.co.uk. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "What was the ancient Roman name for Anglesey?". AnswersToAll. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Prehistoric Wales". cadw.gov.wales. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Scheduled Monuments- Full Report". cadwpublilc-api.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Aberffraw to port Cwyfan, Anglesey" (PDF). walescostalpath.gov.uk.
- ^ "Neolithic houses from Llanfaethlu, Anglesey" (PDF). prehistorysociety.org. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Bryn Celli Ddu". cadw.gov.wales.
- ^ "Timeline in Anglesey". anglesey.info. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Print". britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "Castell Bryn Gwyn". heritage.directory. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Llanidan, Alleged site of Romano-British Battle (404297)". Coflein. RCAHMW.
- ^ "Castell Bryn Gwyn, Neolithic Henge and Later Ringwork (93836)". Coflein. RCAHMW.
- ^ "Gnaeus Julius Agricola Governor of Britannia". roman-britain.co.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "Llanidan". genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Mynydd Bach Cairn (302343)". Coflein. RCAHMW.
- ^ "Mynydd Bach round cairn". ancientmonuments.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ 2 RCAHMW, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Anglesey, p. LXXX, 2, at Google Books
- ^ "Holyhead Mountain Hut Circles". cadw.gov.wales. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Ty Mawr Circle Huts". anglesey-history.co.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Cytiau'r Gwyddelod, Holyhead Mountain Settlement Complex, South-West Area (93837)". Coflein. RCAHMW.
- ^ "William Owen Stanley". britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Tacitus Agricola 18.3–5.
- Geog., Bk. 2, Ch. 1 & 2
- ^ "CUNEDDA WLEDIG (fl. 450?), British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ "RHODRI MAWR ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. .
- ^ ISBN 9781134318261. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ A history of the island of Anglesey, p. 60-61, at Google Books
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Attribution
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anglesey". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), 1878, p. 30 ,
- Isle of Anglesey at Curlie