Anglican Church of Canada
Anglican Church of Canada Église anglicane du Canada | |
---|---|
Holy Bible | |
Theology | Anglican doctrine |
Polity | Episcopal |
Primate | Linda Nicholls |
Parishes | 1,498[1] |
Associations | Anglican Communion |
Full communion | Church of South India Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada Mar Thoma Syrian Church Moravian Church Northern Province |
Region | Canada |
Liturgy | 1962 Book of Common Prayer, Book of Alternative Services |
Headquarters | 80 Hayden Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
Branched from | Church of England |
Separations | Anglican Church in North America (2009) Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter (2012) |
Members | 294,931 on parish rolls (2022)[1] |
Official website | anglican.ca |
The Anglican Church of Canada (ACC or ACoC) is the
Like other Anglican churches, the Anglican Church of Canada's liturgy utilizes a native version of the Book of Common Prayer, the 1962 prayer book. An alternative liturgical resource was developed in 1985 titled the Book of Alternative Services, which has developed into the dominant liturgical book of the church.
Unlike in the United Kingdom, the current title of "Defender of the Faith" in the title of the Canadian sovereign does not officially refer to the Christian faith, or to the Anglican Church of Canada. However, two out of three Chapels Royal in Canada are consecrated Anglican chapels.
Official names
Until 1955, the Anglican Church of Canada was known as the "Church of England in the Dominion of Canada" or simply the "Church of England in Canada". In 1977, the church's General Synod adopted l'Église episcopale du Canada as its French-language name.[3] This name was replaced with the current one, l'Église anglicane du Canada, in 1989; however, the former name is still used in some places along with the new one.
A matter of some confusion for Anglicans elsewhere in the world is that while the Anglican Church of Canada is a province of the Anglican Communion, the
In recent years, there have been attempts by splinter groups to incorporate under very similar names.
History
Anglicanism in British North America
The Anglican Church of Canada's prayer book commemorates John Cabot's landing on Newfoundland on 24 June 1497.
The first Church of England service was a celebration of Holy Communion at Frobisher Bay around 3 September 1578 by the chaplain on Martin Frobisher's voyage to the Arctic. The chaplain was "'Maister Wolfall (probably Robert Wolfall), minister and preacher', who had been charged by Queen Elizabeth 'to serve God twice a day'".[10][11]
The propagation of the Church of England occurred in three ways. One way was by officers of ships and lay military and civil officials reading services from the
The first documented resident Church of England cleric on Canadian soil was
The overseas development of the Church of England in British North America challenged the insular view of the church at home. The editors of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer found that they had to address the spiritual concerns of the contemporary adventurer. In the 1662 Preface, the editors note:
... that it was thought convenient, that some Prayers and Thanksgivings, fitted to special occasions, should be added in their due places; particularly for those at Sea, together with an office for the Baptism of such as are of Riper Years: which, although not so necessary when the former Book was compiled, ... is now become necessary, and may be always useful for the baptizing of Natives in our Plantations, and others converted to the Faith.
The Hudson's Bay Company sent out its first chaplain in 1683, and where there was no chaplain the officers of the company were directed to read prayers from the BCP on Sundays.[11]
Members of the Church of England established the
The first Anglican church in Newfoundland and in Canada was the small garrison chapel at St John's Fort built sometime before 1698.
The first Anglican services in Nova Scotia are dated from 1710 when a New England army from Boston with assistance of the Royal Navy captured for the fourth time
The oldest Anglican church in Canada still standing is
After the American Revolution
Anglicans were a more numerous minority among the United Empire Loyalists who fled to Canada after the American Revolution than Anglicans had been in the Thirteen Colonies as a whole (in 1775, 70–90% of the white population was not formally affiliated with a church). The Anglican Church was a dominant feature of the compact governments that presided over the colonies in British North America.[13]
One of the former Americans was
There were historical connections between the
The connections between the now administratively separated churches continued in many ways. In the summer of 1857, Bishop
licensed by the American bishop as well as our own, so that I can pray for the President now and then when I've a foot across the line.[15]
After the conquest of
The secular history of Canada depicts Bishop Strachan as an ally of the landed gentry of the so-called
In Upper Canada, leading
Autonomy and interdependence
Until the 1830s, the Anglican church in Canada was synonymous with the Church of England: bishops were appointed and priests supplied by the church in England and funding for the church came from the
Expansion
As the new Canadian nation expanded after Confederation in 1867, so too did the Anglican Church.[20] After the establishment of the first ecclesiastical province – that of Canada in 1860 – others followed. The first was the Ecclesiastical Province of Rupert's Land, created in 1875 to encompass Anglican dioceses outside what were then the boundaries of Canada: present-day Northern Ontario and Northern Quebec, the western provinces, and the Territories. In the forty years between self-government in 1861 and 1900, sixteen of the currently existing dioceses were created, as numbers blossomed with accelerating immigration from England, Scotland, and Ireland. The far-flung nature of settlement in the North-West together with a shortage of resources to pay stipendiary clergy early led to a significant reliance on women lay workers, deemed "deaconesses", for missionary outreach,[21] a phenomenon which made the eventual ordination of women to the priesthood in 1976 relatively uncontroversial.[citation needed]
During this time, the Anglican Church assumed de facto administrative responsibility in the far-flung wilderness of Canada and British North America. The church contracted with colonial officials and later the federal Crown to administer residential schools for the indigenous peoples of the First Nations – a decision which would come back to haunt it much later. Such schools removed children from their home communities in an attempt to, among other things, "kill the Indian in the child"[citation needed] and forcibly assimilate them into the dominant European culture and language. Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of the children was rife in these schools.
At the same time, Anglican missionaries were involved in advocating for First Nations rights and land claims on behalf of those people to whom they were ministering (for example, the Nisga'a of northern British Columbia). One of the earliest First Nations students to be educated at Red River in the 1830s was Henry Budd.[11] He was ordained in 1850 as the first First Nations priest and became the missionary at Fort Cumberland on the Saskatchewan River and then to the post of The Pas.[11] The Anglican Church of Canada's Prayer Book commemorates Henry Budd on 2 April.
Despite this growth in both the size and role of the church, progress was intermittently undermined by internal conflict over churchmanship. This was manifested in the creation of competing theological schools (Trinity versus Wycliffe Colleges in the University of Toronto, for example), a refusal by bishops of one ecclesiastical party to ordain those of the other, and – in the most extreme cases – schism. This latter phenomenon was famously and acrimoniously borne out in the high profile defection of Edward Cridge, the Dean of the Diocese of British Columbia in Victoria, B.C., together with much of his cathedral congregation, to the Reformed Episcopal Church in 1874, although the movement was ultimately confined to that one congregation in a then-remote town together with a second parish in New Westminster, the then-capital of the originally separate mainland colony of British Columbia.
Overseas mission
In 1888, the church began its
Twentieth century
Expansion evolved into a general complacency as the 20th century progressed. During the early part of this period, the ACC reinforced its traditional role as the establishment church, although influences from the autochthonous Protestant
By the middle of the century, pressure to reform the structures of the church were being felt. The name of the church was changed in 1955 from "The Church of England in Canada" to the "Anglican Church of Canada" and a major revision of the Book of Common Prayer was undertaken in 1962, the first in over forty years. In 1962, the United Church of Canada and the Anglican Church of Canada jointly published Growth in Understanding, a study guide on union and, on 1 June 1965, the Principles of Union between the United Church and the Anglican Church.[24] Despite these changes, the church was still perceived as complacent and disengaged, a view emphasized by the title of Pierre Berton's best-selling commissioned analysis of the denomination, The Comfortable Pew, published in 1965.
Change became more rapid towards the close of the 1960s, as mainline churches including the Anglicans began to see the first wave of evaporation from the pews. On 23 August 1967, the Anglican Church of Canada agreed to permit the remarriage of divorced persons in their churches.[26] Ecumenical relationships were intensified, with a view to full communion. While negotiations with the largest Canadian Protestant denomination, the United Church of Canada, faltered in the early 1970s, the Anglican Church achieved full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada as the century drew to a close.
New liturgical resources were introduced, which would culminate in the publication of the
These changes have been accompanied by a massive decline in numbers, with a majority (53%) leaving the denomination in the period from 1961 to 2001, according to an independent survey.[27] In the 21st century, numerical decline has continued. From 2001 to 2022, parish membership declined from 641,845[28] to 294,931,[1] a decline of 54%. From 2001 to 2011, according to the Canadian census, self-identified Anglicans declined from 2,035,500[29] to 1,631,845,[30] a decline of 19.8% in absolute terms and a drop in the proportion of the Canadian population from 6.9% to 5%. The number of self-identified Anglicans further declined to little more than 1 million in 2021, amounting to 3,1% of Canadians.[31]
Twenty-first century
In the twenty-first century a division in the Anglican Communion developed when more conservative churches opposed liberal positions on issues such as same-sex marriage and acceptance of homosexuality. The
Structure
Anglican Christians around the world are held together by common forms of worship, such as the Book of Common Prayer and its modern alternatives, which embody its doctrine. Other formularies, such as the Ordinal, the
In Canada, Anglican bishops have divested some of their authority to three bodies – the General Synod, the Provincial Synod (there are four in Canada) and the diocesan synods (there are 29).
The national church in Canada is structured on the typical Anglican model of a presiding archbishop (the Primate) and Synod.
In 2007 the church considered rationalizing its increasingly top-heavy episcopal structure as its membership waned, which could have meant a substantial reduction in the number of dioceses, bishops and cathedrals.[36]
Houses of Bishops
Diocesan bishops promise "to hold and maintain the Doctrine, Sacraments and discipline of Christ, as the Lord hath commanded in his holy Word, and as the Anglican Church of Canada hath received and set forth the same."[37] They work collegially as a House of Bishops. There is a national House of Bishops, which meets regularly throughout the year, as well as provincial houses of bishops. These are chaired, respectively, by the Primate and the individual metropolitans.
Primate
The Primate of the ACC – originally the "Primate of All Canada" in echo of the titles of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York in England and to distinguish the national church from the
In recent decades Primates of the ACC have intermittently held a considerable place in public life. In particular, Archbishop
There have been thirteen primates in the history of the church. The current primate is Linda Nicholls, formerly the bishop of the Diocese of Huron, elected on the third ballot at the July 2019 General Synod. She is the first woman to head the Anglican Church of Canada, and the second female primate in the Anglican Communion.
General Synod
The chief synodical governing body of the church is the
Each diocese holds annual diocesan synods from which lay and clergy delegates are elected as representatives to General Synod, the national deliberative body, which meets triennially. These delegates join the Primate and the bishops of the church to form three Orders – lay, clergy, and bishops. The most recent general synod was in 2019 and met in Vancouver.
General Synod has authority to define "the doctrines of the Church in harmony with the
Provinces, dioceses and parishes
The ACC is divided into four
Each province has its own archbishop, known as the Metropolitan, and each diocese has a bishop, although there are no metropolitical dioceses (or archdioceses) as such; a metropolitan is styled "Archbishop of [his or her own diocese], and Metropolitan of [the ecclesiastical province]."
As with other churches in the Anglican tradition, each diocese is divided up into geographical regions called parishes, where certain authority resides in the rector or priest-in-charge (as laid out in the induction service, the ordinal, and the cleric's licence) and in the parish council (or vestry) as defined in diocesan canons. The legal relationship between a parish and its diocese and between a parish and its synod varies around the country and even within dioceses depending in part on when each was established.
Both dioceses and provinces hold synods, usually annually, consisting of the active diocesan clergy and lay delegates elected by parish churches. Diocesan synods elect lay and clergy delegates to provincial synod. On the diocesan level, there are effectively two houses instead of three – clergy and laity – with the diocesan bishop required to give assent to motions passed by synod.
Between 1995 and 1997 over 500 parishes closed. Of all the mainline churches in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada has the most precipitous drop in members; according to its own records, a reduction of 10% in membership occurs annually.[40]
Ecumenical relations
The ACC is a member of the
In 2001, the ACC established full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC), both of which operate in Canada. In 2019, full communion was regularized to apply between the mainline Anglican and Evangelical Lutheran churches in the United States and in Canada, resulting in a full communion status with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[41] In 2023, full communion was extended to the Northern Province of the Moravian Church in North America, by an agreement with the ELCIC and the ACC.[42] Two other churches with which the Anglican Church of Canada is in full communion via the Anglican Communion operate in Canada, being the Mar Thoma Syrian Church and the Church of South India.[43]
Through the Anglican Communion, the ACC is also in full communion with the churches of the
Contrary to the practice in
Liturgy and service books
In 1918 and 1962 the ACC produced successive authoritative Canadian Books of Common Prayer (BCPs), substantially based on the 1662 English prayer book; both were conservative revisions consisting largely of minor editorial emendations of archaic diction. The 1962 Canadian prayer book is still in regular use throughout the ACC, and has been translated into a number of languages. The French translation, Le Recueil des Prières de la Communauté Chrétienne, was published in 1967.
In 1985 the Book of Alternative Services (BAS) was issued, officially not designated to supersede but to be used alongside the 1962 prayer book. It is a more thoroughgoing modernizing of Canadian Anglican liturgies, containing considerable borrowings from Lutheran, Church of England, American Episcopal and post-Second Vatican Council Roman Rite Catholic service books; it was received with general enthusiasm and in practice has largely supplanted the Book of Common Prayer, although the BCP remains the official Liturgy of the Church in Canada. The preference for the BAS among many parishes and clergy has been countered by the founding of the Prayer Book Society of Canada, which seeks "to promote the understanding and use of the BCP as a spiritual system of nurture for life in Christ". The tension between adherents of the BCP and advocates of the BAS has contributed to a sense of disaffection within the church. There have been increasing calls for revision of the Book of Alternative Services. Those who use the BAS have cited various shortcomings as it ages and newer liturgies are produced elsewhere in the Communion. At the 2007 General Synod, a resolution was passed which will begin the process of revising the modern language liturgies.
Like most churches of the Anglican Communion, the ACC was beset by intense conflict over the
Social issues and theological division
As is the case in churches directly influenced by
Ordination of women and remarriage of divorced persons
In recent years the ACC has been a leading progressive force within the Anglican Communion. In the 1970s the then primate, Ted Scott, argued at the Lambeth Conference in favour of women's ordination. The ACC ordained its first woman as a priest in 1976 and its first woman as a bishop in 1993. Many parishes, particularly in the west and even more particularly on aboriginal reserves, were already served by women deacons and allowing them to be ordained priests regularized their situation and permitted a regular sacramental ministry to be available in the parishes they served. Nonetheless, this change – in concert with such moves as allowing the remarriage of divorced persons – caused strains among more conservative parishes, both Anglo-Catholic and Evangelical. In the early 1970s some members of the ACC left to join breakaway Anglican groups such as the small Anglican Catholic Church of Canada.
Life issues
The ACC has taken a moderate
The ACC also firmly opposes euthanasia and assisted suicide.[45]
Inclusion of gays and lesbians and same-sex unions
In 2002, the Synod of the
In 2016, a proposal to change the marriage canon to include same-sex marriage received 2/3 in favour in all three houses and was passed; a Second Reading in 2019 failed, due to not reaching a 2/3 majority in the House of Bishops.[55][56] The dioceses of Niagara and Ottawa, both of which already allowed blessing rites, announced after the 2016 vote that they would immediately allow same-sex marriages.[57][58] In 2019, the General Synod approved a resolution which allows each provincial synod and diocese to bless or perform same-sex marriages if they choose to do so.[59]
The Diocese of Toronto has specifically allowed churches to perform same-sex marriages as of mid-November 2016 when Archbishop Colin Johnson issued the Pastoral Guidelines for Same-Sex Marriages. In brief, the guidelines stated that such marriages could proceed in the church "at the pastoral discretion of the Bishop and with the agreement of local clergy".[60][61] Also in 2016, the Diocese elected the first openly gay and partnered bishop.[62]
The General Synod held the second reading of a motion to approve same-sex marriage on 12 July 2019. In spite of support by the laity and clergy, the motion did not pass because it was not supported by a full two-thirds of the bishops. Director of Communications Meghan Kilty told CBC News that many dioceses have been performing same-sex marriages, such as that of bishop Kevin Robertson in December 2018 at the Cathedral Church of St. James (Toronto).[63] Kilty added that many Canadian dioceses would continue to perform such services since the church had not specifically prohibited the practice.[64] At the same General Synod, a resolution, called "A Word to the Church", was approved that recognised that a diocese may choose to perform same-sex marriages.[65][66][67]
Indian residential schools
During the 19th century the federal Crown delegated the operation of Indian residential schools to the ACC and Roman Catholic religious orders (with some minimal involvement by the Methodist and Presbyterian churches of Canada as well). In the 1980s numerous tort claims were brought by former students of such schools against both the Crown and church organizations in respect of abuse by church personnel in such institutions and to a lesser extent in respect of a perception that such schools had been insensitive to issues of preservation of aboriginal culture and identity.
The claims were ultimately comprehensively settled but the damage to the morale of the ACC has yet to be entirely resolved: the Diocese of Cariboo was obliged to declare bankruptcy and was liquidated — its successor is the
In January 2007 the ACC announced the appointment of Mark MacDonald, an aboriginal American and Bishop of Alaska in the Episcopal Church (United States), as the National Indigenous Bishop with pastoral oversight over all indigenous members of the Anglican Church of Canada.[69] MacDonald resigned in 2022 after admitting to sexual misconduct.[70]
In 2017 Melanie Delva was appointed as the Reconciliation Animator for the Anglican Church of Canada, with a focus on responding the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's Calls to Action.[71]
Cathedrals and notable parishes
Cathedrals
The oldest Anglican cathedral in Canada and North America is St. Paul's Church in Halifax which was made Canada's first cathedral when Charles Inglis became the first bishop in 1787.[11] St Paul's remained a cathedral for 78 years until 1864 when it was replaced by St Luke's pro-cathedral.[11]
The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Quebec City is the oldest Anglican cathedral in Canada that continues in that capacity, having been "built from 1800 to 1804; it was constructed according to drawings done by Captain William Hall and Major William Robe, officers of the military engineering corps of the British Army, stationed in Quebec City."[72]
Most Anglican cathedrals in Canada are modest parish churches, and it is only the cathedrals of
Notable parishes
The
St. Thomas's, Huron Street, another notable parish church in Toronto, was at one time the parish church of the English accompanist Gerald Moore, serving there as an assistant organist,[78] but is equally notable for being one of the most liturgically traditional Anglo-Catholic parishes in North America, earning recognition as a prominent "destination parish" in the Greater Toronto Area, as well as for its music program.[79] St Anne's, Toronto is a notable tourist attraction, being "a scale model of Saint Sophia in Istanbul that was decorated in the 1920s by members of the Group of Seven and associates."[80]
In April 2007 St. George's Church (Georgetown, Ontario) became the first church in Canada to join the Messy Church initiative which places a premium on community, creativity, hospitality and celebration. Messy Church had been born in the Church of England "Fresh Expressions" movement and was just beginning to spread. It is a very untraditional and informal gathering with a Christian message communicated through crafts, activities, songs, prayers, and always ends with a meal.
Messy Church at St. George's made a connection with young families beyond the sacrament of baptism and built a community around it. St. George's continues to offer "Messy Church" services on the second Wednesday of each month at 5:00 p.m. (not during summer).[82][83][84][85]
Notes and references
- ^ Some reject the title of Protestant, arguing that Anglicanism should be classified as a separate branch of Christianity.
- ^ a b c d Elliot, Neil (15 March 2024). "Dioceses of the ACC – by numbers". Numbers Matters. (Neil Elliot is the statistics officer for the Anglican Church of Canada.). Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Office, Anglican Communion. "Member Churches". Anglicancommunion.org. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Historical Notes" (PDF). Anglican Church of Canada. p. 191, section 21. Archived from the original (PDF file) on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "L'Église anglicane du Canada". montreal.anglican.org. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ Elliot, Neil (5 March 2024). "Anglican Church of Canada – the state of the church". Numbers Matters. (Neil Elliot is the statistics officer of the Anglican Church of Canada.). Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Profile Table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population- Canada [Country]". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ 2021 is the most recent census to collect information on religion in Canada. Statistics Canada: "Please note that information about religion is only collected once every 10 years."
- ^ "Number of Canadian Anglicans, Parishes and Congregations". The Anglican Church of Canada. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- Anglican Coalition in Canada. "Group drops name"[permanent dead link], Anglican Journal (1 May 2006), Retrieved 23 January 2007.
- ^ Charles Thorley Bridgeman; Clifford P. Morehouse (1898). A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York: To the close of the rectorship of Dr. Inglis, A.D. 1783. Putnam. pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Carrington, Philip (1963). The Anglican Church in Canada. Toronto: Collins.
- ^ The Communion Silver in the Chapel of Kings College, Halifax, NS. Public Archives of Nova Scotia
- ^ a b "Canada". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Early European Settlement and the Formation of the Modern State"
- ^ Peake, Frank A. (1959). The Anglican Church in British Columbia. Vancouver: Mitchell Press.
- ^ a b Grove, Lyndon (1979). Pacific Pilgrims. Vancouver: Centennial Committee of the Anglican Diocese of New Westminster.
- )
- ^ Curtis Fahey, In His Name: The Anglican Experience in Upper Canada, 1791–1854 (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1991).
- ^ "The Online Book of Common Prayer (Canadian 1962)". 16 August 2004. Archived from the original on 16 August 2004.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "Handbook of the General Synod – Anglican Church of Canada". Anglican.ca. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Canada". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Westward Expansion and Cultural Tensions"
- ^ Toth, Cory. "The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details". esask.uregina.ca. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ "[教区の歴史]年表". 24 June 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2002.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "The Centennial of Nagano Seikyushu Kyokai". Nskk.org. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ a b c Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
- ^ Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (MSCC) fonds — 1877–2011
- ^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
- ^ "Statistics Suggest Anglican Church of Canada in Huge Decline – Christian News on Christian Today". Christiantoday.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.anglican.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables | Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". 2.statcan.gc.ca. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ "Population of Christians, Hindus, Muslims and Non-Religious in Canada According to 2021 Census". To Do Canada. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Affiliations". Anglicannetwork.ca. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ Anglican Journal: Essentials forms new groups, Sep 1, 2005 Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Group drops name". Anglican Journal. 18 February 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Church Maps Could Be Re-Drawn", Anglican Journal, 1 April 2007.
- ^ "The Prayer Book Society of Canada " The Ordinal". Prayerbook.ca. 23 November 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ "Handbook of the General Synod – Anglican Church of Canada" (PDF). 2.anglican.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Response to Primate's New Year's Sermon" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anglican Journal, Retrieved 23 January 2007
- ^ "Data show membership falling 10 per cent each year during 2020 and 2021: Church statistician". 13 December 2022.
- ^ "General Synod expands full communion recognition". 19 July 2019.
- ^ "Full Communion Relationship with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada and the Anglican Church of Canada | Moravian Church Northern Province". Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Full communion partnership". The Anglican Church of Canada. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ a b "What is the Anglican Church of Canada's position on Abortion?". Anglicansamizdat.wordpress.com=. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Anglicans stand firm on euthanasia". Theinterim.com. 9 July 1998. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "【プロミス】審査の難易度は!?約8社と比較した審査基準はこれだ!". Samesexblessing.info. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Anglican Diocese of Ottawa – Same Gender Blessings". www.ottawa.anglican.ca. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "Diocese of Huron". diohuron.org. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "Diocese of Niagara to offer same-sex blessings". www.anglicanjournal.com. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ Watts, Richard. "Blessings endorsed for gay, lesbian couples at Island Anglican parishes". Times Colonist. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "APCI enters new territory with name change – Anglican Church of Canada". 30 June 2016.
- ^ "Quebec becomes 10th diocese to offer same-sex blessings". Anglicanjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "" Blog Archive " Statement from the Ruperts Land House of Bishops". 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Shepherd, Harey (2012). "Anglican Montreal Anglican" (PDF). Diocese of Montreal. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ "Anglicans pass same-sex marriage resolution after vote error discovered". Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ "Anglicans Recount Same-Sex Votes, Resolution Now Passes". ABC News. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ "Statement After General Synod Vote on the Marriage Canon | News in the Diocese". Anglican Diocese of Niagara. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ "Bishop John's letter in response to General Synod's vote to amend Marriage Canon XXI". Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ "A Word to the Church: Considering the proposed amendment of Marriage Canon XXI". The Anglican Church of Canada. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ "Pastoral guidelines for same-sex marriages". Diocese of Toronto. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ "For Anglican same-sex couple, a long-awaited wedding in church". www.anglicanjournal.com. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ "Diocese elects three new suffragan bishops". The Diocese of Toronto. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ "Bishop Robertson married at cathedral". Diocese of Toronto. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
...in the presence of their two children, their families and many friends, including Archbishop Colin Johnson and Bishop Andrew Asbil.
- ^ "Anglican Church rejects same-sex marriage approvals in vote". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
The support for change in the houses of laity and clergy was very strong. And yet the motion was defeated in the House of Bishops by a very narrow margin
- ^ "Anglican Church of Canada rejects same-sex marriage". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ "A Word to the Church: Considering the proposed amendment of Marriage Canon XXI". The Anglican Church of Canada. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ "A Message From the House of Bishops of the Anglican Church of Canada to General Synod 2019". General Synod 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ "Anglican Journal: Spirit lives on in erstwhile B.C. diocese". 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Primate presents Bishop of Alaska as new National Indigenous Anglican Bishop for Anglican Church of Canada – Anglican Church of Canada". Anglican.ca. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Public Announcement of the Resignation of Archbishop Mark MacDonald". The Anglican Church of Canada. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- ^ André Forget (6 April 2017). "Anglican Church of Canada appoints reconciliation animator". Anglican Journal. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Website of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Quebec City". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- OL 7227372M.
- ^ "Halifax: The Titanic's Undertaker". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ Marion MacRae and Anthony Adamson, Hallowed Walls: Church Architecture of Upper Canada (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1975), pp. 87–88.
- ^ "Christ Church Cathedral". Montreal.anglican.org. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ Wesley Milgate, Songs of the People of God: A Companion to The Australian Hymn Book/With One Voice (Sydney, NSW: Collins, 1982), pp.195, 269.
- ^ Gerald Moore, Am I too loud? (London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1962).
- ^ "Parish Profile". St. Thomas’s Church, Toronto. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "St Anne's, Toronto website". Stannes.on.ca. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Massey College chapel designated Canada's third Chapel Royal". The Toronto Star. 20 June 2017.
- ^ "We Celebrate 10 years of Messy Church". St. George's Anglican Church, Georgetown. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
- ^ "Messy Church at St. George's Anglican Church, Georgetown". The Bible Reading Fellowship (BRF). 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
- ^ "Roll up your sleeves! Messy Church Canada is growing". Anglican Journal. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
- ^ "SUMMER 2017 – Messy Church reaches double digits". The Niagara Anglican, A section of the Anglican Journal. 10 June 2017. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Further reading
- Buckle, Francis. The Anglican Church in Labrador. (Labrador City: Archdeaconry of Labrador, 1998.)
- Bumsted, J.M. "Church and State in Maritime Canada, 1749–1807." In Historical Papers presented at the Annual Meeting held in Ottawa, 7–10 June 1967 pp 41–58. Ottawa: The Canadian Historical Association, 1967.
- Carrington, Philip (1963). The Anglican Church in Canada: A History. Toronto: Collins.
- Chapman, Mark (2006). Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280693-9.
- Christie, Nancy, and Michael Gauvreau. Christian Churches and Their Peoples, 1840-1965: A Social History of Religion in Canada (U of Toronto Press, 2010).
- Cuthbertson, Brian. "Charles Inglis: A Reassessment." Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society 30#2 (1988): 88–101 on Bishop Charles Inglis
- Fahey, Curtis. In His Name: The Anglican Experience in Upper Canada, 1791–1854 (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1991).
- Fingard, Judith. The Anglican Design in Loyalist Nova Scotia (London: SPCK, 1972).
- Grove, Lyndon (1979). Pacific Pilgrims. Vancouver: Centennial Committee of the Anglican Diocese of New Westminster.
- Fletcher-Marsh, Wendy. "Revolution From Above: Women and the Priesthood in Canadian Anglicanism, 1968–1978." Historical papers (1995). online
- Hayes, Alan L. "The Anglican Church of Canada." in Ian S. Markham ed., The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion (2013): 474–488.
- Headon, Christopher. "Developments in Canadian Anglican Worship in Eastern and Central Canada: 1840–1868." Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society 27#2 (1975): 26–38.
- Lockwood, Glenn J (1997). Architecture and worship: Anglicanism in the Ottawa Valley. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
- Peddle, Geoffrey. "The Anglican Church in Newfoundland: an exceptional case?" (PhD Diss. Cardiff University, 2011) online Archived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- Peake, Frank A. (1959). The Anglican Church in British Columbia. Vancouver: Mitchell Press.
- Roper, Henry. "The Anglican Episcopate in Canada: An Historical Perspective." Anglican and Episcopal History 57.3 (1988): 255–271. online
- Schurman, Donald M. A bishop and his people: John Travers Lewis and the Anglican Diocese of Ontario, 1862–1902 (Anglican Church of Canada, Ontario Diocesan Synod, 1991).
- Wilson, Alan. The Clergy Reserves of Upper Canada (Canadian Historical Association, 19690 online.
Primary sources
- Hills, George. No Better Land: The 1860 Diaries of the Anglican Colonial Bishop George Hills (Sono Nis Press, 1996)
- Moir, John S., ed. Church and State in Canada, 1627–1867: basic documents (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1967).