Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

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Anglo-Egyptian Sudan السودان اﻹنجليزي المصري ( Arabic ) as-Sūdān al-Inglīzī al-Maṣrī
1899–1956
Flags of the UK and Egypt Emblem
Status	Condominium of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt
Capital	Khartoum
Common languages	English and Literary Arabic (official) Nubian, Beja, Sudanese Arabic, Nuer, Dinka, Fur and Shilluk
Religion	Predominantly: Sunni Islam Minority: Christianity, Traditional African religions
Governor-General
• 1899–1916	Reginald Wingate
• 1954–1956	Alex Knox Helm
Chief Minister
• 1952–1954	Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
• 1954–1956	Ismail al-Azhari
Historical era	British Imperial
• Established	19 June 1899
• Self-rule	22 October 1952
• Independence	1 January 1956
Area
1951[1]	2,505,800 km2 (967,500 sq mi)
Population
• 1951[1]	8,079,800
Currency	Egyptian pound
Preceded by Succeeded by Mahdist Sudan Sultanate of Darfur Shilluk Kingdom Lado Enclave Protectorate of Uganda Italian Libya Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)
Today part of	Egypt Libya South Sudan Sudan Uganda

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (

In the 19th century, whilst nominally a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt had acted as a virtually independent state since Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805. Seeking to supplant and ultimately replace the Ottoman Empire as the dominant regional power, Muhammad Ali declared himself Khedive, and expanded Egypt's borders both southwards into Sudan, and eastwards into the Levant and Arabia, the latter at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. Territory in Sudan was annexed by Egypt, and governed as an integral part of the country, with Sudanese granted Egyptian citizenship. Ultimately, the intervention of the Great Powers in support of the Ottoman Empire forced Egypt to return all Levantine and Arabian territory to the Ottomans upon Muhammad Ali's death. However, there was no such impediment to Egypt's southward expansion.

During the reign of Muhammad Ali's grandson,

Discontent with the rule of Tewfik sparked two revolts in 1881, the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan, and the Orabi Revolt in Egypt proper. Whilst the military intervention of the United Kingdom in 1882 crushed the Orabi Revolt, and restored Tewfik's nominal authority in Egypt proper, the Mahdist Revolt continued to expand, leaving Sudan under the effective rule of the Mahdist rebels.

The British military presence in Egypt transformed the country into a

In 1899, the United Kingdom forced Abbas II, Tewfik's successor as Khedive, to transform Sudan from an integral part of Egypt into a condominium in which sovereignty would be shared between Egypt and the United Kingdom. Once established, the condominium witnessed ever-decreasing Egyptian control, and would for most of its existence be governed in practice by the United Kingdom through the Governor-General in Khartoum. For the remainder of his reign, this would be one of the flashpoints between the nationalist Khedive Abbas II and the United Kingdom, with Abbas seeking to arrest and reverse the process of increasing British control in Egypt and Sudan.

Following the Ottoman Empire's entry in to the

Union with Egypt

In 1820, the army of Egyptian

British involvement

With the opening of the

Tewfik's acquiescence to British occupation as the price for securing the monarchy was deeply detested by many throughout Egypt and Sudan. With the bulk of British forces stationed in northern Egypt, protecting Cairo, Alexandria, and the Suez Canal, opposition to Tewfik and his European protectors was stymied in Egypt. In contrast, the British military presence in Sudan was comparatively limited, and eventually revolt broke out. The rebellion in Sudan, led by the Sudanese religious leader

Ahmad's religious government imposed traditional Islamic laws upon Sudan, and stressed the need to continue the armed struggle until the British had been completely expelled from the country, and all of Egypt and Sudan had been Incorporated under his Mahdiya. Though he died six months after the fall of Khartoum, Ahmad's call was fully echoed by his successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, who invaded Ethiopia in 1887, and penetrated as far as Gondar, and the remainder of northern Sudan and Egypt in 1889. This invasion was halted by Tewfik's forces, and was followed later by withdrawal from Ethiopia. Abdullahi wrecked virtually all of the previous Egyptian, and Funj administrative systems, and gravely weakened Sudanese tribal unities. From 1885 to 1898, the population of Sudan collapsed from eight to three million due to war, famine, disease and persecution.^[2]

History

After a series of Mahdist defeats, Tewfik's son and successor,

The failure of the government in Cairo to end the British occupation led to separate efforts for independence in Sudan itself, the first of which was led by a group of Sudanese military officers known as the White Flag League in 1924. The group was led by first lieutenant Ali Abd al Latif and first lieutenant Abdul Fadil Almaz. The latter led an insurrection of the military training academy, which ended in their defeat and the death of Almaz after the British army blew up the military hospital where he was garrisoned. This defeat was alleged to have partially been the result of the Egyptian garrison in Khartoum North not supporting the insurrection with artillery as was previously promised.

Even when the British ended their occupation of Egypt in 1936 (with the exception of the

In 1943 a North Sudan Advisory Council was established bringing a level of self-governance to the northern provinces of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. At a conference held in Juba in 1947, it was decided to integrate the administration of the southern provinces with those of the north.^[3] Thirteen appointed representatives from the southern provinces took up seats in the Sudan Legislative Assembly in 1948.

On 12 February 1953, an agreement was reached between Egypt, the United Kingdom and the political representatives of Sudan to transition from condominium to self-government.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was divided into eight provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of

• List of governors of pre-independence Sudan

Chief Justices

• 1903–1917 Wasey Sterry^[7] (until 1915 Chief Judge)
• 1917–1925 Robert Hay Dun^[8]
• 1925–1930 Sir Bernard Humphrey Bell^[9]
• 1930?–1936? Howell Owen
• 1936–1942 Thomas Percival Creed
• 1942–1944 Sir Hubert Flaxman
• 1944–1946 Cecil Harry Andrew Bennett
• 1946–1948 Sir Charles Cecil George Cumings
• 1947–1950 Thomas Arthur Maclagan^[10]
• 1950–1955 William O'Brien Lindsay^[11]
• 1956–1964 Mohamed Ahmed Abu Rannat

Chief Ministers

• 1952–1954 Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
• 1954–1956 Ismail al-Azhari

See also

• Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
• Sudan–United Kingdom relations

References

External links

• Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Sudan" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 9–19, see page 10. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

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