Anglo-Scottish Wars
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The Anglo-Scottish Wars comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland from the time of the Wars of Independence in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century.
Although the Wars of Independence, in which Scotland twice resisted attempted
England's preoccupation with civil war during the
France also played a key role throughout the period of the Anglo-Scottish Wars. Scots and English soldiers on French soil during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) generally fought on opposing sides, with the Scots standing for the French against the English under the Auld Alliance. France in later periods, in turn, often intervened on Scottish soil for the Scots. This French involvement had increasingly complex political consequences for all sides by the later 16th century.
The Anglo-Scottish Wars can formally be said to have ended with the Union of the Crowns in 1603, wherein England and Scotland entered a personal union under James VI and I, who inherited both crowns. Bloody conflict between the two states nevertheless continued to arise in different and more complex guise throughout the course of the 17th century.
Border wars between Scotland and England
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During the mid-15th century, there were many conflicts on the border of England and Scotland, most notably the Battle of Sark in 1448. These battles were the result of England's ongoing military campaigning in France and Scottish attempts to support the House of Valois.
Flodden campaign
England under
1514–1523
Eventually, after the faction of the Earl of Angus gained control, peaceful relations were restored between England and Scotland. (Part of the reason for Henry's mellowing was that the disorders he had provoked in Scotland threatened to spill south of the border.)
Solway Moss campaign
When James V came of age and assumed control, he overthrew the Angus faction, and renewed Scotland's
War broke out in 1541. Once again there were preliminary border skirmishes, but when James sent a large army into England, its leadership was weak and divided and it suffered a humbling defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss.[2]
Rough Wooing
James died shortly after the defeat. Once again, Scotland's monarch was an infant, this time
Henry died in 1547. Hertford, now Protector and Duke of Somerset, renewed the attempt to enforce an alliance, and also to impose an
Reformation in Scotland
Pinkie Cleugh was the last pitched battle between England and Scotland prior to the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Beaton was murdered in 1546, and within a few years, Scotland underwent a major religious reformation which was, unlike most European countries, remarkably peaceful and was never seriously threatened by counter-reformation, though neighbouring England was to undergo a counter-reformation under
Scotland remained divided. The Catholic faction under the queen mother, Mary of Guise, held Leith and Edinburgh. Elizabeth was able to ensure victory for the Protestant faction by using her fleet to blockade the Catholics and prevent French aid reaching them.[6]
For the later part of the 16th century, peace was ensured by the probability that
See also
- List of battles between Scotland and England
References
- ^ Peter Reese, Flodden: A Scottish Tragedy (Birlinn, 2013).
- ^ George A. Sinclair, "The Scots at Solway Moss" The Scottish Historical Review 2#8 (1905) pp. 372–377 in JSTOR
- ^ Elizabeth A. Bonner, "The Genesis of Henry VIII's ‘Rough Wooing’ of the Scots." Northern History 33.1 (1997): 36-53.
- ^ Gervase Phillips, The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History (Boydell Press, 1999).
- ^ Gervase Phillips, The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History (Boydell Press, 1999).
- ^ Paul E.J. Hammer, Elizabeth's wars: war, government and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 (2003).
Further reading
- Dupuy, Ernest R. and Dupuy, Trevor N. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present. Revised ed. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977.
- Fraser, George MacDonald. The Steel Bonnets, Harper Collins, 1971, ISBN 0-00-272746-3
- Lynch, Michael, ed. The Oxford companion to Scottish history (2007.
- Mackie, R. L. A History of Scotland. (2nd ed. 1978)
- Paterson, Raymond Campbell. My Wound is Deep: History of the Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560 (1997)
- Phillips, Gervase. The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History (Boydell Press, 1999).
- Sadler, John. Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568, Longman, 2004.