Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)
Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) | |||||||
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Part of the Eighty Years' War | |||||||
The Defence of Cádiz against the English by Francisco de Zurbarán | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Spain | Scotland | ||||||
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Wars of Caroline England |
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The 1625 to 1630 Anglo–Spanish War was fought by England, in alliance with the Dutch Republic, and Spain. A related conflict of the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch and Spanish, most of the fighting took place at sea, and was largely indecisive.
Background
European policy in this period was dominated by the outbreak of the
The Thirty Years War began when the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate accepted the Crown of Bohemia, replacing Ferdinand II, Catholic heir to the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1619, Frederick was ousted from Bohemia, while Spanish troops occupied his hereditary lands of the Electoral Palatinate, in preparation for renewing their war with the Dutch. Since Frederick was the son-in-law of James VI and I, king of Scotland and England
War
The 1624 Parliament voted three subsidies and three fifteenths, around £300,000 for the prosecution of the war, with the conditions that it be spent on a naval war. James, ever the pacifist, refused to declare war, and in fact never did. His successor, Charles I, was the one to declare war in 1625.[4]
Siege of Breda
In August 1624, the Spanish general
Finally,
Cádiz Expedition
By October 1625, approximately 100 ships and a total of 15,000 seamen and soldiers were readied for the
The planned expedition involved several elements: overtaking Spanish treasure ships returning from the Americas loaded with valuables; and assaulting Spanish towns, with the intention of assailing the Spanish economy by weakening the Spanish supply chain and consequently relieving the military pressure on the
The entire expedition descended into farce. The English forces wasted time in capturing an old fort of little importance, giving Cádiz the time to fully mobilise behind its defences and allowing merchant ships in the bay to make good their escape. The city's modernised defences, a vast improvement on those of Tudor times, proved effective. Meanwhile, a body of English forces landed further down the coast to march on the city also became side-tracked because of poor discipline. Eventually, Sir Edward Cecil, the commander of the English forces, faced with dwindling supplies, decided there was no alternative but to return to England, having captured few goods and having had no impact on Spain. And thus in December, a battered fleet returned home.
Charles I, to protect his own dignity and Buckingham, who had failed to ensure the invasion fleet was well supplied, made no effort to inquire as to the cause of the failure of the
The failure of the attack had severe consequences for England. In addition to the economic and human loss, it damaged the reputation of the
1627–1628
The Duke of Buckingham then negotiated with the French regent,
The English force, commanded by the Duke of Buckingham, was defeated by the French Royal troops at the
Dutch Revolt of 1626–1629
After the surrender of Breda, the States gave orders for recruiting their army which consisted of 61,670 infantry and 5,853 cavalry; nearly 20,000 of whom were English and Scottish. Of these four were English regiments that King Charles had raised and sent to Holland. A part of this force was sent to the Spanish held city of Oldenzaal which was captured after a ten-day bombardment in the summer of 1626. The following year the English were under the command of Edward Cecil and contributed to the siege of the city of Groenlo. A Spanish relief force led by Hendrik van den Bergh failed to get through and as a result the city surrendered to the Dutch commander Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.[5] In 1629, the important Spanish stronghold of 's-Hertogenbosch was besieged and captured by Frederick Henry's army of 28,000 men which included a number of English and Scottish regiments all commanded by Horace Vere.[6]
St. Kitts and Nevis
In 1629, a Spanish
Aftermath
England altered its involvement in the
With the advent of the War of the Mantuan Succession Spain sought peace with England in 1629 and so arranged a suspension of arms and an exchange of ambassadors.[8] On 15 November the Treaty of Madrid was signed which ended the war and thus restored the 'Status quo'.[2][9] It had proven a costly fiasco for England, whose merchants lost the profitable Flemish cloth markets to heavy custom duties after the war.[10] The unsuccessful and unpopular outcome of the conflict[11] fuelled the disputes between the Monarchy and Parliament, to the point that the first charge of grievance was made against Charles I in the Grand Remonstrance ten years after the conflict had ended.[12][page needed]
Notes
References
- ^ Davenport p. 307.
- ^ a b Ashley p. 125
- ^ Adams 1983, pp. 79–80.
- OCLC 154888234.
- ^ Knight, Charles Raleigh (1905). Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment. Vol I. London: Gale & Polden. pp. 68–70.
- ^ Markham pp. 435–438
- ^ Knight pp. 72-74
- ^ Davenport p. 305
- ^ Durston p. 171
- ^ O'Neill, Patrick Ignacio (2014). Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630-1641 (PDF). Riverside: University of California. pp. 29–43.
- ^ O'Neill (2014), p. 25
- ISBN 978-1-000-51764-4.
Sources
- Adams, Simon (1983). Spain or the Netherlands? The Dilemmas of Early Stuart Foreign Policy in Before the English Civil War. Springer. ISBN 978-0-333-30899-8.
Further reading
- Ashley, Maurice (1987). Charles I and Oliver Cromwell: A Study in Contrasts and Comparisons. Methuen Limited. ISBN 9780413162700.
- Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (2004). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies: Issue 254. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 9781584774228.
- Duffy, Christopher (1996). Siege Warfare: The fortress in the early modern world, 1494-1660. New York, USA: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14649-4.
- Durston, Christopher (2015). Charles I. Routledge. ISBN 9781135099244.
- ISBN 9780198207344.
- Manning, Roger Burrow (2006). An apprenticeship in arms: the origins of the British Army 1585-1702. London, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926149-9.
- Markham, C. R (2007). The Fighting Veres: Lives Of Sir Francis Vere And Sir Horace Vere. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1432549053.
- Robert L. Brenner. Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653, Verso (2003) ISBN 1-85984-333-6
- John H. Elliot. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-11431-1
- Robert F. Marx. Shipwrecks in the Americas, New York (1971) ISBN 0-486-25514-X
- Robert L. Paquette and Stanley L. Engerman. The Lesser Antilles in the Age of European Expansion, University Press of Florida (1996), ISBN 0-8130-1428-X
- Richard B. Sheridan. Sugar and Slavery; An Economic History Of The British West Indies, 1623-1775 The Johns Hopkins University Press (April 1, 1974) ISBN 0-8018-1580-0
- Timothy R. Walton. The Spanish Treasure Fleets by Pineapple Press, (1994) ISBN 1-56164-049-2
- David Marley. Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present, ABC-CLIO (1998), ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6
- Roger Lockyer. Buckingham, the Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628 (Longman, 1981).
- Paul Bloomfield. Uncommon People. A Study of England's Elite (London: Hamilton, 1955).
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 722–724. .