Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act

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"AETA" redirects here. For the Aeta people, see Aeta people.

Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 102–346)
Titles amendedTitle 18
U.S.C. sections amended18 U.S.C. § 43
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the Senate as S.3880 by Jim Inhofe (R–OK) on September 8, 2006
  • Passed the Senate on September 30, 2006 (unanimous consent)
  • Passed the House on November 13, 2006 (voice vote)
  • Signed into law by President George W. Bush
on November 27, 2006

The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA) of 2006 is a

Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–374 (text) (PDF); 18 U.S.C. § 43) that prohibits any person from engaging in certain conduct "for the purpose of damaging or interfering with the operations of an animal enterprise."[1]
The statute covers any act that either "damages or causes the loss of any real or personal property" or "places a person in reasonable fear" of injury.

Background

The law amends the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992 (

animal rights activists
. The AETA does so by broadening the definition of "animal enterprise" to include academic and commercial enterprises that use or sell animals or animal products. It also increases the existing penalties, includes penalties based on the amount of economic damage caused, and allows animal enterprises to seek restitution.

The law was originally introduced in the

chilling effect on the exercise of the constitutional rights of protest."[3] Neither Rep. Kucinich nor any other members of the House of Representatives called for a recorded vote; the bill passed with a voice vote.[4] The bill was signed by President George W. Bush on November 27, 2006. Earlier versions of the bill were known as S. 1926 and H.R. 4239.[5] The bill is described by the author as being intended to "provide the Department of Justice the necessary authority to apprehend, prosecute, and convict individuals committing animal enterprise terror."[2]

Savings clause

The law contains a savings clause that indicates it should not be construed to "prohibit any expressive conduct (including peaceful picketing or other peaceful demonstration) protected from legal prohibition by the First Amendment to the Constitution."[1] However, by its own terms, the statute criminalizes acts such as "intimidation." And prosecutions under AETA require using evidence of otherwise lawful free speech in order to demonstrate a "course of conduct" as proof of purpose or possible conspiracy.[6]

Reaction

The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act was overwhelmingly embraced by the pharmaceutical industry. The National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) lauded the passage of the bill stating: "Today, the AETA provides greater protection for the biomedical research community and their families against intimidation and harassment, and addresses for the first time in federal law, campaigns of secondary and tertiary targeting that cause economic damage to research enterprises."[7]

Animal rights and civil liberties groups, however, largely opposed the passage of the legislation. Camille Hankins, a representative of Win Animal Rights, asserted that the legislation infringed upon the

picketing or other peaceful demonstration."[9]

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) did not oppose the bill, but expressed concerns that "minor changes [were] necessary to make the bill less likely to chill or threaten freedom of speech."[10] The ACLU requested that the bill be amended to define what was meant by "real or personal property," to narrow the definition of "animal enterprise," and to substantially reduce penalties for conspiracy convictions under the statute. The particular changes proposed by the ACLU are not present in the final version of the AETA.

In 2013, animal rights activists filed a lawsuit to challenge the AETA for criminalizing what they called protected First Amendment speech. Their lawsuit was dismissed by a federal judge who determined that the plaintiffs had no standing.[11]

Criminal prosecutions

The bill was passed in response to the then-ongoing prosecution of members of

Communication Management Unit, reserved for inmates the government considers terrorist threats.[13]

In 2009, four individuals were indicted under the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act for alleged harassment, intimidation, and violent acts at the homes of professors conducting research involving animal testing. While the charges were eventually dismissed, the defendants were placed under house arrest for almost a year.[14] The FBI alleges that these individuals were part of groups engaged in trespassing, attempted forcible entry of a private residence, and distribution of leaflets that resulted in the firebombing of two residences.[15]

In July 2014, two men were indicted for "animal enterprise terrorism" after releasing 2,000 foxes and mink from fur farms. Their lawyer announced plans to challenge the constitutionality of the law.[16][17]

Confessions

In July 2019, Charlotte Laws confessed in an article that she may have violated the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act when she helped rescue pigeons out from under Torrance Police and animal control.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "United States Code: Title 18,43. Force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Text of S. 3880 [109th]: Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act". GovTrack. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  3. ^ "Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 152 (2006), Part 17". U.S. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  4. ^ "Actions - S.3880 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act | Congress.gov | Library of Congress". Actions - S.3880 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act | Congress.gov | Library of Congress. Library of Congress. November 27, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  5. ^ "Text of H.R. 4239 [109th]: Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act". GovTrack. November 4, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  6. ^ "Re: The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 18 U.S.C. § 43" (PDF). New York City Bar. July 22, 2009.
  7. ^ "Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act". National Association for Biomedical Research. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018.
  8. ^ Mitchell, Steve (November 14, 2006). "Analysis: Bill targets animal activists". UPI. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  9. ^ "The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act Passes the House of Representatives". American Kennel Club. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  10. ^ "ACLU Letter to the House of Representatives Regarding the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  11. ^ Center for Constitutional Rights, "Rights Group Appeals Dismissal of Federal Animal Rights 'Terrorism' Challenge", April 17, 2013.
  12. ^ "USA v. Fullmer" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. October 14, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  13. ^ Stewart, Christopher S. (July 15, 2011). "The Balancer: Animal-Rights Activist Andrew Stepanian Talks About His Time Inside 'Little Gitmo'". Daily Intel. New York Magazine. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  14. ^ "Order Dismissing Indictment Without Prejudice and Denying as Moot Other Pending Motions" (PDF). Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  15. ^ "Four Extremists Arrested for Threats and Violence Against UC Researchers". FBI. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  16. ^ Meisner, Jason (July 29, 2014). "Lawyer plans constitutional challenge in mink farm sabotage case". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  17. ^ Johnson, Kevin (November 15, 2017). "I released 2,000 minks from a fur farm. Now I'm a convicted terrorist". The Guardian. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  18. ^ "I Committed a Crime - The Government Calls It Terrorism". CityWatch. July 18, 2019.

Further reading

  • Nocella II, Anthony J. (2014). Del Gandio, Jason (ed.). The Terrorization of Dissent: Corporate Repression, Legal Corruption, and the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act.
    ISBN 978-1590564301
    .

External links
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