Animal rights and punk subculture

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In order to understand the radical animal rights and environmental movements, it helps to know a bit about punk rock.

—Will Potter, 2011[1]

SHAC are notable. This issue spread into various punk rock and hardcore subgenres, e.g. crust punk, metalcore and grindcore
, eventually becoming a distinctive feature of punk culture.

The inculcation of some concepts and practices related to animal rights in the collective consciousness has been substantially pioneered and influenced by the punk movement. This association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of international vegan punk events such as Ieperfest in Belgium, Fluff Fest in Czech Republic, and Verdurada in Brazil.

Overview and analysis

Food Not Bombs volunteer in 2007

The relationship between punk and animal rights is highlighted in the imagery and lyrics of these bands, the content of

vegetarians.[7]

A 2014 study indicates that vegan punks are more likely to remain politically active through their diets and lifestyles than those who do not belong to this subculture.

eco-animal rights criminality and the "hypermasculine" vegan straight edge milieu, coinciding with the propaganda success of organisations such as the Earth Liberation Front.[10] Despite these correlations, the sociologists Will Boisseau and Jim Donaghey state that not all punks are vegans or are even interested in animal rights,[11] while sociologist Ross Haenfler writes that tolerant straight edgers have always outnumbered their militant counterparts, who, nevertheless, "overshadowed much of the scene" for their violent actions.[12]

Politics and religion

Vegetarianism, widely stigmatized as an Oriental and feminine practice, helps to differentiate punks from the mainstream, neatly corresponds to punk

gender relations perceived in meat
.

—Dylan Clark, 2004[13]

Researcher Kirsty Lohman points out that punk's concern for

feminist practice.[13][note 1] For these reasons, Boisseau and Donaghey suggest that the relationship between punk culture and animal rights and veganism is best understood within the framework of anarchism and intersectionality.[16]

Unlike anarcho-punk, straight edge is not inherently political.

conservative, radical, anarchist and religious interpretations of straight edge.[19] Some straight edge people became Hare Krishnas because the latter provides a transcendental and philosophical framework wherein lay the commitments of non-drug use, vegetarianism and avoidance of illicit sex.[20] Francis Stewart of the University of Stirling explained that there is still an anarchist influence on hardcore punk and straight edge, even if it were subtle, especially in regards to veganism and animal liberation and in the position of these within larger patterns of oppression. In 2017, she observed that straight edge has had an increasing hybridisation with anarchism.[21]

Some radical political circles and authors have criticised some straight edge branches, in particular its 1990s American form, for their "self-righteous militancy", "reductionist focus on animal rights and environmental issues," and a religious leaning "that, in its worst forms, resembled reactionary

politically correct agendas are detrimental to the movement because the scope of supporters is actually narrowed in broadening its causes since not everyone agrees on all of them. Instead, they propose the initial biocentrism which allowed highly divergent perspectives so long as the animals and earth were first.[24]

Despite their differences, sociologist Erik Hannerz highlights that anarcho-punk and straight edge not only coincide with animal rights, but both also emphasise a

political action.[25] Elsewhere, Boisseau and Donaghey write that many people exposed to animal rights and veganism continue their activism after ending their involvement in punk scenes, indicating the politicising role of these subcultures.[26]

Influence on participants

Politicisation through punk typically involves an awareness of animal liberation through song lyrics and albums that include information and images of

fur farms; or simply the aural experiences "affirmed at a visceral level" the activists' desire for animal liberation.[30]

Reception from the animal rights movement

The reception of punk's activism has varied through the broader animal rights movement, which reflects the "much more diverse" ideological and tactical differences existent within both movements "than they might at first appear."

hardline.[34]

Anarcho-punk

Background

The association of anarcho-punk and animal rights and environmentalism dates from the 1980s in the United Kingdom.

anti-war positions, others focused on animal rights such as Flux of Pink Indians and Conflict.[14][39]

Journalist Nora Kusche states that anarcho-punk was the first music genre that made animal rights activism one of its main characteristics.[40] Some punks, most remarkably Joe Strummer of the Clash, were already vegetarians before the establishment of this movement.[41]

Researcher Aragorn Eloff notes that throughout the history of anarchism there had been

some strands that criticised speciesism and embraced plant-based diets, but none had done so with such militancy as anarcho-punk in the 1980s.[42] This was particularly true in its British political tradition.[43]

Characteristics

In the anarchist DIY scenes, one of the most notable demonstrations of the punk lifestyle is a vegetarian or vegan diet.

British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection's propaganda.[44][45] Images of animal testing were commonly exhibited in album covers, stickers, patches and buttons.[40] An already well-established animal rights counterculture inspired some of these strategies, including leafleting at gigs.[46] Kusche highlights that hunting was traditionally linked to the British aristocracy who then were disrupted by the "scruffy, antisocial" punks.[40]

During this period there was also a proliferation of punk zines that discussed animal rights and

ecological practices of consumption.[14] The scholars Russ Bestley and Rebecca Binns argue that the early establishment of animal rights in anarcho-punk led to a form of "two-way dialogue" between bands and participants instead of a "top-down" ideological imposition, which became more the case with other developments.[46]

Many traditional British anarchists differed in several ways from anarcho-punk, considering their interest in the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), the counterculture of the punk underground and other concerns as "at best secondary and at worst irrelevant." Likewise, punks found many of the intellectual debates around anarchist politics and, initially, the violence supported by revolutionary traditionalists equally alienating. Although the separation was not unbridgeable, the tensions remained unresolved.[47]

Establishment

Colin Jerwood of Conflict
in 1986

An antecedent of this association is the 1979 song "Time Out" by the band Crass, initiators of anarcho-punk, in which they compare the human and animal fleshes.

fur farms.[55][44]

Early anarcho-punk bands such as Amebix,[48] Antisect,[48] Dirt,[56] Exit-Stance,[57] Liberty,[56] Lost Cherrees,[58] Poison Girls,[59] Rudimentary Peni,[60] and Subhumans[48] all wrote songs dealing with animal rights issues as well, as did non-political bands such as the Business.[41] Other remarkable works dedicated to the cause were the compilation albums of bands The Animals Packet (1983), organised by Chumbawamba,[48] and This is the A.L.F. (1989), organised by Conflict and which was described in a retrospective review as "one of the most crucial anarcho-punk compilations of the '80s (and beyond)".[59] American political bands of the early 1980s such as MDC and Crucifix, both from California and influenced by Crass, also promoted vegetarianism.[61][62]

Icons of Filth in 1982

Sociologist Peter Webb ascribed the growth of vegan and vegetarian

Anti-System from Bradford for destroying butcher shops and breaking into an abattoir, while the members of Wartoys (Manchester), Virus (Dorset), Polemic Attack, Disorder (Bristol), and Icons of Filth (Wales) all reported to have been hunt saboteurs, the last of whom also made songs against the meat industry and whose vocalist, Stig Sewell, staunchly supported the A.L.F.[64][50]

In the mid- to late 1980s, the stripped-down and coarse style of anarcho-punk mixed with different subgenres of heavy metal and brought forth crust punk[65] and grindcore,[66][67] which shared its emphasis on political and animal rights issues. Early grindcore bands such as Napalm Death, Agathocles and Carcass made animal rights one of their primary lyrical themes.[67] Early crust punk bands including Nausea,[61] Electro Hippies[40] and Extreme Noise Terror[68] also advocated vegetarian lifestyles.

In Spain, the anarchist ska punk band Ska-P, formed in 1994, have written several songs criticising animal abuse and endorsed animal rights organisations.[69][70]

In 2018, Gerfried Ambrosch of the University of Graz called the Canadian anarcho-punk band Propagandhi "the most renowned contemporary vegan punk band".[71]

Impact

Some authors credit the anarcho-punk scene originated by Crass as the introduction of diverse concepts and counter-cultural practices in

Dave Morris and Helen Steel, for example, have achieved more for the campaign against McDonald's than every punk band there has ever been. This is not to unduly berate punk bands, but they must be regarded in the correct perspective..."[73]

Several animal rights activists such as Rod Coronado,[1] Craig Rosebraugh,[1] Isa Chandra Moskowitz,[74] and David J. Wolfson[75] were initially inspired by anarcho-punk bands.

Straight edge and hardcore punk

Characteristics

Clothing items with straight edge and animal rights patches in English and German

Beyond the basic tenets of

animal suffering and their actions to stop it to the permanent state of consciousness that their sober lifestyle gives them.[79]

Straight edge, as most subcultures, is not inherently political but its participants seek to "remoralise"

welfare politics that respectively dominated these territories.[82]

The most controversial offshoot that advocated animal rights was

anti-abortion stance of some of the most religiously committed animal rights activists and created a rift with those who supported it.[34]

Influences and first contacts

In the mid- to late 1980s, American hardcore punk music and particularly its subculture straight edge began to get involved in animal rights and environmentalism.[84][85] Journalist Brian Peterson attributes diverse influences on this relationship beyond anarcho-punk: the post-hardcore band Beefeater, the 1985 album Meat Is Murder by British post-punk band the Smiths, the Hare Krishna tradition, and the vegetarian rapper KRS-One.[86] On the other hand, Pike notes two origins for the activists that would later emerge from the scene: the political one, which started with the arrival of the Animal Liberation Front from England, and the religious one, influenced by the Hare Krishna faith.[87] Pioneering this trend were the 1986 songs "Do Unto Others" by Cro-Mags, a band with Hare Krishna members, and "Free At Last" by Youth of Today, straight edgers, both criticising slaughterhouses in a verse.[88][65]

Establishment

After those first contacts, works such as

Denver, Colorado were vegetarians and that among them were many vegans.[94] However, it did not take long before the new vocal vegetarians received a backlash from punks who considered these issues private.[71]

Analogously, in the late 1980s, the hardcore punk subgenre powerviolence was established in California, featuring politically militant lyrics that also address animal rights.[95] One of its most notable bands are Dropdead, who took cues from anarcho-punk and a strong animal activist stance.[96]

Propagation and militance

Earth Crisis in 1996

The American band Vegan Reich, formed in the anarcho-punk community, released their self-titled EP in 1990 along with a manifesto that ushered in hardline, a biocentric, militant, vegan, anti-drugs, and sexually conservative ideology.[97][71][note 6] Vegan Reich frontman Sean Muttaqi stated he started the band to "spread a militant animal liberation message," but ended up disillusioned with hardliners as they were "all-consumed with minute details or inward shit" by the end of his band in 1993.[82][98] The hardline scene was small, had few associated acts (including Raid and Statement), and its principles on sexuality and abortion marginalised them to a large extent, but its stances on animal rights were innovative and helped to push veganism, direct action and increase awareness on animal liberation in hardcore punk.[104][13][17] Vegan Reich also infused a more metal sound into straight edge.[105]

The debates arising from the new moral tendencies in hardcore prompted animal rights to become predominant in the 1990s. Animal groups such as

Culture (Florida), Day of Suffering (North Carolina), Green Rage (New York), Morning Again (Florida), and Warcry (Indiana).[89] By and large, their style was a blend of hardcore punk and extreme metal known as metalcore.[109] The vegan straight edge record label Catalyst Records was founded in Indiana in the early 1990s as well.[110]

Live show by Italian vegan straight edge band To Kill in 2006

Vegan straight edge soon influenced bands from many countries, including Sweden (

ManLiftingBanner[111] also advocated vegetarian diets and the Ieperfest vegan hardcore festival was founded in 1993, which would also influence the creation of the Czech vegan Fluff Fest in 2000.[112] In Umeå, the city of Refused and Abhinanda, the number of 15-year-old vegetarians increased to 16% in 1996.[113] Since the mid-1990s, the hardcore scene of São Paulo, Brazil has been highly organised, politicised and involved in animal rights by a collective that incorporated straight edge, anarchism, and the Hare Krishna tradition.[114] One of its branches established the Verdurada drug and meat free festival in 1996, in which a vegan dinner is served at the end to the attendees.[115] A portion of the Israeli hardcore scene intertwined straight edge, animal rights and anarchism at this period as well.[116]

Inspired by these developments, some young people joined radical groups for animal rights and environmentalism such as the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), Animal Defense League (A.D.L.), Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Earth First![117] An increase in Animal Liberation Front activism in North America corresponds with the rise of vegan straight edge and hardline bands through the 1990s.[118] The majority of animal rights activists imprisoned in the late 1990s and early 2000s were involved in hardcore punk.[9] Despite the preponderance of this association, some people in the scene felt that militancy was taken to the extreme and they often responded reactionarily.[117] Direct action methods were especially debated for the aggression and sometimes criminality they meant.[103]

In the late 1990s, several vegan straight edge bands had split up and soon the ideology took a back seat in the American hardcore subculture, but its impact on the scene has lasted and become "almost inextricably linked" to it.[119]

Impact

Journalist

Peter Daniel Young,[1] several members of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty 7 (SHAC 7),[1][121] and Walter Bond[122]
were initially inspired by straight edge bands.

Other manifestations

In Germany, the punk zine Ox-Fanzine was founded in 1989 and began publishing vegan cookbooks.[27] In later years, there has been an influx of punk-themed cookbooks published by large publishing houses, including How It All Vegan (1999) by Sarah Kramer and Tanya Barnard, and Vegan with a Vengeance (2005) by Isa Chandra Moskowitz.[3] Several punks have set up vegetarian restaurants across the United States after noticing the lack of catering towards them.[3] Cosmetic and clothing companies also began to serve to their new punk-vegan niche market, including lines by Manic Panic (company started by former members of Blondie) and Kat Von D.[3][123]

Since 2001,

Vans Warped Tour has been affiliated with PETA, including food vendors that distribute animal rights information.[3][124] Other large punk festivals such as Rebellion in 2011 have turned their backstage caterings entirely vegetarian.[41]

The

ska-punk band Goldfinger, formed in 1994, started as a "fun" project but since their fourth album, Open Your Eyes (2002), their frontman and producer John Feldmann became a member of PETA and put animal rights at the forefront of their music.[125][126]

In Spain and some Latin American countries, several punk bands have written songs against bullfighting.[127][128]

See also

Notes

  1. apolitical.[13]
  2. ^ Crass members were vegetarians,[49] did several benefit concerts for animal rights causes and were constantly associated with this topic, but their vocalist Steve Ignorant said that they wrote almost no lyrics related to it. Instead, he cited Conflict and Flux of Pink Indians as leaders in that trench.[50] Researcher Rich Cross came to a similar conclusion.[51]
  3. promiscuous sex were no longer appealing. Therefore, clean living and positivity were inseparable; they reinforced one another and constituted the foundation for all other sXe values."[77]
  4. ^ Bassist Walter Schreifels stated in an interview that he and the other members of Youth of Today were required during the Break Down the Walls tour (1987, the year that Schreifels joined them) to become vegetarians by their vocalist Ray Cappo.[91]
  5. ^ Author Gabriel Kuhn claims that while 1980s bands such as Cro-Mags and Cause for Alarm made some connections between hardcore punk and the Hare Krishna tradition, the krishnacore subgenre transformed the service to Krishna into the only purpose of their music. This was reflected in the name of the bands, their lyrics and their appearances.[7]
  6. ^ Journalists Brian Peterson and Kelefa Sanneh noted that Vegan Reich were both inspired by and formed in the anarcho-punk scene,[93][98] but hardline's influence was more prominent in hardcore punk and most authors link it to vegan straight-edge as both ideologies focused on rejection of animal products, drugs and, on occasion, abortion, as well as its influence on vegan straight edge bands.[99][82][100][101][102] Nonetheless, Peterson states that there is a debate over whether or not hardline was part of straight edge.[103]

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Bibliography

Further reading
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