History of LGBT characters in animation: 1990s
In the 1990s, more LGBTQ characters began to be depicted in animated series than in
Trends
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2021) |
During this decade, characters on
Animation for adults
The 1990s saw various animated series targeted primarily to adults on
The Simpsons
From 1990 to 1994, the most prominent show in terms of LGBTQ characters was The Simpsons. In fact, The Simpsons had split from The Tracey Ullman Show which had recurring gay characters, with a gay couple which embodies the gay/yuppie stereotype, David and William, who have a daughter, with David, voiced by Dan Castellaneta, who voiced Homer in The Simpsons.[6][7] However, many of the characters in The Simpsons were secondary and rarely in positions of power. Waylon Smithers and Patty Bouvier were the only recurring gay characters.[8] The show's first episode, on December 17, 1989, introduced Smithers, who was named after gay puppeteer Wayland Flowers.[9] Smithers was the first gay character to appear on a U.S. animated show.[10] However, like other shows at the time, The Simpsons approached the subject gingerly, not drawing much attention to the sexuality of Smithers,[11] as he remained in the closet, officially, until 2016.[12] One scholar would call The Simpsons "subversive" for satirizing and challenging social norms, traditional values, and LGBTQ representations.[13] Even so, it was noted that Smithers is frequently dubbed as "Burns-sexual," which is used to hide his sexuality, and he has been passing his whole life, with his remaining in the closet a focus of many sketches and jokes in the show.[14] He would also be described as a weird man who sticks to "his cartoonish closet" and as a person who is infatuated with a "vaguely homophobic" Mr. Burns, with illusions to this attraction beginning to be shown in the show's first season.[15][16] Another scholar said that the sexuality of Smithers was clear from innuendos, although not explicitly stated, like him kissing Mr. Burns when everyone thinks the world is ending, in the November 1997 episode "Lisa the Skeptic".[17]
In October 1990, a Simpsons episode, titled "Simpson and Delilah," featured a stylish assistant, Karl,[18] who helped Homer, whose sexuality is never mentioned even though the person voicing him (Harvey Fierstein) is a gay playwright.[19][20][21] In the episode, Karl and Homer kiss in what some say is the first animated male-male kiss to air on network television, prior to the gay kiss in the May 2000 Dawson's Creek episode, "True Love", with this same-sex kiss permitted on television due to it being in a certain context.[22][23]
Creator Matt Groening, when asked in a 1991 interview if Karl was gay, said "he's whatever you want him to be" and added that including Karl was "beyond any other cartoon," even though some gay viewers were disappointed that the character didn't identify himself as gay.[24] Groening also said there was a lack of gay characters in cartoons due to "virulent homophobia" in U.S. culture and stated that Karl had an unrequited attraction for Homer.[25][26] Groening was also the cartoonist for the newspaper strip Life in Hell which included a recurring gay couple, named Akbar and Jeff.[27]
In the December 1994 episode "
A February 16, 1997 Simpsons episode, titled "Homer's Phobia", featured John Waters, a gay filmmaker, as a gay man who helps Homer Simpson confront his homophobia.[31][18] The episode also pokes at general homophobia in U.S. society as a whole.[12] The episode, which aired two months before Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian on her sitcom, Ellen,[32] came during a time there were unspoken limits on what LGBTQ content could be shown on TV.[12] Some argued that "Homer's Phobia" did more, in terms of awareness and exposing intolerance, than "any live action show at the time."[33] Others stated that in the episode Homer learned a "valuable lesson about tolerance" and even said he would okay with Bart, no matter which way he chooses to live his life after thinking that Bart is gay.[34] One women's studies and sociology scholar, Suzanna Danuta Walters, would describe the episode as taking on stereotypes and employing them "even when it foregrounds their patent silliness," describing Homer as going into a heterosexual panic after finding out John is gay, and even visiting a gay steel mill, only respecting John as a gay man after he saves Bart from an angry reindeer. Walters would also argue that episode delves into the "familial heart of homophobia" like episodes of Roseanne, and as one of the episodes in the series with gay characters, which deals with issues of homophobia and homosexuality.[35] Other scholars would state that Homer would learn the meaning of tolerance at the end, after saying at one point that he wants John to stop using the word queer because it is a word that straight people should use.[4] One scholar, Stephen Tropiano, even rated it as one of the funniest sitcom episodes with LGBTQ themes.[36]
South Park
One of the characters introduced in the show's first episode would be Liane Cartman, the mother of Cartman. She would later be shown be bisexual and sexually promiscuous.[45] Keller argued that Cartman was also constructed as gay. He pointed to how Cartman acted in episodes such as "Bebe's Boobs Destroy Society," "Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut," and "AWESOM-O" as examples of him being associated with "same-sex desire."[46]
In February 1998, in the episode "Tom's Rhinoplasty", Ms. Ellen was introduced. In the episode, she would be an openly lesbian teacher.[47][48][49] Her character was a gag referring to the show, Ellen, headlined by Ellen DeGeneres.[50]
In May 1998,
In April 1998, in the episode "
In July 1999, in an episode of South Park, "Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub," the dads of Kyle and Stan, off camera,
at a party.Other adult animations
In December 25, 1994, Lokar, a locust alien and member of the Council of Doom, was introduced in the
From 1995 to 1997, Crapston Villas aired on Channel 4, a British broadcasting channel. This show would be one of the first animated series on British television to present openly gay characters, specifically Robbie and Larry.[61][62]
In March 19, 1996, the animated series
In 1997, the short-lived animated series Spicy City aired on HBO. It was the first adults-only animated series predating South Park by one month. The series featured two instances of same-sex relationships between women. The episode "Eye for an Eye" featured Margo, a bisexual police officer who was also corrupt. She was in a relationship with a criminal named Frenchy until she sent her to prison.[67] The following episode "Sex Drive" featured Nisa Lolita, a hard-working police detective who wasn't taken seriously by her male coworkers. She ends up in a relationship with Virus, a cyborg sex worker.[68] Nisa shows no attraction towards men throughout the episode.
In 2001, Suzanna Danuta Walters, a
The French show,
In the September 21, 1998 episode of Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, titled "Alderman", the patient, played by Louis C.K., describes a gay dream he had.[74]
In the
In September 1999, Mission Hill began airing on The WB. It would stay there until 2000, before it moved to Adult Swim in 2002. Gus Duncz and Wally Langford, a gay elderly couple in their late 60s, appear in the series, causing Mission Hill to win a GLAAD Media Award for this representation.[76][77] In the series, Gus has been the lover of Wally for the past 40 years.[78]
All-ages animations
The 1990s saw the premiere of
Gargoyles would be syndicated for most of its run, between 1994 and 1996, and then would air on ABC for the last two years of its broadcast, from 1996 to 1997. While a number of the characters were LGBTQ, they were not confirmed until years later. Series creator Greg Weisman, in a 2008 interview, stated that Lexington is gay.[79] In May 2005, Weisman responded to fans about Lexington's gay identity, saying that Lexington hadn't "completely come to terms with his sexuality" when he went out with Angela.[80] He also said that while he wasn't trying to hint with anything in the series,[81] he knew Lexington was gay "sometime in '95 or '96,"[80] although he couldn't have addressed it in the show directly, because he would have been fired if he had done so.[82] He further said that Lexington, as a gay person, tells his own truths, as does every character.[83]
As for other characters, like Janine Renard, former leader of The Pack, born with the name of Janine Renard, and later legally turns her name to Fox, was confirmed as bisexuall, as she falls in love with David Xanatos, a young businessman,
On May 18, 1996, Silver Spooner, the sidekick to Barbequor, appeared in an episode of Dexter's Laboratory titled "Dial M for Monkey: Barbequor." Both characters are parodies of Silver Surfer and Galactus, with the episode banned. While some said this was because Silver Spooner was a stereotype of gay men, with complaints to that effect after it aired,[91][92][93] others said it had more to do with copyright infringement as the estate of Jack Kirby threatened to sue Cartoon Network over the parody character.[94][95] The episode was, in later broadcasts, and on its Season 1 DVD (Region 1), replaced with "Dexter's Lab: A Story", an episode from season two.[96]
In February 1997, an episode of
A show created by
On June 27, 1998, the Buffalo Gals appeared in the Cow and Chicken episode of the same name. The episode only aired once and was banned due to the use of lesbian stereotypes.[102]
Some argued that Buttercup, in the April 7, 1999 episode of The Powerpuff Girls, titled "The Rowdyruff Boys", doesn't enjoy the experience and is the "possible lesbian" of the Powerpuff Girls.[103]
From 1999 to 2000,
Animated films
In 1995, the British animated short film Achilles depicted Achilles and Patroclus in a same-sex relationship. The film was a landmark in gay representation in animation.[114]
In June 1998,
Timeline of key events
- October 18, 1990: Karl and Homer kiss in The Simpsons episode, "Simpson and Delilah," said to be the first animated male-male kiss to air on network television.[22]
- November 16, 1991: Gaston and LeFou were created by a gay animator named Andreas Deja, as would Jafar from the Aladdin the following year,[107] who sang music by gay composer Howard Ashman.
- October 24, 1994: Gargoyles starts airing on syndicated television. The series would include Lexington, Janine "Fox" Renard, Owen Burnett and Puck.
- 1995: Crapston Villas started airing on Channel 4. It would be the first animated series on British television to present openly gay characters.[61]
- March 19, 1996: homoerotic subtext between the two heroes.[15]
- February 16, 1997: The Simpsons episode, "Homer's Phobia", airs on FOX. The episode would be described by some as doing more than any live-action shows at the time in exposing intolerance and promoting awareness of gay men.[33]
- September 3, 1997: The South Park episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride" airs. It includes a flamboyant character, Big Gay Al, is introduced, who becomes an important secondary character. The show will later feature gay characters such as Mr. Slave, Saddam, and Satan.
- June 19, 1998: Mulan begins showing in U.S. theaters. The film would include a bisexual captain named Li Shang.[121]
See also
- Cross-dressing in film and television
- LGBT children's television programming
- List of animated films with LGBT characters
- List of animated series with crossdressing characters
- List of animated series with LGBT characters
- List of anime by release date (1946–1959)
- List of LGBT-related films by year
- List of television series with bisexual characters
- List of yuri works
- List of yuri anime and manga
References
Citations
- ^ Insider. Archivedfrom the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 247-248.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 252, 264-265.
- ^ a b Capsuto 2001, p. 313, 370.
- ^ Gross 2001, p. 122-123.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 237-239, 246.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 256, 303.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 255-256.
- ^ Goertz, Allie; Prescott, Julia (8 August 2016). "I Married Marge (with Jeff Martin)" (Podcast). Maximum Fun. Event occurs at 61:28. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-06-274803-4.
- ^ Jean, Al (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode 'The Telltale Head' (DVD). Los Angeles, California: 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b c Siegel, Alan (February 8, 2017). "When 'The Simpsons' Came Out of the Closet". The Ringer. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 247.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 268.
- ^ a b c Walters 2001, p. 99.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 312-313.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 239.
- ^ a b Johnson 2010, p. 255.
- ^ Jean, Al (2002). Commentary for the episode "Simpson and Delilah". The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ISBN 978-1-55365-503-9.
- ^ "Springfield of Dreams: 16 Great 'Simpsons' Guest Stars". Entertainment Weekly. May 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2021. He is relisted in a 2010 article on Simpsons guest stars as well
- ^ a b Tucker, Ken (June 9, 2000). "Sweeps brings smooches". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 331.
- ^ Sadownick, Doug (February 26, 1991). "Groening Against the Grain; Maverick Cartoonist Matt Groening Draws in Readers With Gay Characters Akbar and Jeff". Advocate (571). Archived from the original on September 20, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Johnson 2010, p. 265.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 313.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 312.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 252.
- ^ Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "Fear of Flying". BBC. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 366.
- ^ Silver, Stephen (April 23, 2018). "Gayest Episode Ever: How John Waters Helped 'The Simpsons' Get LGBT Representation Right". Hornet. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Cook 2018, p. 6.
- ^ a b Mills, Ted (May 23, 2019). "When John Waters Appeared on The Simpsons and Changed America's LGBTQ Views (1997)". Open Culture. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Seba 2011, p. 51-52.
- ^ Walters 2001, p. 72-74, 97.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 313.
- ISBN 9780791475669. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ "Big Gay Al". Official South Park Studios Wiki. Comedy Partners. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ Atkinson, Sophia (November 5, 2015). "The Complete History of Queer Characters in Cartoon Shows". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Baron, Rueben (June 24, 2018). "20 Crucial Queer Representations In Anime (For Better Or Worse)". CBR. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
- ^ Walters 2001, p. 99-100.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 370-371.
- ^ a b Gross 2001, p. 123.
- ^ Keller 2010, p. 273, 275-276, 289-291, 293-299.
- ^ "Liane Cartman". Official South Park Studios Wiki. Comedy Partners. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ Keller 2010, p. 291-292.
- ^ Casey, Patrick (November 28, 2002). "Hollywood Squares". Westword. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
- ^ Owen, Rob (January 31, 1998). ""South Park" surge Heigh-di-ho! The hippest show on TV has become a cult phenomenon". The Times Union. Albany, New York. p. D1.
- ^ "Miss Ellen". Official South Park Studios Wiki. Comedy Partners. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 402.
- ^ "Stephen Stotch". Official South Park Studios Wiki. Comedy Partners. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ISBN 9780823257362. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ Keller 2010, p. 291-293.
- ^ Keller 2010, p. 290-291.
- ^ Gross 2001, p. 126.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 299.
- ^ "Lokar's Valentine Page". Cartoon Network. Archived from the original on March 4, 2001. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- ^ "Lokar's Sumptuous Salute to Summer Frolic". Cartoon Network. Archived from the original on April 7, 2001. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- Warner Brothers. November 16, 2004. B0002WZRTU. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- Warner Brothers. November 16, 2004. B0002WZRTU. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9781137330949. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Tilke, Matt (January 29, 2005). "Take A Trip Back To Channel 4's Crapston Villas". Retroheadz. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
- ^ J.J. Sedelmaier (June 27, 2001). "Animation director J.J. Sedelmaier" (MP3). Fresh Air (Interview: Audio). Interviewed by Terry Gross. NPR. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- OCLC 10526406.
- ^ Itzkoff, Dave (February 19, 2013). "Flaws Found in Fredric Wertham's Comic-Book Studies". The New York Times.
- ISBN 9781573448826.
- ^ Summers, Brett (July 30, 2019). "Spicy City". Cult Faction. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ "Rotospective: In 1997, Ralph Bakshi's trailblazing Spicy City eerily predicted modern times". Agent Palmer. November 19, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Capsuto 2001, p. 369-370.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 297.
- ^ Wilstein, Matt (June 30, 2020). "Robert Smigel Talks Triumph the Insult Comic Dog's 2020 Election Plans and SNL's Trump Problem". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021.
- ^ Kementari (August 17, 2004). "Stupid Invaders - Dreamcast". Gang Geek Style. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020. When translated from French, this article says: "Candy is an alien with a very large head compared to the rest of her tiny body. He wears a yellow dress with red dots. Adept at housekeeping, Candy is very effeminate. He wishes to undergo an operation to change sex."
- ^ "On vous dévoile enfin qui est Marc du Pontavice, le producteur historique des Zinzins de l'espace" [We finally reveal who is Marc du Pontavice, the historic producer of Space Zinzins]. Konbini. April 8, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 272.
- ^ Henry, Mike (2018). "Characters". Mike Henry's official website. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ Neill, Chris (November 27, 2018). "The prematurely axed Mission Hill was a '90s cartoon ahead of its years". thebrag.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
- ^ Walters 2001, p. 100.
- ^ Tropiano 2002, p. 288.
- Comicmix.com. July 17, 2008. Archived from the originalon January 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
- ^ a b Weisman, Greg (April 14, 2005). "Question writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (December 15, 2005). "Justin Writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (May 5, 2005). "Vicious Writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (January 10, 2006). "Secret_Agent_Gerbil writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (May 26, 2013). "John Essex writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (August 16, 2021). "Reflex49 writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (May 7, 2012). "Sean Mc Bride writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Weisman, Greg (January 22, 2016). "Greg Bishansky writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Weisman, Greg (September 23, 2014). "Anonymous writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Greg (May 26, 2013). "B writes..." A Station Eight Fan Web Site. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- Insider. Archivedfrom the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ Anderson, Evans (August 14, 2010). "Dial M for Monkey – The Banned Episode". Gawker. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ^ Belonksy, Andrew (June 12, 2008). "Banned "Anti-Gay" Toon Exhumed!". Queerty. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ^ Jade, Tamara (June 9, 2017). "15 Banned TV Episodes That Only Ever Aired Once". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- Pride.com. Archived from the originalon June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ Burke, Carolyn (February 28, 2018). "15 Secrets You Didn't Know Behind Cartoon Network Shows". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ Lacey, Gord (October 29, 2010). "Dexter's Laboratory — Season 1 Review". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
- Warner Brothers. January 25, 2005. B0002ZMHX6. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
- ^ Gross 2001, p. 122.
- ^ Byrne, John (w), Byrne, John (p), Kesel, Karl (i). "Wings" Superman, vol. 2, no. 15 (March 1988). DC Comics.
- ISBN 978-0-230-60674-6.
- ^ Short, Dan (February 28, 2020). "The Blazing Dragons of Monty Python's Terry Jones". Animated Views. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Scibelli, Anthony (August 6, 2010). "The 6 Creepiest Things Ever Slipped into Children's Cartoons". Cracked. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
- S2CID 145470037. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-04-29. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- ^ Graham, Andrea (September 20, 2019). "George and Martha [Review]". Common Sense Media. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- ^ "George and Martha hits HBO Family". Kidscreen. September 1, 1998. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- ISBN 9780786486410.
- ^ a b Seymour, Craig (6 October 2000). "Yep, They're Gay". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 10, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-7619-2261-2.
- ISBN 0-89526-387-4.
- ^ Provenzano, Tom (28 June 1994). "The Lion in Summer". The Advocate: 66.
- ^ Elser, Daniela (March 4, 2011). "Gay families in Disney movies only a matter of time, says Lion King animator Andreas Deja". news.com.au. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
- ^ Gates, Meggie (July 18, 2021). "Once Again, Disney Attempts to Co-opt Pride Month". Bitch. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
- New York Times. Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ Milligan, Mercedes (April 18, 2023). "2023 Annecy Festival Celebrates Queer Stories in Animation". Animation Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
- ^ "Li Shang". bi.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
- ^ Szany, Wendy Lee (February 27, 2020). "'Mulan': Why Captain Li Shang Isn't in the Live-Action Remake". Collider. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Maleh, Linda (February 28, 2020). "Disney Blames #MeToo For Li Shang's Absence From 'Mulan' In New Controversy". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ "Mulan: Disney drop character following #MeToo movement". BBC News. March 2, 2020. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Rearick, Lauren (February 28, 2020). "Mulan" Love Interest Li Shang Was Reportedly Split Into Two Characters Because of MeToo". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ "Disney's Mulan Is Even MORE Homoerotic in Live-Action, if That's Possible". CBR. September 5, 2020. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ a b Puckett, Lauren (September 4, 2020). "Why Is Li Shang Not in Disney's Live-Action 'Mulan?'". Harper's BAZAAR. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Johnson 2010, p. 247, 255, 259-261.
- ISBN 9781573448826.
Sources
- Capsuto, Steven (2000). Alternate channels : the uncensored story of gay and lesbian images on radio and television. New York: Ballatine Books. ISBN 0345412435. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- Cook, Carson (May 2018). "A History of LGBT Representation on TV". A content analysis of LGBT representation on broadcast and streaming television streaming television (Honors). University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- Gross, Larry (2001). "Morning Papers, Afternoon Soaps". Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231529327. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- Johnson, Jo (2010). ""We'll Have A Gay Old Time!": Queer Representation in American Prime-Time Television from the Cartoon Short to the Family Sitcom". In Elledge, Jim (ed.). Queers in American Popular Culture Volume 1: Film and television. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 9780313354571. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- Keller, James (2010). "Recuperating and Reviling South Park's Queer Politics". In Elledge, Jim (ed.). Queers in American Popular Culture Volume 1: Film and television. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 9780313354571. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- Seba, Jaime (2011). "Out on the Small Screen". Gay characters in theatre, movies, and television: new roles, new attitudes. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest Publishers. ISBN 9781422220122. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
- Tropiano, Stephen (2002). The prime time closet : a history of gays and lesbians on TV. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 9781557835574. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- Walters, Suzanna Danuta (2001). All the Rage: The Story of Gay Visibility in America. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226872315. Retrieved September 25, 2021.