Animatronics
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An animatronic is a
It is a multidisciplinary field integrating
Before the term "animatronics" became common, they were usually referred to as "
in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment and film. Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids.Autonomatronics was also defined by Disney Imagineers to describe more advanced Audio-Animatronic technology featuring cameras and complex sensors to process and respond to information in the character's environment.[5]
History
Timeline
- 1939Sparko, The Robot Dog, pet of Elektro, performs in front of the public but Sparko, unlike many depictions of robots in that time, represented a living animal, thus becoming the very first modern day animatronic character,[6] along with an unnamed horse which was reported to gallop realistically. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 World's Fair, in a different exhibit than Sparko's.[7], 1939 New York World's Fair[ : citation needed]
- 1961Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand.[8] :
- 1961Walt Disney coins the term "Audio-Animatronics" and his WED Enterprises team begins developing modern animatronic technology.[9] :
- 1963The first Audio-Animatronics created by Disney, the Enchanted Tiki Birds of Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, debut at Disneyland.[ : citation needed]
- 1964In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics featured in a motion picture. The first animatronic figure of a person, that of Abraham Lincoln, is created by Disney for its Abraham Lincoln attraction at the Illinois State Pavilion of the 1964 New York World's Fair.[9] :
- 1977Chuck E. Cheese (then known as Pizza Time Theatre) is the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction.[ : citation needed]
- 1980ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion[ : citation needed]
- 1982Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs.[10] :
- 1989The second generation of Disney's generic animatronics the "A-100", portraying the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz, is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at Disney-MGM Studios. : [11]
- 1998Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, an animatronic pet that speaks over 800 English and "Furbish" phrases and can react to its environment.[ : citation needed]
- 2001The largest animatronic figure ever built was the Spinosaurus for Steven Spielberg's franchise Jurassic Park.[ : citation needed]
- 2005Engineered Arts produces the first version of their animatronic actor, RoboThespian : [12]
- 2008Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to previous animatronic figures.[13], Disney's Hollywood Studios[ : citation needed]
- October 31, 2008The Abraham Lincoln animatronic character is upgraded to incorporate new technology.[9], The Hall of Presidents[ – July 1, 2009 : citation needed]
- September 28, 2009Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can sense and respond to actions around it.D23 Expo[citation needed] :
- 2018: Vyloos are added to the Guardians of the Galaxy: Mission Breakout ride being interactive and aware with guests [14]
- 2019Disney releases a number of new characters based on their third-generation platform "A-1000" : [11]
Modern attractions
The first animatronics characters shown to the public were a dog and a horse, as separate attractions at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sparko, The Robot Dog (the "pet" of Elektro the Robot) is considered the first modern-day animatronic character, as it represented a living animal rather than a purely mechanical figure.[6] An unnamed animatronic horse, which was reported to gallop realistically, was also exhibited.[7]
Laffing Sal was one of several automated characters used to attract carnival and amusement park patrons to funhouses and dark rides throughout the United States.[15] Its movements were accompanied by a raucous recorded laugh that sometimes frightened small children and annoyed adults.[16]
Walt Disney is often credited for popularizing animatronics for entertainment after he bought an animatronic bird while vacationing (in either New Orleans[17] or Europe[18]). Disney's vision for Audio-Animatronics was primarily focused on patriotic displays rather than amusements.[19]
In 1951, two years after Disney developed animatronics, he commissioned machinist Roger Broggie and sculptor Wathel Rogers to lead a team tasked with creating a 9" figure that could talk and recreate dance routines performed by actor Buddy Ebsen. The figure, dubbed Project Little Man, was never finished. A year later, Walt Disney Imagineering was created.[20] Disney used what appeared as an animatronic bird in his film Mary Poppins (1964), which was actually controlled by bicycle cables.[citation needed]
After Project Little Man, the Imagineering team's first project was a "Chinese head" which was on display in the lobby of their office. Customers could ask the head questions and it replied with words of wisdom. The eyes blinked and its mouth opened and closed.[20]
Walt Disney Productions started using animatronics in 1955 for Disneyland's Jungle Cruise ride,[21] then for its Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room attraction, which featured animatronic tropical birds and other characters.[citation needed]
The first fully audio-animatronic human figure was that of Abraham Lincoln, created by Disney for the 1964 World's Fair in New York. At the time Mr. Lincoln was one of the most realistic technologically advanced animatronics. His wig was stretched over his head to hide all of his parts.[22] Disney used Lincolns life mask from 1860 to create the most realistic version they could of the president.[23] In 1965, Disney upgraded the figure, dubbed the Lincoln Mark II, to appear at the Opera House at Disneyland Resort in California.[19] For three months, while the original Lincoln performed in New York, the Lincoln Mark II gave five performances per hour at Disneyland. Actor Royal Dano voiced both versions of the figure.[19]
Lucky the Dinosaur is the first free roaming Audio-Animatronic figure created by Disney's Imagineers.[24] An approximately 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) green Segnosaurus figure, it pulls a flower-covered cart and is led by Chandler the Dinosaur Handler. The flower cart Lucky pulls conceals its computer and power source.[25]
The
Film and television
The film industry has been a driving force revolutionizing the technology used to develop animatronics.[26] Animatronics are used in situations where a creature does not exist, the action is too risky or costly to use real actors or animals, or the action could never be obtained with a living person or animal. Its main advantage over CGI and stop motion is that the simulated creature has a physical presence moving in front of the camera in real time. The technology behind animatronics has become more advanced and sophisticated over the years, making the puppets even more lifelike.[citation needed]
Animatronics were first introduced by Disney in the 1964 film Mary Poppins which featured an animatronic bird. Since then, animatronics have been used extensively in such movies as Jaws, and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which relied heavily on animatronics.[27]
Directors such as Steven Spielberg and Jim Henson have been pioneers in using animatronics in the film industry; a film co-directed by the latter, The Dark Crystal, showcased groundbreaking puppets designed by Brian Froud and created by Henson's then recently established Creature Shop in London.
The 1993 film
Jack Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".[29] Critics referred to Spielberg's dinosaurs as breathtakingly — and terrifyingly — realistic.[31][32]
The 1999 BBC miniseries
Geoff Peterson is an animatronic human skeleton that serves as the sidekick on the late-night talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. Often referred to as a "robot skeleton", Peterson is a radio-controlled animatronic robot puppet designed and built by Grant Imahara of MythBusters.[34]
Advertising
The British advertisement campaign for
The Slowskys was an advertising campaign for Comcast Cable's Xfinity broadband Internet service. The ad features two animatronic turtles, and it won the gold Effie Award in 2007.[35]
Toys
Some examples of animatronic toys include
Design
An animatronics character is built around an internal supporting frame, usually made of steel. Attached to these "bones" are the "muscles" which can be manufactured using elastic netting composed of styrene beads.[36] The frame provides the support for the electronics and mechanical components, as well as providing the shape for the outer skin.[37]
The "skin" of the figure is most often made of foam rubber, silicone or urethane poured into moulds and allowed to cure. To provide further strength a piece of fabric is cut to size and embedded in the foam rubber after it is poured into the mould. Once the mould has fully cured, each piece is separated and attached to the exterior of the figure providing the appearance and texture similar to that of "skin".[38]
Structure
An animatronics character is typically designed to be as realistic as possible and thus, is built similarly to how it would be in real life. The framework of the figure is like the "skeleton". Joints, motors, and actuators act as the "muscles". Connecting all the electrical components together are wires, such as the "nervous system" of a real animal or person.[39] Steel, aluminum, plastic, and wood are all commonly used in building animatronics but each has its best purpose. The relative strength, as well as the weight of the material itself, should be considered when determining the most appropriate material to use. The cost of the material may also be a concern.[39] Several materials are commonly used in the fabrication of an animatronics figure's exterior. Dependent on the particular circumstances, the best material will be used to produce the most lifelike form. For example, "eyes" and "teeth" are commonly made completely out of acrylic.[40]
Materials
- Latex: White The Wizard of Oz was one of the first films to make extensive use of foam latex prosthetics in the 1930s.[43]
- Silicone: Disney has a research team devoted to improving and developing better methods of creating more lifelike animatronics exteriors with silicone.[44] RTV silicone (room temperature vulcanization silicone) is used primarily as a molding material as it is very easy to use but is relatively expensive. Few other materials stick to it, making molds easy to separate.[45][46] Bubbles are removed from silicone by pouring the liquid material in a thin stream or processing in a vacuum chamber prior to use. Fumed silica is used as a bulking agent for thicker coatings of the material.[47]
- Polyurethane: Polyurethane rubber is a more cost effective material to use in place of silicone. Polyurethane comes in various levels of hardness which are measured on the Shore scale. Rigid polyurethane foam is used in prototyping because it can be milled and shaped in high density. Flexible polyurethane foam is often used in the actual building of the final animatronic figure because it is flexible and bonds well with latex.[42]
- Plaster: As a commonplace construction and home decorating material, plaster is widely available. Its rigidity limits its use in moulds, and plaster moulds are unsuitable when undercuts are present. This may make plaster far more difficult to use than softer materials like latex or silicone.[46]
Movement
Mimicking the often-subtle displays of humans and other living creatures, and the associated movement is a challenging task when developing animatronics. One of the most common emotional models is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) developed by Ekman and Friesen.[49] FACS defines that through facial expression, humans can recognize six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Another theory is that of Ortony, Clore, and Collins, or the OCC model[50] which defines 22 different emotional categories.[51]
In 2020 Disney revealed its new animatronics robot that can breathe, move its eyes very much like humans, and identify people around it in order to select "an appropriate" response, as opposed to previous Disney animatronics that were used in purely scripted,
Training and education
Animatronics has been developed as a career which combines the disciplines of
Some colleges and universities do offer degree programs in animatronics. Individuals interested in animatronics typically earn a degree in robotics which closely relate to the specializations needed in animatronics engineering.[53]
Students achieving a bachelor's degree in robotics commonly complete courses in:
- Mechanical engineering
- Industrial robotics
- Mechatronics systems
- Modeling of robotics systems
- Robotics engineering
- Foundational theory of robotics
- Introduction to robotics.[citation needed]
Animatronics and artificial intelligence
As of 2017, the Disney company is about to use animatronics and artificial intelligence to simulate one of their characters in real life: Pascal, one of the characters in the movie Tangled.[54]
In popular culture
Animatronic characters appear in both films and games, most notably in horror genre and survival horror video games that generally features possessed animatronics as antagonists.[55]
Films
- The Banana Splits Movie, a 2019 American comedy horror film starring Dani Kind, Steve Lund, Sara Canning, and the voice of Eric Bauza, follows a young boy and his family who, as a birthday present, attend a live taping of a successful children's television series featuring Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper, and Snorky, four goofy-like animatronic characters. However, their new software updates go haywire upon learning the upcoming cancellation of their show and the characters start a killing spree that the crew and audience must survive. It is a horror reimagining of the 1968-1970 Hanna-Barbera's television series of the same name.[56]
- Willy's Wonderland, a 2021 American action comedy horror film starring Nicolas Cage, Emily Tosta, David Sheftell and Beth Grant, follows a quiet drifter who is tricked into cleaning up a once-successful abandoned family entertainment center while battling the restaurant's eight murderous animatronic characters (possessed by souls of cannibalistic serial killers) with the aid of a teenager and her friends.[57][58]
- children awhile trying to figure out unsolved disappearance of his younger brother more than a decade before. It is based on the Five Nights at Freddy's video game series created by Scott Cawthon.[59][60]
Short films
- The Hug, a 2018 horror short film directed by Jack Bishop and Justin Nijm, and starring Nick Armstrong and Roman George, follows a bratty birthday boy at Pandory's Pan Pizza Palace, a ShowBiz Pizza Place-like restaurant, who has an awkward situation with Pandory the Panda, the pizzeria's giant panda animatronic mascot. It premiered at Hulu as part of its "Huluween" film competition.[61]
Television
- The Capicola Gang, a trio of evil anthropomorphic animatronic animals from The Fun Fun Zone, consisting of Dominic (a robot bear, although listed in the credits as Main Bear), who is based on Vito Corleone from The Godfather, Louie (a robot beaver), and Amelia (a robot duck, although listed in the credits as Duck Lady), are the main antagonists in the Regular Show episodes "Fuzzy Dice"[62] and "Steak Me Amadeus".[63] The Capicola Gang Leader had a cameo appearance as an incriminating witness in "Can you Ear Me Now?"[64] where he testified in court against Mordecai and Rigby. They share a resemblance to the characters from the popular game series Five Nights at Freddy's and the popular kids entertainment center Chuck E. Cheese.[citation needed]
- Hoo-Ha's Jamboree, an animatronic band at Hoo-Ha Owl's Pizzamatronic Jamboree, and a parody of antagonists in the Gravity Falls episodes "Soos and the Real Girl",[65] "Weirdmageddon Part 1",[66] and "Weirdmageddon 2: Escape From Reality".[67] They are seen in photos in "Not What He Seems".[68]
Video games
- Five Nights at Freddy's (commonly known as FNaF), a horror video game series, features various animatronic entertainers as antagonists who try to kill the player character, who is typically a nighttime security guard or employee at one of the facilities (usually a pizzeria) where the animatronics reside. In the first game of the series Five Nights at Freddy's, the animatronics' violent attitude towards humans at night is explained away as faulty programming, which causes them to mistake the protagonist for an endoskeleton without a character suit on—which goes against the establishment's rules. As a result, the animatronics try to "forcefully stuff" the player character into a suit, resulting in their death. However, the games feature a deep lore (gradually revealed through various minigames and Easter eggs) which reveals that many of the animatronics are actually haunted by the spirits of children whose deaths are somehow connected to the fictional restaurant franchise "Freddy Fazbear's Pizza". At least six of these children were murdered by William Afton (A.K.A. "The Purple Guy"), one of the co-founders of the original restaurant and the series' overarching villain, who would go on to possess an animatronic of his own after his death.[69][70] Since the original game, Five Nights at Freddy's has evolved into a large media franchise comprising various sequels, prequels and spin-offs, fan games, a novel trilogy,[71][72][73][74][75] and an anthology series of short stories.[76][77][78][79] A film adaptation Five Nights at Freddy's was released on October 27, 2023.[80]
See also
- Automaton
- Robotic performance art
- Uncanny valley
References
- Footnotes
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