Anjouan
Anjouan
| |
---|---|
Autonomous island | |
Autonomous Island of Anjouan[3] | |
presidential republic | |
• President | Abdou Salami Abdou |
Area | |
• Total | 424 km2 (164 sq mi) |
Elevation | 1,595 m (5,233 ft) |
Population (2018) | |
• Total | 360,409 |
• Density | 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+03:00 (EAT) |
Anjouan ([ɑ̃.ʒu.ɑ̃]) is an autonomous volcanic island in the Comoro Islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, part of the Union of the Comoros. It is known in Shikomori as Ndzuani, Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and, until the early twentieth century when the name fell out of general use (although still sometimes used by English-speakers in Zanzibar), in English as Johanna.[4] Historically it was also called Hinzuan or Hanzoan.
Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, as of 2006[update], its population is around 277,500. The total area of the island is 424 square kilometers (163 square miles).
History
Early and colonial history
The first inhabitants of the island were
John Mucknell marooned his enemies on Anjouan in 1644.[6] His ship, the John, was owned by the East India Company, but after ridding himself of opposition in this manner, he turned pirate and returned to Britain.
Anjouan under independent Comoros
Anjouan joined the
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Secessionist/Autonomous Anjouan
In 1997, the islands of Anjouan and
In 1999, Anjouan had internal conflicts and on 1 August of that year, the 80-year-old Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim resigned, transferring power to a national coordinator, Said Abeid. The government was overthrown in a coup by army and navy officers on 9 August 2001. Mohamed Bacar soon rose to leadership of the junta that took over and by the end of the month he was the leader of the country. Despite two coup attempts in the following three months, including one by Abeid, Bacar's government remained in power and was apparently more willing to negotiate with Comoros.
After the creation of the Union, the islands were reunified with Comoros in 2002 and a new
Peace talks were held between the Comorian and Anjouan governments whereby they agreed to hold free elections in which Mohamed Bacar would stand. Although the Union government delayed the election - citing alleged irregularities and intimidation — Bacar unilaterally printed ballots and held an illegal election in June. The result, due to electoral fraud, was an overwhelming victory of 90 percent.[8] In July 2007, he once again declared the island of Anjouan to be independent of the Comoros.
2008 invasion of Anjouan
In February 2008, the Comoros rejected the
On 19 March 2008, a French military helicopter on a clandestine mission from French-administered Mayotte crashed in the Mozambique Channel close to the city of Sima on Anjouan. Critics of the action allege the helicopter was involved in an attempt to bring Bacar into French exile, and that Bacar was able to hold out so long only because he was protected by the French.[9]
The main operation and, ultimately, the invasion of Anjouan began on the evening of 24 March 2008 when five boats transporting approximately 1,500 soldiers had left Mohéli on their way to Anjouan. In the early hours of 25 March 2008, an amphibious landing was made by Comoran troops supported by contingents from the African Union. The combined forces quickly advanced on the town of Ouani to secure the airfield. After the airport was secured the invasion force apparently split where part of it headed south-west to engage Anjouanais loyalists in the capital, Mutsamudu, and the remainder headed south-east capturing the port of Bambao M'Sanga and the second city of Domoni without resistance.
Mohamed Bacar managed to escape to Mayotte by 26 March to seek political asylum. He was subsequently held in custody there by the French administration and brought to the island of Réunion, where he was charged for entering French territory illegally and possession of weapons. On 15 May 2008, France rejected Bacar's request for asylum but the French refugee office ruled that the ousted leader could not be extradited to Comoros because of the risk of persecution. France's State Secretary for Overseas, Yves Jégo, said France would support the Comoran government's efforts. "We will continue to act in consultation with the Comoros so that the law can be applied and Colonel Bacar can be tried."[10]
Post-invasion Anjouan
Following the March
Flags
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Sultanate of Ndzuwani (1833-1850)
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Sultanate of Ndzuwani (c. 1850-1893) Separatist flag, later official flag (1997-2012)
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Current flag
Geography
Anjouan is part of the
Climate
The highs on the island range from 27 to 32 °C (81 to 90 °F) year-round. The weather is warm and humid from December to April and slightly cooler from May to November. The climate is generally much cooler in the center of the island, on the highest mountains, and generally warmer in the North-Eastern region, North of Domoni.
Flora and fauna
Anjouan is home to a diversity of plant life, much of which is edible. The island is abundant in
.The
Important Bird Area
A 6,850 ha tract encompassing the highlands of the island has been designated an
Protected areas
Mount Ntringui National Park was established in 2010, and covers an area of 79.14 km2 in the center of the island.[16] The park includes Mount Ntringui and Mount Trindrini, Anjouan's highest and second-highest peaks, as well as Lake Dzialandzé, Anjouan's largest lake, and the Moya Forest, Anjouan's largest remaining forest.[17]
Shisiwani National Park is a marine national park, which protects the coastal waters, including coral reefs, around the Sima Peninsula. It was established in 2010, and has an area of 64.97 km2.[18]
Culture
Anjouan is the island with the highest population density in Comoros. The main religion is Sunni Islam. Although the island is filled with large numbers of mosques, religious observance is not as strict as it is in many other countries observing Islam. The Comoros national state-owned TV station broadcasts locally.[19] Anjouan also operates its own radio station.
Language
The people of Anjouan speak
Clothing
Anjouan is known for the wearing of the Shiromani, a sheet-like article of clothing women wrap around their body. The Shiromani is often red, expressing the color of the island of Anjouan.
Cuisine
The local cuisine has a great deal of Arab and French influence. Spices such as turmeric, cloves, and cumin are widely used. Meals common to Anjouan include fish with coconut rice, pigeon pea stew, cooked taro dishes, and cassava dishes. The cassava leaves are eaten just as commonly as the roots, cooked with coconut milk and often paired with rice as the dish "Mataba". Hot peppers are also common in the form of a hot sauce called "putu", which is prepared by grinding fresh peppers together on stone. Spice level and general flavor of putu greatly depending on family and region.
Different regions of Anjouan are known for producing different crops, with clove trees filling the Northeast corner of the island and the central mountainous region being rich with lychee fruit trees. Bananas, jackfruit, breadfruit, mangoes, papaya, red guava, green guava, a variety of lime, and small oranges are commonly found all over the island. Vanilla is grown by some for selling and exporting, but is not commonly consumed by Comorians themselves.
Economy
The island uses the
Banking system
As part of the Union of the Comoros, the banking system of Anjouan is regulated by the Central Bank of the Comoros, created in 1981. Anjouan, pursuant to the Regulation of Banks and Comparable Establishments of 1999, licensed more than 300 offshore banks. All of the shell banks and other entities are located offshore and have no permanent presence in the Comoros. Anjouan sold the right to issue bank licenses and delegated most of its authority to operate and regulate the offshore business to private, non-Comoran domiciled parties.
In 2002, after Anjouan's reentry into the Union of the Comoros as an autonomous island, Anjouan's Offshore Finance Authority was established to promote the island as a tax haven to attract foreign capital.
In 2005, new laws were passed and all of the banking licenses issued there previous to that date were canceled. Those that could show proper due diligence were reset by the newly rearranged Offshore Finance Authority, monopolized by Anjouan Corporate Institution Limited (ACIL) since 2003, which has claimed the authority as registered agent for all International Business Companies and banking license issuance on the island since that time and authorized directly by the Legislative Assembly in Anjouan. The company claiming to sell licenses previous to 2003 was sued in the London High Court on behalf of the Anjouan Government and lost, The High Court of Justice in London confirmed after seeing all the legal documentation that Anjouan Corporate Institution Limited (ACIL), was legally entitled to operate the offshore business, with full consent of the Anjouan Government. All Banking Licenses were being issued as a Class B Banking License and have terms of one year, which were renewable as long as no complaint had been made against the Bank in violation of anti-money laundering regulations, fraud, or Banking laws.
The Central Bank of Comoros has never commented the Anjouan Offshore Finance Authority’s activity. At the same time, on the Central Bank website, in the section "Flash News" from April 4, 2014, it was mentioned: "The Central Bank of Comores recalls that up to date, no license has been delivered for the exercise of financial offshore activities in one of the islands of the Union of the Comoros".[21] So the financial licenses issued by "Anjouan’s Offshore Finance Authority" and "Anjouan Corporate Services Limited" were not taken in consideration by the authorities of the Union of Comoros.
It has been told that Anjouan authorities abandoned the development of the offshore financial sector since the summer of 2008 but, based on the orders 001-008 of 2005 of Autonomous Island of Anjouan, Anjouan’s Offshore Finance Authority is yet maintaining the possibility to make a request for the different types of licenses through their website.[22] Currently there are nominated less than 50 institutions having the active licenses. However, the law creating non-financial offshore companies was legally adopted by the Parliament of Anjouan and non-financial firms registered in Anjouan are recognized legally.[23]
Tourism
- The citadel of Mutsamudu, the market of the city
- The mausoleum of President Ahmed Abdallah in Domoni
- Mount Ntringui National Park which includes the Dzialandze lake and the Mount Ntringui
- The region of Sima where there are many farms of perfume plants which give their nickname to the islands of Comoros.
- The Tratringa waterfalls, at Bambao Mtrouni, and the river of the same name.
- The beach of Moya and the pass of the same name that children ride down on soapboxes.
- The river of Jomani and the Cap Mangeat at the entrance of Domoni.
- The Tratringua waterfall at Ongoni-Marahani
- The wall of Momoni (uhura wa muji) in Domoni
Government
Politics
December 20, 2010 Anissi Chamsidine is elected Governor of the island of Anjouan.[26] He works for a full reconciliation with the Union of Comoros. To show this will, the separatist flag was dropped and replaced by a new flag with the same symbol than that of the Union of Comoros (the Moslem crescent and four stars symbolizing the four islands of the archipelago). Henceforth the leader of the autonomous island of Anjouan is named Governor instead of President and the Commissioners instead of Ministers.
Military
Anjouan invested heavily in its national security under Mohamed Bacar. Main components were the Gendarmerie commanded by Commander Abdou, the younger brother of Bacar. A battalion size militia of approximately 500 backed the Gendarmerie. Since the eviction of Bacar in March 2008, the Anjouanais defence forces are led by the Government of the
See also
- Postage stamps of Anjouan
- Akibani
- Antsahé
- Assimpao
- Bada Kouni
- Bada la Djandza
- Chaouéni
- Chironkamba
- Chiroroni
References
- ^ (in French) Site Officiel du Gouvernorat de l'Île Autonome d'Anjouan (Official Site of the Governorate of the Autonomous Island of Anjouan).
- ^ a b Anjouan.net — Official
- ^ Translation of the French name. (in French) Site officiel du Gouvernorat de l'île autonome d'Anjouan (Official site of the Governorate of the Autonomous Island of Anjouan)
- ^ Stevens, Kenneth (Winter 1986). "Of Whaling Ships and Kings: The Johanna Bombardment of 1851". Prologue. 18: 241–249.
- ^ Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019.
- ^ Rawlinson, H.G. (1920). British beginnings in western India, 1579-1657: an account of the early days of the British factory of Surat.
- ^ a b Constitution de l'État d’Anjouan. Archived 2021-02-14 at the Wayback Machine (Constitution of the State of Anjouan.) (in French)
- ^ "COMOROS: Military invasion of Anjouan imminent, government warns". IRIN. 2008-01-31. Archived from the original on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ a b "Comoros anger over chopper crash". BBC News. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
- ^ "Comoran rebel asylum plea refused". BBC News. 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
- ^ "Five candidates vie for the presidency of Anjouan." Archived 2012-08-02 at archive.today Afrique en ligne. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
- ^ "Anjouan Island". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
- ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Johanna", p. 135; "St. Johann", p. 254).
- ^ "Flexiseps johannae ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ "Ndzuani highlands". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- ^ UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Parc National Mont Ntringui from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 30 August 2021. [1]
- ^ Parcs nationaux des Comores (2017). Plan d’Aménagement et de Gestion du Parc national Mont Ntringui. 2017-2021. 94 p + annexes 84 p.
- ^ UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Parc National Shisiwani from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 31 August 2021. [2]
- ^ regional government
- ^ Houlder V, Peel M. Harbours of resentment. Financial Times, December 1, 2008, p.11
- ^ The Central Bank of Comoros
- ^ Anjouan’s Offshore Finance Authority
- ^ "Union of the Comoros: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism," IMF 2010
- ^ "Anjouan to elect new leader after rebel ousted". Google News. Agence France-Presse. June 13, 2008. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Angola Press[permanent dead link]
- ^ 初めての方でも安心!レンタルフットサルコートの利用術. www.gouvernorat-anjouan.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
External links
- Official website of the Governorate of Anjouan Archived 2016-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Official website of the Government of Comoros
- Anjouan.net (In English and French)
- Official website of the Central Bank of Comoros