Ankara
Ankara | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (TRT) | |
Postal code | 06xxx |
Area code | +90 312 |
Vehicle registration | 06 |
Website | www www |
Ankara (
Serving as the capital of the ancient
On 23 April 1920, the
Etymology
The orthography of the name Ankara).
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2017) |
The region's history can be traced back to the
Ancient history
The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the
Phrygian rule was succeeded first by
Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there around 300 BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east.[citation needed] By that time[citation needed] the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra, meaning anchor in Greek) which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara.
Celtic history
In 278 BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a Celtic group, the Galatians, who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe.[24] Other centers were Pessinus, today's Ballıhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, and Tavium, to the east of Ankara, for the Tolistobogii tribe. The city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome, a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near Trier.
Roman history
The city was subsequently passed under the control of the
An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. The small Ankara River ran through the center of the Roman town. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Çankaya, the rim of the majestic hill to the south of the present city center, stood well outside the Roman city, but may have been a summer resort. In the 19th century, the remains of at least one Roman villa or large house were still standing not far from where the Çankaya Presidential Residence stands today. To the west, the Roman city extended until the area of the Gençlik Park and Railway Station, while on the southern side of the hill, it may have extended downward as far as the site presently occupied by Hacettepe University. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of Gaul or Britannia.[citation needed]
Ancyra's importance rested on the fact that it was the junction point where the roads in northern Anatolia running north–south and east–west intersected, giving it major strategic importance for Rome's eastern frontier.
The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian in 272. The tetrarchy, a system of multiple (up to four) emperors introduced by Diocletian (284–305), seems to have engaged in a substantial program of rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and Dorylaeum (now Eskişehir).
In its heyday, Roman Ancyra was a large market and trading center but it also functioned as a major administrative capital, where a high official ruled from the city's Praetorium, a large administrative palace or office. During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town.
Byzantine history
The city is well known during the 4th century as a center of Christian activity (see also below), due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius.[25] Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra and Basil of Ancyra were active in the theological controversies of their day, and the city was the site of no fewer than three church synods in 314, 358 and 375, the latter two in favor of Arianism.[25]
The city was visited by Emperor
In 479, the rebel
In 654, the city, also known in Arabic sources as Qalat as-Salasil ("fortress of the chains"),
Ecclesiastical history
Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor Trajan (98–117). In the 280s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius.
As in other Roman towns, the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In 303, Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. Clement's life describes how he was taken to Rome, then sent back, and forced to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he, and his brother, and various companions were put to death. The remains of the church of St. Clement can be found today in a building just off Işıklar Caddesi in the Ulus district. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. Theodotus of Ancyra is also venerated as a saint.
However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra was the center of
Though paganism was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement's day, it may still have been the majority religion. Twenty years later, Christianity and monotheism had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there.[29]
In 362–363, Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men.[30] The stone base for a statue, with an inscription describing Julian as "Lord of the whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations", can still be seen, built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle. The Column of Julian which was erected in honor of the emperor's visit to the city in 362 still stands today. In 375, Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them St. Gregory of Nyssa.
In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial
The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until the 20th century, with about 40,000 faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. The earlier Armenian genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the Armenian Catholic Church, which had been established in 1850.[31][32] It is also a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Both the Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the 'modern' Armenian eparchy are now listed by the Catholic Church as titular sees,[33] with separate apostolic successions.
Seljuk and Ottoman history
After the
After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, in which the Mongols defeated the Seljuks, most of Anatolia became part of the dominion of the Mongols. Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city-state in 1290. Orhan, the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire, captured the city in 1356. Timur defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and took the city, but in 1403 Angora was again under Ottoman control.
The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768.[16] In the 19th century, its population was estimated at 20,000 to 60,000.[22] It was sacked by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832.[16]
From 1867 to 1922, the city served as the capital of the
Prior to World War I, the town had a British consulate and a population of around 28,000, roughly 1⁄3 of whom were Christian.[16]
Turkish republican capital
Following the
After Ankara became the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey, new development divided the city into an old section, called Ulus, and a new section, called Yenişehir. Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section. The new section, now centered on
Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section. Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since it was made Turkey's capital in 1923, when it was "a small town of no importance".[37] In 1924, the year after the government had moved there, Ankara had about 35,000 residents. By 1927 there were 44,553 residents and by 1950 the population had grown to 286,781. After 1930, the city officially became known in Western languages as Ankara. By the late 1930s, the English name "Angora" was no longer in popular use.[38]
Ankara continued to grow rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century and eventually outranked İzmir as Turkey's second-largest city, after Istanbul. Ankara's urban population reached 4,587,558 in 2014, while the population of Ankara Province reached 5,150,072 in 2015.[39]
The Presidential Palace of Turkey is situated in Ankara. This building serves as the main residence of the president.
Geography
Geographically, Ankara is located in the middle of the Kızılırmak and Sakarya rivers, and the Sakarya River forms its border with Eskişehir in the west. Ankara shares its borders with Bolu and Çankırı in the north; Konya in the south and Kırıkkale in the east.[40]
Ankara and its province are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The Çubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara. It is connected in the western suburbs of the city to the Ankara River, which is a tributary of the Sakarya River.
Climate
Under the
Climate data for Ankara (Turkish State Meteorological Service Compound, Keçiören), 1991–2020, extremes 1927–2021 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
41.0 (105.8) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.1 (102.4) |
33.3 (91.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
41.0 (105.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.0 (87.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.9 (−12.8) |
−24.2 (−11.6) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
3.8 (38.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−24.2 (−11.6) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.6 (1.52) |
36.6 (1.44) |
46.9 (1.85) |
44.5 (1.75) |
51.0 (2.01) |
40.2 (1.58) |
14.8 (0.58) |
14.6 (0.57) |
17.9 (0.70) |
33.4 (1.31) |
31.9 (1.26) |
43.2 (1.70) |
413.6 (16.28) |
Average precipitation days | 13.60 | 12.67 | 13.87 | 13.40 | 14.53 | 11.47 | 4.60 | 5.10 | 5.50 | 9.23 | 8.93 | 14.00 | 126.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76.7 | 70.7 | 63.2 | 58.4 | 56.3 | 53.1 | 45.5 | 45.3 | 48.8 | 60.2 | 68.6 | 76.7 | 60.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.2 | 101.7 | 148.8 | 189.0 | 238.7 | 279.0 | 328.6 | 316.2 | 264.0 | 195.3 | 129.0 | 74.4 | 2,332.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.2 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 8.8 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 2.4 | 6.4 |
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[42] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020)[43]
|
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
2007 | 4,466,756 | — |
2012 | 4,965,542 | +2.14% |
2017 | 5,445,026 | +1.86% |
2022 | 5,782,285 | +1.21% |
Source: TÜİK[44] |
Ankara had a population of 75,000 in 1927. There were 74,632 male residents and 48,882 female residents in Ankara according to the 1935 census.[45] As of 2022, the population of the Ankara Province was 5,782,285.[44] When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, it was designated as a planned city for 500,000 future inhabitants. During the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, the city grew in a planned and orderly pace. However, from the 1950s onward, the city grew much faster than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city to seek a better standard of living. As a result, many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city, causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household amenities.
Nevertheless, many of these gecekondus have been replaced by huge public housing projects in the form of tower blocks such as Elvankent, Eryaman and Güzelkent; and also as mass housing compounds for military and civil service accommodation. Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find.
Çorum and Yozgat, which are located in Central Anatolia and whose population is decreasing, are the provinces with the highest net migration to Ankara.[46] About one third of the Central Anatolia population of 15,608,868 people resides in Ankara.
The
Economy and infrastructure
Ankara has long been a productive agricultural region in Anatolia. In the Ottoman period, Ankara was well known for producing grain, cotton, and fruits.[48]
The city has exported
The
Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish
A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions; such as the
Transportation
The Electricity, Gas, Bus General Directorate (EGO)[54] operates the Ankara Metro and other forms of public transportation. Ankara is served by a suburban rail named Başkentray (B1) and five Metro lines (A1, M1, M2, M3, M4) of the Ankara Metro with about 400,000 total daily commuters, while additional subway lines (A2 and M2a/b) are under construction. A 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long gondola lift with four stations connects the district of Şentepe to the Yenimahalle metro station.[55]
The
Ankara public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes. 17% of public transit passengers, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is sixteen minutes, while 28% of users wait for over twenty minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.9 km (6.2 mi), while 27% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[57]
Politics
Since 8 April 2019, the Mayor of Ankara is Mansur Yavaş from the Republican People's Party (CHP), who won the mayoral election in 2019 and 2024.
Ankara is politically a triple battleground between the ruling conservative
Ankara district Municipalities Local elections, 2024 | |
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CHP | 16 / 25
|
AK Party | 8 / 25
|
Independent | 1 / 25 |
The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016, most notably on
Melih Gökçek was the Metropolitan Mayor of Ankara between 1994 and 2017. Initially elected in the 1994 local elections, he was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and 2009. In the 2014 local elections, Gökçek stood for a fifth term. The MHP's metropolitan mayoral candidate for the 2009 local elections, Mansur Yavaş, stood as the CHP's candidate against Gökçek in 2014. In a heavily controversial election, Gökçek was declared the winner by just 1% ahead of Yavaş amid allegations of systematic electoral fraud. With the Supreme Electoral Council and courts rejecting his appeals, Yavaş declared his intention to take the irregularities to the European Court of Human Rights. Although Gökçek was inaugurated for a fifth term, most election observers believe[59] that Yavaş was the winner of the election.[60][61][62][63][64] Gökçek resigned on 28 October 2017 and was replaced by the former mayor of Sincan district, Mustafa Tuna; who was succeeded by Mansur Yavaş of the CHP, the current Mayor of Ankara, elected in 2019.
Main sights
Ancient/archeological sites
Ankara Citadel
The foundations of the Ankara castle and citadel were laid by the Galatians on a prominent lava outcrop (39°56′28″N 32°51′50″E / 39.941°N 32.864°E), and the rest was completed by the Romans. The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions. The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture. There are also recreational areas to relax. Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants, serving local cuisine.
The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during 1927–1952 and 1983–1989.[65]
Roman Theater
The remains, the stage, and the backstage of the Roman theater can be seen outside the castle. Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The seating area is still under excavation.
Temple of Augustus and Rome
The Augusteum,
Roman Baths
The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman bath complex: a frigidarium (cold room), a tepidarium (warm room) and a caldarium (hot room). The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios, the God of Medicine. Today, only the basement and first floors remain. It is situated in the Ulus quarter.
Roman Road
The Roman Road of Ankara or Cardo Maximus was found in 1995 by Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu. It is 216 meters (709 feet) long and 6.7 meters (22.0 feet) wide. Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the excavations along the road and most of them are displayed at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.[67][68]
Column of Julian
The Column of Julian or Julianus, now in the Ulus district, was erected in honor of the Roman emperor
Mosques
Kocatepe Mosque
Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city. Located in the Kocatepe quarter, it was constructed between 1967 and 1987 in classical Ottoman style with four minarets. Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for the city.
Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque
Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque is located near the Presidency of Religious Affairs on the Eskişehir Road. Built in the Turkish neoclassical style, it is one of the largest new mosques in the city, completed and opened in 2013. It can accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers, and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers. The mosque was decorated with Anatolian Seljuk style patterns.[69]
Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque
It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect Sinan in the 16th century. The mimber (pulpit) and mihrap (prayer niche) are of white marble, and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone, an example of very fine workmanship.
Hacı Bayram Mosque
This mosque, in the Ulus quarter next to the
Ahi Elvan Mosque
It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by the Ahi fraternity during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The finely carved walnut mimber (pulpit) is of particular interest.[71]
Alâeddin Mosque
The Alâeddin Mosque is the oldest mosque in Ankara. It has a
Modern monuments
Victory Monument
The
Statue of Atatürk
Located at Zafer(Victory) Square (
Monument to a Secure, Confident Future
This monument, located in Güvenpark near Kızılay Square, was erected in 1935 and bears Atatürk's advice to his people: "Turk! Be proud, work hard, and believe in yourself." (There is debate on whether or not Atatürk actually said "Use your mind"(Turkish: öğün) instead of "Be proud"(Turkish: övün))[73]
The monument was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5 lira banknote of 1937–1952[74] and of the 1000 lira banknotes of 1939–1946.[75]
Hatti Monument
Erected in 1978 at Sıhhiye Square, this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc (which was later adopted by the Hittites) and commemorates Anatolia's earliest known civilization. The Hatti Sun Disc has been used in the previous logo of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. It was also used in the previous logo of the Ministry of Culture & Tourism.
Inns
Suluhan
Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara. It is also called the Hasanpaşa Han. It is about 400 meters (1,300 ft) southeast of Ulus Square and situated in the Hacıdoğan neighborhood. According to the vakfiye (inscription) of the building, the Ottoman era han was commissioned by Hasan Pasha, a regional beylerbey, and was constructed between 1508 and 1511, during the final years of the reign of Sultan Bayezid II.[76] There are 102 rooms (now shops) which face the two yards.[77] In each room there is a window, a niche and a chimney.[78]
Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum
Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum is a museum of industrial technology situated in Çengel Han, an Ottoman era Inn which was completed in 1523, during the early years of the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The exhibits include industrial/technological artifacts from the 1850s onwards. There are also sections about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey; Vehbi Koç, Rahmi Koç's father and one of the first industrialists of Turkey, and Ankara city.
Shopping
Foreign visitors to Ankara usually like to visit the old shops in Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu (Weavers' Road) near Ulus, where myriad things ranging from traditional fabrics, hand-woven carpets and leather products can be found at bargain prices. Bakırcılar Çarşısı (Bazaar of Coppersmiths) is particularly popular, and many interesting items, not just of copper, can be found here like jewelry, carpets, costumes, antiques and embroidery. Up the hill to the castle gate, there are many shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices, dried fruits, nuts, and other produce.
Modern shopping areas are mostly found in
As Ankara started expanding westward in the 1970s, several modern, suburbia-style developments and mini-cities began to rise along the western highway, also known as the
Culture
The arts
Turkish State Opera and Ballet, the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, has its headquarters in Ankara, and serves the city with three venues:
- Ankara Opera House (Opera Sahnesi, also known as Büyük Tiyatro) is the largest of the three venues for opera and ballet in Ankara.
Music
Ankara is host to five classical music orchestras:
- Presidential Symphony Orchestra (Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra)
- Bilkent Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is a major symphony orchestra of Turkey.
- Hacettepe Symphony Orchestra was founded in 2003 and directed by Erol Erdinç
- Başkent Oda Orkestrası (Chamber Orchestra of the Capital)[79]
There are four concert halls in the city:
- CSO Concert Hall
- Bilkent Concert Hall is a performing arts center in Ankara. It is located in the Bilkent University campus.
- MEB Şura Salonu (also known as the Festival Hall), It is noted for its tango performances.
- Çankaya Çağdaş Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall was founded in 1994.
The city has been host to several well-established, annual theater, music, film festivals:
- Ankara International Music Festival, a music festival organized in the Turkish capital presenting classical music and ballet programs.
Ankara also has a number of concert venues such as Eskiyeni, IF Performance Hall, Jolly Joker, Kite, Nefes Bar, and Route, which host the live performances and events of popular musicians.
Theater
The Turkish State Theatres also has its head office in Ankara and runs the following stages in the city:
- 125. Yıl Çayyolu Sahnesi
- Büyük Tiyatro,
- Küçük Tiyatro,
- Şinasi Sahnesi,
- Akün Sahnesi,
- Altındağ Tiyatrosu,
- İrfan Şahinbaş Atölye Sahnesi,
- Oda Tiyatrosu,
- Mahir Canova Sahnesi,
- Muhsin Ertuğrul Sahnesi.
In addition, the city is served by several private theater companies, among which Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu, who have their own stage in the city center, is a notable example.
Museums
There are about 50 museums in the city.
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
The
treasures.Anıtkabir
Anıtkabir is located on an imposing hill, which forms the Anıttepe quarter of the city, where the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey, stands. Completed in 1953, it is a fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles. An adjacent museum houses a wax statue of Atatürk, his writings, letters and personal items, as well as an exhibition of photographs recording important moments in his life and during the establishment of the Republic. Anıtkabir is open every day, while the adjacent museum is open every day except Mondays.
Ankara Ethnography Museum
State Art and Sculpture Museum
The State Art and Sculpture Museum (Resim-Heykel Müzesi) which opened to the public in 1980[82] is close to the Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day. There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions.
Cer Modern
Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara, inaugurated on 1 April 2010. It is situated in the renovated building of the historic TCDD Cer Atölyeleri, formerly a workshop of the Turkish State Railways. The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey. The museum holds periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting other contemporary arts events.
War of Independence Museum
The War of Independence Museum (Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi) is located on Ulus Square. It was originally the first Parliament building (TBMM) of the Republic of Turkey. The War of Independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition. In another display, wax figures of former presidents of the Republic of Turkey are on exhibit.
Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library
The
TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum
The TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum is an open-air museum which traces the history of steam locomotives.
Ankara Aviation Museum
Ankara Aviation Museum (Hava Kuvvetleri Müzesi Komutanlığı) is located near the Istanbul Road in Etimesgut. The museum opened to the public in September 1998.
METU Science and Technology Museum
The
Sports
As with all other cities of Turkey, football is the most popular sport in Ankara. The city has two
Ankara has a large number of minor teams, playing at regional levels. In the
In the
There are many popular spots for skateboarding which is active in the city since the 1980s. Skaters in Ankara usually meet in the park near the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
The 2012-built THF Sport Hall hosts the Handball Super League and Women's Handball Super League matches scheduled in Ankara.[85]
Parks
Ankara has many parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the Republic and well maintained and expanded thereafter. The most important of these parks are:
Gençlik Park was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1952–1976.[86]
Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo (Atatürk Orman Çiftliği) is an expansive recreational farming area which houses a zoo, several small agricultural farms, greenhouses, restaurants, a dairy farm and a brewery. It is a pleasant place to spend a day with family, be it for having picnics, hiking, biking or simply enjoying good food and nature. There is also an exact replica of the house where Atatürk was born in 1881, in Thessaloniki, Greece. Visitors to the "Çiftlik" (farm) as it is affectionately called by Ankarans, can sample such famous products of the farm such as old-fashioned beer and ice cream, fresh dairy products and meat rolls/kebabs made on charcoal, at a traditional restaurant (Merkez Lokantası, Central Restaurant), cafés and other establishments scattered around the farm.
Education
Universities
Ankara is noted, within Turkey, for the multitude of universities it is home to. These include the following, several of them being among the most reputable in the country:
- Ankara University
- Atılım University
- Başkent University
- Bilkent University
- Çankaya University
- Gazi University
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy
- Hacettepe University
- Middle East Technical University
- TED University
- TOBB University of Economics and Technology
- Turkish Aeronautical Association University
- Turkish Military Academy
- Turkish National Police Academy
- Ufuk University
- Yıldırım Beyazıt University
Fauna
Angora cat
Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic
They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat, no undercoat and a fine bone structure. There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and
Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or green. The W gene which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability, and the presence of a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors.
Ears are pointed and large, eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile. Another characteristic is the tail, which is often kept parallel to the back.
Angora goat
The Angora goat (Turkish: Ankara keçisi) is a breed of domestic goat that originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia.[87]
This breed was first mentioned in the time of
The
For a long period of time, Angora goats were bred for their white coat. In 1998, the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association was set up to promote breeding of colored Angoras. Today, Angora goats produce white, black (deep black to greys and silver), red (the color fades significantly as the goat gets older), and brownish fiber.
Angora goats were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknotes of 1938–1952.[89]
Angora rabbit
The Angora rabbit (Turkish: Ankara tavşanı) is a variety of domestic rabbit bred for its long, soft hair. The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, originating in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia, along with the Angora cat and Angora goat. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the mid-18th century, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. They are bred largely for their long Angora wool, which may be removed by shearing, combing, or plucking (gently pulling loose wool).
Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft. They have a humorous appearance, as they oddly resemble a fur ball. Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully. Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit. A condition called "wool block" is common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly.[90] Sometimes they are shorn in the summer as the long fur can cause the rabbits to overheat.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Ankara is
- Seoul, South Korea (since 1971)[92][93]
- Islamabad, Pakistan (since 1982)[94]
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (since 1984)
- Beijing, China (since 1990)[95]
- Amman, Jordan (since 1992)
- Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (since 1992)
- Budapest, Hungary (since 1992)
- Khartoum, Sudan (since 1992)
- Moscow, Russia (since 1992)
- Sofia, Bulgaria (since 1992)
- Havana, Cuba (since 1993)
- Kyiv, Ukraine (since 1993)
- Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (since 1994)
- Kuwait City, Kuwait (since 1994)
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1994)[96]
- Tirana, Albania (since 1995)[97]
- Tbilisi, Georgia (since 1996)[98]
- Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia (since 1997)
- Alanya, Turkey
- Bucharest, Romania (since 1998)
- Hanoi, Vietnam (since 1998)
- Manama, Bahrain (since 2000)
- Mogadishu, Somalia (since 2000)
- Santiago, Chile (since 2000)
- Astana, Kazakhstan (since 2001)
- Dushanbe, Tajikistan (since 2003)
- Kabul, Afghanistan (since 2003)
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (since 2003)
- Cairo, Egypt (since 2004)
- Chișinău, Moldova (since 2004)[99]
- Sana'a, Yemen (since 2004)
- Tashkent, Uzbekistan (since 2004)
- Pristina, Kosovo (since 2005)
- Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia (since 2005)
- Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (since 2005)
- Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (since 2006)
- Minsk, Belarus (since 2007)[100]
- Zagreb, Croatia (since 2008)[101]
- Damascus, Syria (since 2010)
- Bissau, Guinea-Bissau (since 2011)
- Washington, D.C., US (since 2011)[102]
- Bangkok, Thailand (since 2012)[103]
- Tehran, Iran (since 2013)[104]
- Doha, Qatar (since 2016)[105]
- Podgorica, Montenegro (since 7 March 2019)
- North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus
- Djibouti City, Djibouti (since 2017)[106]
Partner cities
See also
- Angora cat
- Angora goat
- Angora rabbit
- Ankara Agreement
- Ankara Arena
- Ankara Central Station
- Ankara Esenboğa International Airport
- Ankara Metro
- Ankara Province
- Ankara University
- ATO Congresium
- Basil of Ancyra
- Battle of Ancyra
- Battle of Ankara
- Clement of Ancyra
- Gemellus of Ancyra
- History of Ankara
- List of hospitals in Ankara Province
- List of mayors of Ankara
- List of municipalities in Ankara Province
- List of districts of Ankara
- List of people from Ankara
- List of tallest buildings in Ankara
- Marcellus of Ancyra
- Monumentum Ancyranum
- Nilus of Ancyra
- Roman Baths of Ankara
- Synod of Ancyra
- Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)
- Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)
- Timeline of Ankara
- Treaty of Ankara (disambiguation)
- Victory Monument (Ankara)
Notes
- ^ İlker, Alan; Zerrin, Demirörs; Rüya, Bayar; Kerime, Karabacak (10 June 2020). "The Case Of Ankara Province (25,653.46 km²)". Ankara University (www.ankara.edu.tr). International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 42; pg.650–667.
- ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz Ölçümleri - Ankara Province (25,632 km²)". www.harita.gov.tr. Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (HGM). 2014.
- ^ a b "Gölbaşı (1,508.61 km²) - Ankara Province (25,575.94 km²) (pg.3)" (PDF). www.csb.gov.tr. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. 2020.
- ^ a b c "Ankara City: the population and area of the districts". CityPopulation.de.
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- ^ Livy, xxxviii. 16
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- ^ The citadel was depicted in the following Turkish banknotes:
- On the obverse of the 1 lira banknote of 1927–1939 (1. Emission Group – One Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
- On the obverse of the 5 lira banknote of 1927–1937 (1. Emission Group – Five Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
- On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of 1927–1938 (1. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
- On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of 1938–1952 (2. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
- On the reverse of the 100 lira banknotes of 1983–1989 (7. Emission Group – One Hundred Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine & II. Series Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
- ^ Chisholm 1911b, p. 953.
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3. Emission Group – Fifty Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine & II. Series Archived 12 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "Angora Rabbit Breeds – How to Care for Your Angora Rabbit". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
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- ^ Ankara Province / Metropolitan municipality (25,653.46 km² including lake[1][2][3] / 24,521 km² excluding lake, according to the Turkish Statistical Institute - TÜİK) is a province (il) of Turkey which has 25 districts (ilçe), and 9 of these districts form the urban area of Ankara city (4,130.2 km² including lake).[4]
Altındağ = 158.2 km²
Çankaya = 454.2 km²
Etimesgut = 283.2 km²
Gölbaşı = 1,508.6 km² (a small area is part of the city proper)[3]
Keçiören = 152.2 km²
Mamak = 345.7 km²
Pursaklar = 133.7 km²
Sincan = 862.3 km²
Yenimahalle = 232.1 km² - ^ [10][11][12][13]
- ^ /ænˈsaɪrə/ an-SY-rə[12][13]
- ^ /æŋˈɡɔːrə/ ang-GOR-ə,[15] US also /ˈæŋɡərə/ ANG-gə-rə),[12]
References
- Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45. .
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911b). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 953.
- Parvis, Sarah (2006). Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928013-1.
Attribution
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angora". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- public domain: Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "Ancyra". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Members of Staff of the Museum (2006). Guide book to The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Ankara: "The association for the support and encouragement of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations." Dönmez offset (Printer). ISBN 978-975-17-2198-3.