Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor | ||
---|---|---|
D ) | ||
• Administrator | Milton Dohoney | |
• Clerk | Jacqueline Beaudry | |
• City council | Members
| |
Area FIPS code | 26-03000[6] | |
GNIS feature ID | 0620133[6] | |
Website | a2gov |
Ann Arbor is a city in and the county seat of Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States.[7] The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851, making it the fifth-most populous city in Michigan.[8] It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor metropolitan area, which encompasses all of Washtenaw County and had 372,258 residents in 2020. Ann Arbor is also included in the Metro Detroit combined statistical area and the Great Lakes megalopolis.
Ann Arbor is home to the
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey.[10][11] It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees they found at the site of the town.[12] The city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century.
History
Before founding as Ann Arbor
The lands of present-day Ann Arbor were part of
In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor.[15]
19th century
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators
Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827[19] and was incorporated as a village in 1833.[20] The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan.[21]
Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked.[22] The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878.[23] Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish,[24] and Black people.[25] In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city,[26] though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873.[23] It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth,[27] with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland.
20th century
Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling.[28] Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.[29]
In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3 million bond issue to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect Alden B. Dow. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom, Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.[30]
During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and
Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor; the
Since 1998, Ann Arbor is also the home office of the Anthroposophical Society in the United States, an organization dedicated to supporting the community of those interested in the inner path of schooling known as anthroposophy, developed by Rudolf Steiner.
Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.[35]
21st century
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside.[36] On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development.[37] Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits.[38] Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year[citation needed].
In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four.[39] Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years.[40] Beginning in 2018 the city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years.[40] To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.[40]
In 2020, partly as a response to the
Geography
Ann Arbor is located along the
Landscape
The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd.[47] Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).[48]
Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks.
Cityscape
The cityscape of Ann Arbor is heavily influenced by the University of Michigan, with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university.[53][54]
Downtown
The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city — including the President's House, built in 1840 — and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts.[55][56] These other three districts, Kerrytown, State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near the northwestern corner of the university.[57]
Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include the
Downtown Ann Arbor is a frequent host of many large events, including the award-winning
Other areas
Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side.[59] Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district.[60] The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.[61]
Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to
Climate
Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around 34 °F (1 °C). Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around 81 °F (27 °C) and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter.[64] The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days,[65] and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights.[65] Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934.[65]
Climate data for Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMich, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) |
68 (20) |
85 (29) |
88 (31) |
95 (35) |
103 (39) |
105 (41) |
104 (40) |
99 (37) |
91 (33) |
78 (26) |
67 (19) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 51.7 (10.9) |
53.7 (12.1) |
68.2 (20.1) |
78.0 (25.6) |
86.4 (30.2) |
91.7 (33.2) |
92.7 (33.7) |
91.4 (33.0) |
88.7 (31.5) |
80.5 (26.9) |
65.5 (18.6) |
54.3 (12.4) |
94.3 (34.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 31.9 (−0.1) |
35.4 (1.9) |
46.2 (7.9) |
59.7 (15.4) |
71.4 (21.9) |
80.1 (26.7) |
83.7 (28.7) |
81.7 (27.6) |
75.1 (23.9) |
62.2 (16.8) |
48.0 (8.9) |
36.3 (2.4) |
59.3 (15.2) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.0 (−4.4) |
26.5 (−3.1) |
35.7 (2.1) |
47.6 (8.7) |
59.0 (15.0) |
68.0 (20.0) |
71.9 (22.2) |
70.3 (21.3) |
63.3 (17.4) |
51.4 (10.8) |
39.2 (4.0) |
29.2 (−1.6) |
48.8 (9.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 16.2 (−8.8) |
17.7 (−7.9) |
25.2 (−3.8) |
35.5 (1.9) |
46.6 (8.1) |
55.9 (13.3) |
60.1 (15.6) |
58.8 (14.9) |
51.6 (10.9) |
40.7 (4.8) |
30.5 (−0.8) |
22.1 (−5.5) |
38.4 (3.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −1.5 (−18.6) |
1.1 (−17.2) |
8.5 (−13.1) |
22.8 (−5.1) |
33.9 (1.1) |
43.7 (6.5) |
50.3 (10.2) |
49.5 (9.7) |
38.4 (3.6) |
28.6 (−1.9) |
17.2 (−8.2) |
6.2 (−14.3) |
−5.6 (−20.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) |
−23 (−31) |
−8 (−22) |
7 (−14) |
20 (−7) |
35 (2) |
37 (3) |
39 (4) |
27 (−3) |
19 (−7) |
−3 (−19) |
−20 (−29) |
−23 (−31) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.96 (75) |
2.51 (64) |
2.82 (72) |
3.44 (87) |
3.84 (98) |
3.91 (99) |
3.52 (89) |
3.52 (89) |
3.18 (81) |
2.99 (76) |
2.82 (72) |
2.75 (70) |
38.26 (972) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 18.3 (46) |
15.3 (39) |
8.3 (21) |
2.6 (6.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
4.1 (10) |
12.7 (32) |
61.4 (156) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 18.3 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.7 | 12.4 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 13.5 | 16.9 | 165.7 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 15.2 | 12.1 | 7.5 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 11.5 | 54.5 |
Source: |
Demographics
Historical racial composition | 2020[68] | 2010[69] | 1990[70] | 1970[70] | 1940[70] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White |
67.6% | 73.0% | 82.0% | 91% | 95.5% |
—Non-Hispanic | 65.9% | 70.4% | 80.4% | - | - |
Black or African American |
6.8% | 7.7% | 9.0% | 6.7% | 4.1% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 1.3%[note 1] | - |
Asian |
15.7% | 14.4% | 7.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% |
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 5,097 | — | |
1870 | 7,363 | 44.5% | |
1880 | 8,061 | 9.5% | |
1890 | 9,431 | 17.0% | |
1900 | 14,509 | 53.8% | |
1910 | 14,817 | 2.1% | |
1920 | 19,516 | 31.7% | |
1930 | 26,944 | 38.1% | |
1940 | 29,815 | 10.7% | |
1950 | 48,251 | 61.8% | |
1960 | 67,340 | 39.6% | |
1970 | 100,035 | 48.6% | |
1980 | 107,969 | 7.9% | |
1990 | 109,592 | 1.5% | |
2000 | 114,024 | 4.0% | |
2010 | 113,934 | −0.1% | |
2020 | 123,851 | 8.7% | |
2021 (est.) | 121,536 | [4] | −1.9% |
Before 1860[71] 1900–2000[72] U.S. Census Bureau[73][74] |
2020 census
As of the 2020 U.S. Census, there were 123,851 people and 49,948 households residing in the city.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[77] | Pop 2010[78] | Pop 2020[79] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
82,975 | 80,158 | 81,565 | 72.77% | 70.35% | 65.86% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
9,906 | 8,658 | 8,236 | 8.69% | 7.60% | 6.65% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
287 | 224 | 130 | 0.25% | 0.20% | 0.10% |
Asian alone (NH) | 13,532 | 16,293 | 19,372 | 11.87% | 14.30% | 15.64% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 34 | 34 | 72 | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.06% |
Other race alone (NH) | 386 | 296 | 807 | 0.34% | 0.26% | 0.65% |
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 3,090 | 3,605 | 6,876 | 2.71% | 3.16% | 5.55% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 3,814 | 4,666 | 6,793 | 3.34% | 4.10% | 5.48% |
Total | 114,024 | 113,934 | 123,851 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
2010 census
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,934 people, 20,502 families, and 47,060 households residing in the city.
In 2013, Ann Arbor had the second-largest community of Japanese citizens in the state of Michigan, at 1,541; this figure trailed only that of Novi, which had 2,666 Japanese nationals.[83]
In 2010, out of 47,060 households, 43.6% were family households, 20.1% had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 17.0% had individuals over age 65 living in them. Of the 20,502 family households, 19.2% included children under age 18, 34.2% were husband-wife families (estimates did not include same-sex married couples), and 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.17 people, and the average family size was 2.85 people. The median age was 27.8; 14.4% of the population was under age 18, and 9.3% was age 65 or older.[82] By the 2022 American Community Survey, the percentage of married couple households was 33.8%, while male householders with no spouse present (family households) were 26.1%, and female householders with no spouse present (family households) were 30.4%.[84]
According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey estimates, the median household income was $57,697, and the median family income was $95,528.[85] Males over age 25 and with earnings had a median income of $51,682, versus $39,203 for females.[86] The per capita income for the city was $37,158.[81] Nearly a quarter (23.4%) of people and 6.7% of families had incomes below the poverty level.[87]
Crime
In 2015, Ann Arbor was ranked 11th safest among cities in Michigan with a population of over 50,000.[88] It ranked safer than cities such as Royal Oak, Livonia, Canton and Clinton Township. The level of most crimes in Ann Arbor has fallen significantly in the past 20 years. In 1995 there were 294 aggravated assaults, 132 robberies and 43 rapes while in 2015 there were 128 aggravated assaults, 42 robberies and 58 rapes (under the revised definition).[89][90]
Ann Arbor's crime rate was below the national average in 2000. The violent crime rate was further below the national average than the property crime rate; the two rates were 48% and 11% lower than the U.S. average, respectively.[91][92]
Economy
The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center.
High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when
Websites and online media companies in or near the city include
As of 2022, Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes.[105] The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.[106]
The controversial detective and private security firm, Pinkerton is headquartered in Ann Arbor, being located on 101 N Main St.[117]
Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student housing cooperative founded in 1937.[118] There are also three cohousing communities—Sunward, Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits.[119]
Arts and culture
Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita.[124] The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.[125]
Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors.[126] Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.[127]
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of
Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including
Ann Arbor is represented in the NPSL by semi-pro soccer team AFC Ann Arbor, a club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.
A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town".
Parks and recreation
The Ann Arbor department of Parks and Recreation manages over 160 parks within the city limits, such as Buhr Park.[138] In addition, the University of Michigan operates several public green spaces, such as The Diag and Nichols Arboretum, and the county operates County Farm Park. Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such as Ann Arbor Public Schools.
The Federal building includes a public plaza at the corner of Fifth Ave. and Liberty St.
Government
As the county seat of Washtenaw County, the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. Seven judges serve on the court.[139] The 15th Michigan district court, which serves only the city itself, is located within the Ann Arbor Justice Center, immediately next to city hall. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit are also located in downtown Ann Arbor, at the federal building on Liberty Street.[140][141][142][143]
Local government
Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor elected at-large during midterm years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years.[144] The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014.[145] Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.[146]
Political issues
Progressive politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974),[147] and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990).[148] In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office.[149] In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election.[150] As of April 2021, Democrats hold the mayorship and all ten council seats.[151]
Abortion
Local politics
Ann Arbor residents have generally support both taxation and progressive causes locally. In 1974, a city survey found that a ⅔ majority of residents supported a city income tax.[155]
Ann Arbor has two major political factions.[156] In 2020, after the city council voted 7–4 to fire city administrator Howard Lazarus, several of the council members who voted to fire him lost their elections.[157][158] In April 2021, the city council voted to strip Jeff Hayner of his committee assignments response to his use of homophobic and racist slurs, followed in June by a vote to ask him to resign.[159] Hayner's ally on council, Elizabeth Nelson, defended Hayner, saying he "spoke the phonetic sounds without euphemism."[160][161] Hayner did not run for re-election in 2022 and Nelson lost her primary to Dharma Akmon in a series of elections that gave the mayor's faction 11-0 control of city council.[162][163][164]
A major source of this local divide is differences in views on the city's growth.[165] In 2018, two council members sued the city over a council decision to sell a city-owned property downtown to a housing developer.[166] Later that year, the city narrowly passed a proposal to keep that space as city owned property in perpetuity.[167] In 2020, the city council enacted a resolution sponsored by then council members Anne Bannister and Jeff Hayner to form an advisory body for developing the roof of the parking structure into a city park.[168] By late 2022, this advisory board had sent council a request to direct staff to evaluate the site for use for food truck rallies and other events.[169] In April 2023, city staff responded to this request with a memorandum stating in part that "this site is not well-suited for use as a food truck rally or food truck installation and that it will require significant capital investment to bring the site up to a standard that would be safe, convenient, and attractive as a community event space." [170] The following city council meeting included public comments deriding the lack of progress from this advisory commission.[171]
Education
Primary and secondary education
Ann Arbor is home to several private schools,[175] including Emerson School, the Father Gabriel Richard High School, Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor (a Prek-12 Waldorf school), Clonlara School, Michigan Islamic Academy, and Greenhills School, a prep school. The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK-12) of the Global Educational Excellence (GEE) charter school company,[176] Washtenaw Technical Middle College, and Honey Creek Community School.
Higher education
The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctive college-town character.[177] University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.
Other local colleges and universities include
Media
Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly
Four major
Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market.
Infrastructure
Healthcare
The
Water treatment
The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the
A plume of the industrial solvent dioxane is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences, Inc. property on the westside of Ann Arbor. It is currently detected at 0.039 ppb.[200] The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor's drinking water sources, the Huron River, which flows through downtown Ann Arbor.
Transportation
Ann Arbor is considered one of the US's most walkable cities, with one sixth of Ann Arborites walking to work according to the 2020 census.[201][202] Over 80,000 people commute into Ann Arbor each day from surrounding areas.[203]
Non-motorized transportation
Ann Arbor has made efforts to reverse the trend of car-dependent development. In 2019, 36% of trips in Ann Arbor were taken by walking, biking or transit.[204] In 2020, the city introduced a Healthy Streets program to encourage non-motorized transportation.[205] The Washtenaw county Border-to-Border Trail connects Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti, mostly along the Huron river, for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized transportation.[206][207] In 2017, Spin scooters started providing a scooter share program in Ann Arbor, expanding this to include dockless e-bikes in 2023.[208][209][210]
Walkability
Ann Arbor has a gold designation by the Walk Friendly Communities program.[202] Since 2011, the city's property taxes have included a provision for sidewalk maintenance and expansions, expanding the sidewalk network, filling sidewalk gaps, and repairing existing sidewalks.[211] The city has created a sidewalk gap dashboard, which showed 143 miles of sidewalk gaps in May 2022.[212] The outlying parts of the city and the township districts between Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti still contain markedly unwalkable areas.[213]
Bicycle
Between 2019 and 2022 Ann Arbor's Downtown Development Authority built four two-way protected bikeways downtown.[214] Early studies have shown a significant increase in bicycle use downtown since the construction of these bikeways.[215][216] In 2023, the city reported over 900 bicycle parking spaces downtown, though this is still a small portion compared to the over 8,000 car parking spots for cars.[217][218]
Public transit
The
Intercity buses
Railroads
The city was a major rail hub, notably for freight traffic between Toledo and ports north of Chicago, Illinois, from 1878 to 1982; however, the Ann Arbor Railroad also provided passenger service from 1878 to 1950, going northwest to Frankfort and Elberta on Lake Michigan and southeast to Toledo. (In Elberta connections to ferries across the Lake could be made.)[222][223] The city was served by the Michigan Central Railroad starting in 1837. The Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Street Railway, Michigan's first interurban, served the city from 1891 to 1929.[224]
Amtrak, which provides service to the city at the
Airports
Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small, city-run general aviation airport located south of I-94.
Roads and highways
The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a
Sister cities
Ann Arbor has seven
- Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (since 1965) The schools in Ann Arbor and Tübingen have regular exchanges.[229]
- Belize City, Belize (since 1967)
- Hikone, Shiga, Japan (since 1969) The schools in Ann Arbor and Hikone have regular exchanges.[230][231]
- Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (since 1983)
- Juigalpa, Chontales, Nicaragua (since 1986)
- Dakar, Senegal (since 1997)
- Remedios, Cuba (since 2003)
See also
- Ann Arbor staging
- Ardis Publishing
- List of people from Ann Arbor
- Iggy Pop
Notes
References
- ^ "City of Ann Arbor: Departments". 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
- ^ United States Census Bureau (December 29, 2022). "2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications". Federal Register.
- ^ a b "QuickFacts Ann Arbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
- ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ann Arbor, Michigan
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- ^ Bruckner, Meredith (March 31, 2023). "City of Ann Arbor to launch first shared e-bike program with community event on Monday". WDIV. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "Shared e-bikes program coming to Ann Arbor streets this week". WEMU-FM. April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "Ann Arbor voters favor street and sidewalk millage proposals". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ Stanton, Ryan (May 13, 2022). "Ann Arbor OKs nearly $500K plan to fill sidewalk gaps in 5 areas". mlive. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ Stanton, Ryan (February 5, 2023). "Unsafe sidewalk conditions between Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti persist after years of talks". mlive. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ Benda, Emily (January 16, 2019). "Ann Arbor plans network of protected bike lanes, beginning construction this spring". Concentrate. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ Stanton, Ryan (March 13, 2023). "Ann Arbor's new bikeways used by many, help grow bike ridership". mlive. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "Protected bike lanes in downtown Ann Arbor paying off as ridership increases". WEMU-FM. April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "Walk Bike Drive in Ann Arbor". www.a2gov.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "Can You Dig It". Main Street Ann Arbor. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "New AirRide bus travels between Ann Arbor and Detroit Metro". Michigan Radio. March 30, 2012. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
- ^ "Greyhound Relocates in Ann Arbor, Michigan" (Press release). Greyhound Lines, Inc. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
- ^ "Michigan Flyer—Home". Michigan Flyer. 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- ^ "A Brief History". Central Michigan University—Clarke Historical Library. February 5, 2010. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ American Rails, "Ann Arbor Railroad" https://www.american-rails.com/ann.html Archived October 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824–1974 (1880–1899) – Public Transportation and Changes in City Government". Ann Arbor District Library. December 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
- ^ Drukas, Alexander J. (March 27, 2008). "Ann Arbor's classic brunch still delights". MLive.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
- ^ Official 2007 Department of Transportation Map (Map). 1 in:15 mi/1 cm:9 km. Michigan Department of Transportation. 2007. § C1–C11. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "About our services". University of Michigan International Center. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
Our International Visitor Leadership Program coordinator also serves as the University of Michigan's official representative to the City of Ann Arbor's Sister City Program, which manages relationships with six sister cities: Tübingen, Germany; Hikone, Japan; Dakar, Senegal; Juigalpa, Nicaragua; Peterborough, Canada; and Belize City, Belize.
- ^ Ann Arbor City Council Minutes (November 6, 2003). Ann Arbor City Government.
- ^ The German-American Partnership Program Archived November 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Huron High School, July 26, 2019
- ^ Cavanagh, Tara. "VIDEOS: Hikone-Ann Arbor exchange provides lessons in culture, lifelong friendships Archived August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." Ann Arbor Public Schools. Date unstated.
- ^ Hans, Casey. "Hikone delegation comes to Ann Arbor for 32nd cultural exchange Archived August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." Ann Arbor Public Schools. Date unstated.
Works cited
- Marwil, Jonathan (1991). A History of Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06463-2.
- "Pictorial History of Ann Arbor". Ann Arbor District Library. 2003. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
Further reading
- Fisher, Dale (1996). Ann Arbor: Visions of the Eagle. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9615623-4-2.
- Schmittroth, Linda, ed. (1994). Cities of the United States (4th ed.). Detroit: Gale Group.
- Shackman, Grace (2006). Ann Arbor Observed. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03175-7.
- Brown, Bill (2010). You Should've Heard Just What I Seen: Collected Newspaper Articles, 1981–1984. Colossal Books. ISBN 978-0-557-66844-1.
- Encyclopedia of Michigan. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers. 1981. ISBN 978-0-403-09995-5.
- Michigan Gazetteer. Wilmington, DE: American Historical Publications. 1991.