Anna Anderson
Anna Anderson | |
---|---|
Born | Franziska Schanzkowska 16 December 1896 |
Died | 12 February 1984 | (aged 87)
Other names | Fräulein Unbekannt Anna Tschaikovsky Anastasia Tschaikovsky Anastasia Manahan |
Known for | Impostor of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia |
Spouse |
John Eacott "Jack" Manahan
(m. 1968) |
Anna Anderson (born Franziska Schanzkowska; 16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) was an
In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]
Between 1920 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan, who was later characterized as "probably
After the
Dalldorf asylum (1920–1922)
On 27 February 1920,
In early 1922, Clara Peuthert, a fellow psychiatric patient, claimed that the unknown woman was
A nurse at Dalldorf, Thea Malinovsky, claimed years after the patient's release from the asylum that the woman had told her she was another daughter of the Tsar, Anastasia, in the autumn of 1921.[19] However, the patient herself could not recall the incident.[20] Her biographers either ignore Malinovsky's claim,[21] or weave it into their narrative.[22]
Germany and Switzerland (1922–1927)
By May 1922, the woman was believed by Peuthert, Schwabe, and Tolstoy to be Anastasia, although Buxhoeveden said there was no resemblance.
She began calling herself Anna Tschaikovsky,
By 1925, Tschaikovsky had developed a tuberculous infection of her arm, and she was placed in a succession of hospitals for treatment. Sick and near death, she lost significant weight.[33] She was visited by the Tsarina's groom of the chamber Alexei Volkov; Anastasia's tutor Pierre Gilliard; his wife, Alexandra Tegleva, who had been Anastasia's nursemaid; and the Tsar's sister, Grand Duchess Olga. Although they expressed sympathy, if only for Tschaikovsky's illness, and made no immediate public declarations, eventually they all denied she was Anastasia.[34] In March 1926, she convalesced in Lugano with Harriet von Rathlef at the expense of Grand Duchess Anastasia's great-uncle, Prince Valdemar of Denmark. Valdemar was willing to offer Tschaikovsky material assistance, through the Danish ambassador to Germany, Herluf Zahle, while her identity was investigated.[35] To allow her to travel, the Berlin Aliens Office issued her with a temporary certificate of identity as "Anastasia Tschaikovsky", with Grand Duchess Anastasia's personal details.[36] After a quarrel with Rathlef, Tschaikovsky was moved to the Stillachhaus Sanatorium at Oberstdorf in the Bavarian Alps in June 1926, and Rathlef returned to Berlin.[37]
At Oberstdorf, Tschaikovsky was visited by Tatiana Melnik, née Botkin. Melnik was the niece of Serge Botkin, the head of the Russian refugee office in Berlin, and the daughter of the imperial family's personal physician, Eugene Botkin, who had been murdered by the communists alongside the Tsar's family in 1918. Tatiana Melnik had met Grand Duchess Anastasia as a child and had last spoken to her in February 1917.[38] To Melnik, Tschaikovsky looked like Anastasia, even though "the mouth has changed and coarsened noticeably, and because the face is so lean, her nose looks bigger than it was."[39] In a letter, Melnik wrote: "Her attitude is childlike, and altogether she cannot be reckoned with as a responsible adult, but must be led and directed like a child. She has not only forgotten languages, but has in general lost the power of accurate narration ... even the simplest stories she tells incoherently and incorrectly; they are really only words strung together in impossibly ungrammatical German ... Her defect is obviously in her memory and eyesight."[40] Melnik declared that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia, and supposed that any inability on her part to remember events and her refusal to speak Russian was caused by her impaired physical and psychological state.[41] Either inadvertently through a sincere desire to "aid the patient's weak memory",[42] or as part of a deliberate charade,[43] Melnik coached Tschaikovsky with details of life in the imperial family.
Castle Seeon (1927)
In 1927, under pressure from his family, Valdemar decided against providing Tschaikovsky with any further financial support, and the funds from Denmark were cut off.[44] Duke George of Leuchtenberg, a distant relative of the Tsar, gave her a home at Castle Seeon.[45] The Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, hired a private detective, Martin Knopf, to investigate the claims that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia.[46]
During her stay at Castle Seeon, Knopf reported that Tschaikovsky was actually a Polish factory worker called Franziska Schanzkowska.[47] Schanzkowska had worked in a munitions factory during World War I when, shortly after her fiancé had been killed at the front, a grenade fell out of her hand and exploded. She had been injured in the head, and a foreman was killed in front of her.[48] She became apathetic and depressed, was declared insane on 19 September 1916,[49] and spent time in two lunatic asylums.[50] In early 1920, she was reported missing from her Berlin lodgings, and since then had not been seen or heard from by her family.[51] In May 1927, Franziska's brother Felix Schanzkowski was introduced to Tschaikovsky at a local inn in Wasserburg near Castle Seeon. Leuchtenberg's son, Dmitri, was completely certain that Tschaikovsky was an impostor and that she was recognized by Felix as his sister,[52] but Leuchtenberg's daughter, Natalie, remained convinced of Tschaikovsky's authenticity.[53] Leuchtenberg himself was ambivalent.[54] According to one account, initially Felix declared that Tschaikovsky was his sister Franziska,[55] but the affidavit he signed spoke only of a "strong resemblance", highlighted physical differences, and said she did not recognize him.[56] Years later, Felix's family said that he knew Tschaikovsky was his sister, but he had chosen to leave her to her new life, which was far more comfortable than any alternative.[57]
Visitors to Seeon included
I claim categorically that she is not Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just an adventuress, a sick hysteric and a frightful playactress. I simply cannot understand how anyone can be in doubt of this. If you had seen her, I am convinced that you would recoil in horror at the thought that this frightful creature could be a daughter of our Tsar. [emphasis in original][58]
Other visitors, however, such as Felix Dassel, an officer whom Anastasia had visited in hospital during 1916, and Gleb Botkin, who had known Anastasia as a child and was Tatiana Melnik's brother, were convinced that Tschaikovsky was genuine.[59]
United States (1928–1931)
By 1928, Tschaikovsky's claim had received interest and attention in the United States, where Gleb Botkin had published articles in support of her cause.[60] Botkin's publicity caught the attention of a distant cousin of Anastasia's, Xenia Leeds, a former Russian princess who had married a wealthy American industrialist.[61] Botkin and Leeds arranged for Tschaikovsky to travel to the United States on board the liner Berengaria at Leeds's expense.[62] On the journey from Seeon to the States, Tschaikovsky stopped at Paris, where she met Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, the Tsar's cousin, who believed her to be Anastasia.[63] For six months Tschaikovsky lived at the estate of the Leeds family in Oyster Bay, New York.[64]
As the tenth anniversary of the Tsar's execution approached in July 1928, Botkin retained a lawyer, Edward Fallows, to oversee legal moves to obtain any of the Tsar's estate outside of the
From early 1929 Anderson lived with Annie Burr Jennings, a wealthy
Germany (1931–1968)
Anderson's return to Germany generated press interest, and drew more members of the German aristocracy to her cause.[85] She again lived itinerantly as a guest of her well-wishers.[86] In 1932, the British tabloid News of the World published a sensational story accusing her of being a Romanian actress who was perpetrating a fraud.[87] Her lawyer, Fallows, filed suit for libel, but the lengthy case continued until the outbreak of World War II, at which time the case was dismissed because Anderson was living in Germany, and German residents could not sue in enemy countries.[85] From 1938, lawyers acting for Anderson in Germany contested the distribution of the Tsar's estate to his recognized relations, and they in turn contested her identity.[88] The litigation continued intermittently without resolution for decades; Lord Mountbatten footed some of his German relations' legal bills against Anderson.[89] The protracted proceedings became the longest-running lawsuit in German history.[90]
Anderson had a final meeting with the Schanzkowski family in 1938. Gertrude Schanzkowska was insistent that Anderson was her sister, Franziska,
Prince Frederick settled Anderson in a former army barracks in the small village of Unterlengenhardt, on the edge of the
Final years (1968–1984)
Botkin was living in the university town of Charlottesville, Virginia, and a local friend of his, history professor and genealogist John Eacott "Jack" Manahan, paid for Anderson's journey to the United States.[104] She entered the country on a six-month visitor's visa, and shortly before it was due to expire, Anderson married Manahan, who was 20 years her junior, in a civil ceremony on 23 December 1968. Botkin was best man.[105] Jack Manahan enjoyed this marriage of convenience,[106] and described himself as "Grand Duke-in-Waiting"[107] or "son-in-law to the Tsar".[108] The couple lived in separate bedrooms in a house on University Circle in Charlottesville, and also owned a farm near Scottsville.[109] Botkin died in December 1969.[110] In February of the following year, 1970, the lawsuits finally came to an end, with neither side able to establish Anderson's identity.[111]
Manahan and Anderson, now legally called Anastasia Manahan,
With both Manahan and Anderson in failing health, in November 1983, Anderson was institutionalized, and an attorney, William Preston, was appointed as her guardian by the local
DNA evidence
In 1991, the bodies of Tsar
A sample of Anderson's tissue, part of her intestine removed during her operation in 1979, had been stored at
Similarly, several strands of Anderson's hair, found inside an envelope in a book that had belonged to Anderson's husband, Jack Manahan, were also tested. Mitochondrial DNA from the hair matched Anderson's hospital sample and that of Schanzkowska's relative Karl Maucher, but not the Romanov remains or living relatives of the Romanovs.[124]
Assessment
Although communists had murdered the entire imperial Romanov family in July 1918, including 17-year-old Grand Duchess Anastasia, for years afterwards communist disinformation fed rumors that members of the Tsar's family had survived.[125] The conflicting rumors about the fate of the family allowed impostors to make spurious claims that they were a surviving Romanov.[126]
Most of the impostors were dismissed; however, Anna Anderson's claim persisted.[127] Books and pamphlets supporting her claims included Harriet von Rathlef's book Anastasia, ein Frauenschicksal als Spiegel der Weltkatastrophe (Anastasia, a Woman's Fate as Mirror of the World Catastrophe), which was published in Germany and Switzerland in 1928, though it was serialized by the tabloid newspaper Berliner Nachtausgabe in 1927. This was countered by works such as La Fausse Anastasie (The False Anastasia) by Pierre Gilliard and Constantin Savitch, published by Payot of Paris in 1929.[128] Conflicting testimonies and physical evidence, such as comparisons of facial characteristics, which alternately supported and contradicted Anderson's claim, were used either to bolster or to counter the belief that she was Anastasia.[129] In the absence of any direct documentary proof or solid physical evidence, the question of whether Anderson was Anastasia was for many a matter of personal belief.[130] As Anderson herself said in her own idiomatic English, "You either believe it or you don't believe it. It doesn't matter. In no anyway whatsoever."[131] The German courts were unable to decide her claim one way or another, and eventually, after 40 years of deliberation, ruled that her claim was "neither established nor refuted".[132] Dr. Günter von Berenberg-Gossler, attorney for Anderson's opponents in the later years of the legal case, said that during the German trials "the press were always more interested in reporting her side of the story than the opposing bench's less glamorous perspective; editors often pulled journalists after reporting testimony delivered by her side and ignored the rebuttal, resulting in the public seldom getting a complete picture."[133]
In 1957, a version of Anderson's story, pieced together by her supporters and interspersed with commentary by
Assessments vary as to whether Anderson was a deliberate impostor, delusional, traumatized into adopting a new identity, or someone used by her supporters for their own ends.
Fictional portrayals
Since the 1920s, many fictional works have been inspired by Anderson's claim to be Anastasia. In 1928, the silent film Clothes Make the Woman was based very loosely on her story.[142] In 1953, Marcelle Maurette wrote a play based on Rathlef's and Gilliard's books called Anastasia,[143] which toured Europe and America with Viveca Lindfors in the title role. The play was so successful that in 1956 an English adaptation by Guy Bolton was made into a film, Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman.[144] The plot revolves around a group of swindlers who attempt to raise money among Russian émigrés by pretending that Grand Duchess Anastasia is still alive. A suitable amnesiac, "Anna", is groomed by the swindlers to impersonate Anastasia. Anna's origins are unknown and as the play progresses hints are dropped that she could be the real Anastasia, who has lost her memory. The viewer is left to decide whether Anna really is Anastasia.[145] Another film was released at the same time, Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? starring Lilli Palmer, which covers much the same ground, but the central character is "perhaps even more lost, mad and pathetic, but she, too, has moments when she is a woman of presence and dignity".[145]
Playwright Royce Ryton wrote I Am Who I Am about Anna Anderson in 1978. Like the earlier plays, it depicts Anderson as "a person of intrinsic worth victimized by the greed and fears of others" and did not attempt to decide her real identity.[146]
Sir Kenneth MacMillan's ballet Anastasia, first performed in 1967, used I, Anastasia, an autobiography as inspiration and "is a dramatic fantasy about Anna Anderson, the woman who believes herself to be Anastasia ... Either in memory or imagination, she experiences episodes from Anastasia's past ... The structure is a kind of free-wheeling nightmare, held together by the central figure of the heroine, played by Lynn Seymour".[147] A contemporary reviewer thought Seymour's "tense, tormented portrait of the desperate Anna Anderson is quite extraordinary and really impressive".[148] Anna Anderson was also used as a narrative device in Youri Vámos' 1992 ballet for Theater Basel, Sleeping Beauty – Last Daughter of the Czar, based on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty.[149]
In 1986, a two-part fictionalized
The central character ("Anastasia" or "Anya") of the 1997 animated fantasy Anastasia is portrayed as the actual Grand Duchess Anastasia, even though the film – produced and directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman – was released after DNA tests proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.[151] However, this may be due to the animated film's origin as an adaptation of Anastasia (1956) that also included story elements from Pygmalion. Though initially researching the actual events, Bluth and Goldman decided the history of Anastasia and the Romanov dynasty was too dark for their film.[152] Indeed, the historical fact of Romanov impostors and a long artistic tradition of fictionalizing the story of Grand Duchess Anastasia suggest that the directors likely never intended to reference Anna Anderson specifically. Though generally well received, some of Anastasia's contemporary relatives felt that the film was distasteful while noting that most Romanovs have come to accept the, "repeated exploitation of Anastasia's romantic tale... with equanimity."[153]
Notes
- ^ Coble et al.; Godl (1998)
- ^ a b c Coble et al.; Rogaev et al.
- ^ a b Discovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009
- ^ a b Klier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53
- ^ a b Tucker
- ^ Stoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174
- ^ Stoneking et al.
- ^ Coble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75
- ^ Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 82–84; Massie, p. 163
- ^ Nurse Erna Buchholz and Dr Bonhoeffer quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 95–96
- ^ I, Anastasia, p. 91; Klier and Mingay, p. 94; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 14
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 91; Klier and Mingay, p. 94, Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 16–17
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 21; Welch, p. 103
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25; Massie, p. 163
- ^ I, Anastasia, p. 93; Hall, p. 340; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 26
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 12
- ^ I, Anastasia, p. 91
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 93–94, just describes Peuthert's claim.
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 88–89; Massie, p. 163
- ^ I, Anastasia, p. 93; Klier and Mingay, p. 95
- ^ Letter from Grünberg to his superior, Councillor Goehrke, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 92
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 96; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 53; Berlin police records, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 112
- ^ I, Anastasia, p. 98; Klier and Mingay, p. 96
- ^ Grünberg's notes, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 112
- ^ I, Anastasia, pp. 100–112; Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 29–63
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 51–52; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 103, 106–107; Welch, p. 108
- ^ I, Anastasia, p. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 64; Klier and Mingay, p. 98; Massie, p. 168
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343; Massie, p. 168; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 116
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 84–85; Massie, p. 172; Welch, p. 110
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 99–103; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 99–124; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 135–169
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 91; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 102
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 130
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 104; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 130–134; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 180–187
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 138
- ^ Tatiana Melnik's declaration on oath, 1929, quoted (in negligibly different translations) by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 193; King and Wilson, p. 172 and Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 141–142
- ^ Quoted (in two negligibly different translations) by Massie in p. 169 and Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 195
- ^ Massie, p. 170; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 197–198
- ^ Gilliard, Pierre (1929) La Fausse Anastasie quoted in Krug von Nidda, p. 198
- ^ Godl (1998)
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 105–106; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
- ^ Anderson's supporters claimed that Ernest Louis's hostility towards Anderson arose from her allegation that they had last met when he had visited Russia in 1916. Anderson claimed that in the midst of a war between Russia and Germany, Ernest Louis had visited Russia to negotiate a separate peace. Ernest Louis denied the allegation, which if true would have been tantamount to treason. There was no conclusive proof either way. (See: Klier and Mingay, pp. 100–101; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 93–95; Massie, pp. 177–178; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 127–129)
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 306–314; Klier and Mingay, p. 105; Massie, pp. 178–179
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 282–283; Klier and Mingay, p. 224; Massie, p. 249
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 283; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 167
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 93
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 105, 224; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 166; Massie, pp. 178–179, 250
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 80
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 180; Massie, p. 181
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 160; Massie, p. 181
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Report of Dr. Wilhelm Völler, attorney to Harriet von Rathlef, in the Fallows collection, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 172; Massie, p. 180
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Affidavit of Felix Schanzkowski, Fallows paper, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 174
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 224
- ^ Letter from Prince Felix Yusupov to Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, 19 September 1927, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 186
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 89, 135; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 193, 201
- ^ Godl (1998); Klier and Mingay, p.108; Massie, p. 182
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 108; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 202; Massie, p. 182
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 202–204
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 208; Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 204–206
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 214–219; Massie, pp. 175–176, 181
- ^ Clarke, p. 187; Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 220–221; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242
- ^ Clarke, p. 185; Klier and Mingay, pp. 110, 112–113; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 233; Massie, p. 184
- ^ Clarke, pp. 188–190; Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Massie, pp. 183–185
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 112, 121, 125; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 230–231; Massie, p. 183
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 117
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 221–222; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 227; Massie, p. 181; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 244
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 238–239
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 187–188; Klier and Mingay, pp. 111–112; Massie, p. 183
- ^ Massie, p. 182
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 232; Massie, p. 182
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 113; Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 15 July 1930, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 250
- ^ Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 22 August 1930, Fallows papers, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 251; Massie, p. 182
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 251–252
- ^ Massie, p. 182; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 250–251
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 253–255; Massie, p. 186
- ^ Massie, p. 186
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 125; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 259
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 258–260
- ^ a b Klier and Mingay, p. 127
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 271–279
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 127; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 276
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 289–356
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 128; Massie, p. 189
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 236; Klier and Mingay, p. 115
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 283; Massie, p. 180
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 129
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 316; Klier and Mingay, p. 129
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p.123; Kurth Anastasia, p. 291; Massie, p. 184
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 285–286
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 130–131; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 186
- ^ Klier and Mingay, pp. 153–154; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 288; Massie, p. 187
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 304; Massie, p. 187
- ^ Massie, p. 187
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 334; Massie, p. 191
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 370–371
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372; Welch p. 253
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 370; Massie, pp. 191–192
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 246; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375; Massie, p. 192
- ^ Massie, p. 192
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 145
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 376
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 236–238; Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 247; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 388; Tucker
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381; Massie, p. 192; Tucker
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 251; Massie, p. 194
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 252; Klier and Mingay, p. 163
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 163; Massie, p. 193
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 253; Klier and Mingay, p. 164
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 253–255; Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193
- ^ a b Gill et al.
- ^ Godl (1998); Stoneking et al.
- ^ Godl (2000a)
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 246; Stoneking et al.
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 67; Klier and Mingay, pp. 70–71, 82–84; Massie, pp. 144–145
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 71; Klier and Mingay, pp. 84, 91; Massie, pp. 144–145
- ^ King and Wilson, p. 2; Massie, pp. 144–162
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273
- ^ e.g. King and Wilson, pp. 229–232; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 76
- ^ King and Wilson, pp. 3–4; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 83
- ^ Interview on ABC television, broadcast 26 October 1976, quoted in Klier and Mingay, p. 230, and Kurth, Anastasia, p. 383
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377; Massie, p. 190
- ^ a b Godl (2000b)
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 143; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 395; Massie, p. 294
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 96
- ^ a b Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 81
- ^ Godl (1998); Gilliard, Pierre (25 June 1927), "L'Histoire d'une imposture", L'Illustration quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 179
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 94
- ^ Quoted by Klier and Mingay, p. 230
- ISBN 0-00-216543-0
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 270; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273
- ^ Welch, p. 183
- ^ Klier and Mingay, p. 132
- ^ Kurth, Anastasia, p. 268; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 274
- ^ a b "The Problem of Anastasia: Two films on a single pitiful theme", The Times, no. 53770, p. 11, 20 February 1957
- ^ Wardle, Irving (18 August 1978), "New angle on the Anastasia affair", The Times, no. 60383, p. 10
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External links
- Anna Anderson Exposed: Busting the Myth of the most infamous royal imposter, archived from the original on 5 March 2008
- LIFE Magazine article, 14 February 1955
- Newspaper clippings about Anna Anderson in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW