Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Anne | ||
---|---|---|
Coronation 23 April 1702 | | |
Predecessor | William III & II | |
Born | 6 February 1665 St James's Palace, Westminster, England | |
Died | 1 August 1714 (aged 49) Kensington Palace, London, England | |
Burial | 24 August 1714 | |
Spouse | ||
Issue more... | Prince William, Duke of Gloucester | |
House | Stuart | |
Father | James II of England | |
Mother | Anne Hyde | |
Religion | Anglicanism | |
Signature |
Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714)
Anne was born during the reign of her uncle
During her reign, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, until 1710 when Anne dismissed many of them from office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. The Duchess took revenge with an unflattering description of the Queen in her memoirs, which was widely accepted by historians until Anne was reassessed in the late 20th century.
Anne was plagued by poor health throughout her life, and from her thirties she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite 17 pregnancies, she died without surviving issue and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded all Catholics, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover.
Early life
Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at
As a child, Anne had an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as "defluxion". For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her paternal grandmother,
As was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at
Around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of
In 1673, James's conversion to Catholicism became public, and he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and a half years older than Anne. Charles II had no legitimate children, and so James was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne—as long as he had no son. Over the next ten years, Mary of Modena had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father.[13] There is every indication that, throughout Anne's early life, she and her stepmother got on well together,[14] and James was a conscientious and loving father.[15]
Marriage
In November 1677, Anne's sister, Mary, married their Dutch first cousin
The Duke and Duchess of York retired to Brussels in March 1679 in the wake of anti-Catholic hysteria fed by the Popish Plot, and Anne visited them from the end of August.[18] In October, all three returned to Britain: Anne to England, and her father and stepmother to Scotland.[19] She joined them at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh from July 1681 until May 1682.[20] It was her last journey outside England.[21]
Anne's second cousin George of Hanover visited London for three months from December 1680, sparking rumours of a potential marriage between them.[22] Historian Edward Gregg dismissed the rumours as ungrounded, as her father was essentially exiled from court, and the Hanoverians planned to marry George to his first cousin Sophia Dorothea of Celle as part of a scheme to unite the Hanoverian inheritance.[23] Other rumours claimed she was courted by Lord Mulgrave, although he denied it. Nevertheless, as a result of the gossip, he was temporarily dismissed from court.[24]
With George of Hanover out of contention as a suitor for Anne, King Charles looked elsewhere for an eligible prince who would be welcomed as a groom by his Protestant subjects but also acceptable to his Catholic ally
Bishop Compton officiated at Anne and George's wedding on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace.
Accession of James II
When Charles II died in 1685, Anne's father became King James II of England and VII of Scotland. To the consternation of the English people, James began to give Catholics military and administrative offices, in contravention of the
In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne miscarried, her husband caught smallpox, and their two young daughters died of the same infection.
Public alarm at James's Catholicism increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, became pregnant for the first time since James's accession.[40] In letters to her sister Mary, Anne raised suspicions that the Queen was faking her pregnancy in an attempt to introduce a false heir. She wrote, "they will stick at nothing, be it never so wicked, if it will promote their interest ... there may be foul play intended."[41] Anne had another miscarriage in April 1688, and left London to recuperate in the spa town of Bath.[42]
Anne's stepmother gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward Stuart, on 10 June 1688, and a Catholic succession became more likely.[43] Anne was still at Bath, so she did not witness the birth, which fed the belief that the child was spurious. Anne may have left the capital deliberately to avoid being present, or because she was genuinely ill,[44] but it is also possible that James desired the exclusion of all Protestants, including his daughter, from affairs of state.[45][46] "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "whether the child be true or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows ... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours."[47]
To dispel rumours of a supposititious child, James had 40 witnesses to the birth attend a Privy Council meeting, but Anne claimed she could not attend because she was pregnant (which she was not)[48] and then declined to read the depositions because it was "not necessary".[49]
Glorious Revolution
William of Orange invaded England on 5 November 1688 in an action known as the Glorious Revolution, which ultimately deposed King James. Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1687,[50] Anne corresponded with her and was aware of the plans to invade.[51] On the advice of the Churchills,[46] she refused to side with James after William landed and instead wrote to William on 18 November declaring her approval of his action.[52] Churchill abandoned the unpopular King James on the 24th. George followed suit that night,[53] and in the evening of the following day James issued orders to place Sarah Churchill under house arrest at St James's Palace.[54] Anne and Sarah fled from Whitehall by a back staircase, putting themselves under the care of Bishop Compton. They spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived at Nottingham on 1 December.[55] Two weeks later and escorted by a large company, Anne arrived at Oxford, where she met George in triumph.[56] "God help me!", lamented James on discovering Anne's desertion on 26 November, "Even my children have forsaken me."[57] On 19 December, Anne returned to London, where she was at once visited by William. James fled to France on the 23rd.[58] Anne showed no concern at the news of her father's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards. She justified herself by saying that she "was used to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint".[59]
In January 1689, a
William and Mary
Soon after their accession, William and Mary rewarded John Churchill by granting him the
When Mary died of smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign alone. Anne became his heir apparent, since any children he might have by another wife were assigned to a lower place in the line of succession, and the two reconciled publicly. He restored her previous honours, allowed her to reside in St James's Palace,[73] and gave her Mary's jewels,[74] but excluded her from government and refrained from appointing her regent during his absences abroad.[75] Three months later, William restored Marlborough to his offices.[76] With Anne's restoration at court, Berkeley House became a social centre for courtiers who had previously avoided contact with Anne and her husband.[77]
According to James, Anne wrote to him in 1696 requesting his permission to succeed William, and thereafter promising to restore the Crown to James's line at a convenient opportunity; he declined to give his consent.[78] She was probably trying to ensure her own succession by attempting to prevent a direct claim by James.[79]
Act of Settlement
Anne's final pregnancy ended on 25 January 1700 with a stillbirth. She had been pregnant at least 17 times over as many years, and had miscarried or given birth to stillborn children at least 12 times. Of her five liveborn children, four died before the age of two.
Anne's gout rendered her lame for much of her later life.
under a fit of the gout and in extreme pain and agony, and on this occasion everything about her was much in the same disorder as about the meanest of her subjects. Her face, which was red and spotted, was rendered something frightful by her negligent dress, and the foot affected was tied up with a poultice and some nasty bandages. I was much affected by this sight ...[93]
Anne's sole surviving child, the Duke of Gloucester, died at age 11 on 30 July 1700. She and her husband were "overwhelmed with grief".
Reign
Anne became queen upon the death of King William III on 8 March 1702, and was immediately popular.[98] In her first speech to the English Parliament, on 11 March, she distanced herself from her late Dutch brother-in-law and said, "As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England."[99]
Soon after her accession, Anne appointed her husband
Anne was
She took a lively interest in affairs of state, and was a patron of theatre, poetry and music. She subsidised George Frideric Handel with £200 a year.[107] She sponsored high-quality medals as rewards for political or military achievements. They were produced at the Mint by Isaac Newton and John Croker.[108] She knighted Newton when she visited Cambridge in 1705.[109]
Acts of Union
While Ireland was subordinate to the English Crown and Wales formed part of the kingdom of England, Scotland remained an independent sovereign state with its own parliament and laws. The Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the English Parliament, applied in the kingdoms of England and Ireland but not Scotland, where a strong minority wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its right of inheritance to the throne.[110] Anne had declared it "very necessary" to conclude a union of England and Scotland in her first speech to the English Parliament,[111] and a joint Anglo-Scots commission met at her former residence, the Cockpit, to discuss terms in October 1702. The negotiations broke up in early February 1703 having failed to reach an agreement.[112][113] The Estates of Scotland responded to the Act of Settlement by passing the Act of Security, which gave the Estates the power, if the Queen had no further children, to choose the next Scottish monarch from among the Protestant descendants of the royal line of Scotland.[114] The individual chosen by the Estates could not be the same person who came to the English throne, unless England granted full freedom of trade to Scottish merchants.[115] At first, Anne withheld royal assent to the act, but she granted it the following year when the Estates threatened to withhold supply, endangering Scottish support for England's wars.[116]
In its turn, the English Parliament responded with the Alien Act 1705, which threatened to impose economic sanctions and declare Scottish subjects aliens in England, unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England.[117] The Estates chose the latter option; the English Parliament agreed to repeal the Alien Act,[118] and new commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne in early 1706 to negotiate the terms of a union.[119] The articles of union approved by the commissioners were presented to Anne on 23 July 1706[120] and ratified by the Scottish and English Parliaments on 16 January and 6 March 1707, respectively.[121] Under the Acts of Union, England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom called Great Britain, with one parliament, on 1 May 1707.[122] A consistent and ardent supporter of union despite opposition on both sides of the border, Anne attended a thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral. The Scot Sir John Clerk, 1st Baronet, who also attended, wrote, "nobody on this occasion appeared more sincerely devout and thankful than the Queen herself".[123]
Two-party politics
Anne's reign was marked by the further development of a two-party system. In general, the
Anne supported the
The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession and became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. Many of the High Tories, who opposed British involvement in the land war against France, were removed from office.[133] Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, who had replaced Nottingham as Secretary of State for the Northern Department, formed a ruling "triumvirate".[134] They were forced to rely more and more on support from the Whigs, and particularly from the Whig Junto—Lords Somers, Halifax, Orford, Wharton and Sunderland—whom Anne disliked.[135] Sarah, the Duchess of Marlborough, incessantly badgered the Queen to appoint more Whigs and reduce the power of the Tories, whom she considered little better than Jacobites, and the Queen became increasingly discontented with her.[136]
In 1706, Godolphin and the Marlboroughs forced Anne to accept Lord Sunderland, a Junto Whig and the Marlboroughs' son-in-law, as Harley's colleague as
The division within the ministry came to a head on 8 February 1708, when Godolphin and the Marlboroughs insisted that the Queen had to either dismiss Harley or do without their services. When the Queen seemed to hesitate, Marlborough and Godolphin refused to attend a cabinet meeting. Harley attempted to lead business without his former colleagues, and several of those present including Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset refused to participate until they returned.[141] Her hand forced, the Queen dismissed Harley.[142]
The following month, Anne's Catholic half-brother,
The Duchess of Marlborough was angered when Abigail moved into rooms at Kensington Palace that Sarah considered her own, though she rarely if ever used them.[148] In July 1708, she came to court with a bawdy poem written by a Whig propagandist, probably Arthur Maynwaring,[149] that implied a lesbian relationship between Anne and Abigail.[150] The Duchess wrote to Anne telling her she had damaged her reputation by conceiving "a great passion for such a woman ... strange and unaccountable".[151] Sarah thought Abigail had risen above her station, writing "I never thought her education was such as to make her fit company for a great queen. Many people have liked the humour of their chambermaids and have been very kind to them, but 'tis very uncommon to hold a private correspondence with them and put them upon the foot of a friend."[152] While some modern commentators have concluded Anne was a lesbian,[153] most have rejected this analysis.[b] In the opinion of Anne's biographers, she considered Abigail nothing more than a trusted servant[155] and was a woman of strong traditional beliefs, who was devoted to her husband.[156]
At a thanksgiving service for a victory at the Battle of Oudenarde, Anne did not wear the jewels that Sarah had selected for her. At the door of St Paul's Cathedral, they had an argument that culminated in Sarah offending the Queen by telling her to be quiet.[157] Anne was dismayed.[158] When Sarah forwarded an unrelated letter from her husband to Anne, with a covering note continuing the argument, Anne wrote back pointedly, "After the commands you gave me on the thanksgiving day of not answering you, I should not have troubled you with these lines, but to return the Duke of Marlborough's letter safe into your hands, and for the same reason do not say anything to that, nor to yours which enclosed it."[159]
Death of Prince George
Anne was devastated by Prince George's death in October 1708,[160] and it proved a turning point in her relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough. The Duchess arrived at Kensington Palace shortly before George died, and after his death insisted that Anne leave Kensington for St James's Palace against her wishes.[161] Anne resented the Duchess's intrusive actions, which included removing a portrait of George from the Queen's bedchamber and then refusing to return it in the belief that it was natural "to avoid seeing of papers or anything that belonged to one that one loved when they were just dead".[162]
The Whigs used George's death to their own advantage. The leadership of the
Sarah continued to berate Anne for her friendship with Abigail and, in October 1709, Anne wrote to the Duke of Marlborough asking that his wife "leave off teasing & tormenting me & behave herself with the decency she ought both to her friend and Queen".[165] On Maundy Thursday 6 April 1710, Anne and Sarah saw each other for the last time. According to Sarah, the Queen was taciturn and formal, repeating the same phrases—"Whatever you have to say you may put in writing" and "You said you desired no answer, and I shall give you none"—over and over.[166]
War of the Spanish Succession
As the expensive War of the Spanish Succession grew unpopular, so did the Whig administration.[167] The impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, a high church Tory Anglican who had preached anti-Whig sermons, led to further public discontent. Anne thought Sacheverell ought to be punished for questioning the Glorious Revolution, but that his punishment should only be a mild one to prevent further public commotion.[168] In London, riots broke out in support of Sacheverell, but the only troops available to quell the disturbances were Anne's guards, and Secretary of State Sunderland was reluctant to use them and leave the Queen less protected. Anne declared God would be her guard and ordered Sunderland to redeploy her troops.[169] In line with Anne's views, Sacheverell was convicted, but his sentence—suspension of preaching for three years—was so light as to render the trial a mockery.[169]
The Queen, increasingly disdainful of the Marlboroughs and her ministry, finally took the opportunity to dismiss Sunderland in June 1710.[170] Godolphin followed in August. The Junto Whigs were removed from office, although Marlborough, for the moment, remained as commander of the army. In their place, she appointed a new ministry headed by Harley, which began to seek peace with France. Unlike the Whigs, Harley and his ministry were ready to compromise by giving Spain to the Bourbon claimant, Philip of Anjou, in return for commercial concessions.[171] In the parliamentary elections that soon followed his appointment, Harley, aided by government patronage, secured a large Tory majority.[172] In January 1711, Anne forced Sarah to resign her court offices, and Abigail took over as Keeper of the Privy Purse.[173] Harley was stabbed by a disgruntled French refugee, the Marquis de Guiscard, in March, and Anne wept at the thought he would die. He recovered slowly.[174] Godolphin's death from natural causes in September 1712 reduced Anne to tears; she blamed their estrangement on the Marlboroughs.[175]
The elder brother of Archduke Charles,
By signing the Treaty of Utrecht, King
Death
Anne was unable to walk between January and July 1713.[187] At Christmas, she was feverish, and lay unconscious for hours,[188] which led to rumours of her impending death.[189] She recovered, but was seriously ill again in March.[190] By July, Anne had lost confidence in Harley; his secretary recorded that Anne told the cabinet "that he neglected all business; that he was seldom to be understood; that when he did explain himself, she could not depend upon the truth of what he said; that he never came to her at the time she appointed; that he often came drunk; [and] last, to crown all, he behaved himself towards her with ill manner, indecency and disrespect."[191] On 27 July 1714, during Parliament's summer recess, she dismissed Harley as Lord Treasurer.[192] Despite failing health, which her doctors blamed on the emotional strain of matters of state, she attended two late-night cabinet meetings that failed to determine Harley's successor. A third meeting was cancelled when she became too ill to attend.[193] She was rendered unable to speak by a stroke on 30 July 1714, the anniversary of Gloucester's death, and on the advice of the Privy Council handed the treasurer's staff of office to Whig grandee Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury.[194]
Anne died around 7:30 a.m. on 1 August 1714.[195] John Arbuthnot, one of her doctors, thought her death was a release from a life of ill-health and tragedy; he wrote to Jonathan Swift, "I believe sleep was never more welcome to a weary traveller than death was to her."[196] She was buried beside her husband and children in the Henry VII Chapel on the South Aisle of Westminster Abbey on 24 August.[197]
Succession
The Electress Sophia had died on 28 May,
Legacy
The Duchess of Marlborough "unduly disparaged" Anne in her memoirs,[46] and her prejudiced recollections persuaded many early biographers that Anne was "a weak, irresolute woman beset by bedchamber quarrels and deciding high policy on the basis of personalities".[202] The Duchess wrote of Anne:
She certainly meant well and was not a fool, but nobody can maintain that she was wise, nor entertaining in conversation. She was ignorant in everything but what the parsons had taught her when a child ... Being very ignorant, very fearful, with very little judgement, it is easy to be seen she might mean well, being surrounded with so many artful people, who at last compassed their designs to her dishonour.[203]
Historians have since viewed Anne more favourably. In his biography of 1980, Edward Gregg presents the Queen as a woman of invincible stubbornness, who was the central figure of her age. Gregg's argument depicts her reign as:
a period of significant progress for the country: Britain became a major military power on land, the union of England and Scotland created a united kingdom of Great Britain, and the economic and political base for the golden age of the 18th century was established. However, the Queen herself has received little credit for these achievements and has long been depicted as a weak and ineffectual monarch, dominated by her advisers.[204]
In the opinion of modern historians, traditional assessments of Anne as fat, constantly pregnant, under the influence of favourites, and lacking political astuteness or interest may derive from sexist prejudices against women.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 6 February 1665 – 28 July 1683: Her Highness The Lady Anne[216]
- 28 July 1683 – 8 March 1702: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne of Denmark[217]
- 8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714: Her Majesty The Queen
The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland,
Arms
As
Coat of arms of Anne as Princess of Denmark | Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of England from 1702 to 1707 | Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Great Britain from 1707 to 1714 |
Pregnancies and issue
Anne had seventeen pregnancies, of which five were live births. None of her children survived to adulthood.
Child | Birth | Death | Burial | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stillborn daughter | 12 May 1684 London[223] |
13 May 1684 Westminster Abbey[224] |
||
Mary | 2 June 1685 Palace of Whitehall |
8 February 1687 Windsor Castle[33] |
10 February 1687 Westminster Abbey[225][226] | Christened 2 June 1685 by the Bishop of London;[227] styled "the Lady Mary".[226] Died of smallpox. Mary, Anne Sophia (Mary's younger sister), and their father all becoming ill at Windsor Castle in early 1687.[39] |
Anne Sophia | 12 May 1686 Windsor Castle |
2 February 1687 Windsor Castle[33] or Whitehall[228] |
4 February 1687 Westminster Abbey[226][229] | Christened by the Bishop of Durham, with Lady Churchill one of the godmothers;[227] styled "the Lady Anne Sophia".[226] |
Miscarriage | 21 January 1687[230] | |||
Stillborn son | 22 October 1687 Whitehall[231] |
22 October 1687 Westminster Abbey[232] | Anne gave birth at seven months, but the baby "lay dead a full month within her".[231] | |
Miscarriage | 16 April 1688[233] | |||
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester | 24 July 1689 Hampton Court Palace |
30 July 1700 Windsor Castle[234] |
9 August 1700 Westminster Abbey[235] | Died of unclear causes at age 11.[236] |
Mary | 14 October 1690 St James's Palace |
14 October 1690 Westminster Abbey[237] | She was two months premature,[238] and lived about two hours.[239] | |
George | 17 April 1692 Syon House |
18 April 1692 Westminster Abbey[240] | He lived only for a few minutes,[241] just long enough to be baptised;[242] styled "Lord George".[240] | |
Stillborn daughter | 23 March 1693 Berkeley House[243] |
24 March 1693 Westminster Abbey[244] | ||
Miscarriage | 21 January 1694 | Modern historians Edward Gregg and Alison Weir do not agree on whether it was a son[245] or possibly a daughter.[246] Contemporary chronicler Narcissus Luttrell wrote only that Anne "miscarried of a dead child".[247] | ||
Miscarried daughter[248] | 17[249] or 18[250] February 1696 | |||
Miscarriage | 20 September 1696[250] | Luttrell said Anne "miscarried of a son". | ||
Miscarriage | 25 March 1697[254] | |||
Miscarriage | early December 1697[255] | According to Saunière de L'Hermitage, the Dutch | ||
Stillborn son | 15 September 1698 Windsor Castle[258] |
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle[246] | James Vernon wrote to Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, that Anne's physician thought the foetus "might have been dead 8 or 10 days".[256] | |
Stillborn son | 24 January 1700 St James's[259] |
Westminster Abbey[246] | Contemporary sources say Anne gave birth at seven and a half months, after the foetus had been dead for a month.[260] |
Genealogical table
[261] | The British monarchs of the House of Stuart, their relations, and the transition to the Hanovers||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- Early-18th-century Whig plots
- Queen Anne's Bounty, 1704 financial scheme in support of poorer clergy
- Queen Anne's Revenge, 18th-century pirate ship
Notes
- ^ All dates in this article are in the Old Style Julian calendar used in Great Britain throughout Anne's lifetime, except that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.
- ^ Professor Valerie Traub writes, "Although this scandal features prominently in biographies of the Queen, the charges generally are dismissed as the hysterical vindictiveness of a power-hungry Duchess".[154]
- ^ 8 June in the New Style Gregorian calendar in use in Hanover since 1700.
References
Citations
- ^ Curtis, pp. 12–17; Gregg, p. 4
- ^ Gregg, p. 4
- ^ Green, p. 17; Gregg, p. 6; Waller, pp. 293–295
- ^ Curtis, pp. 19–21; Green, p. 20; Gregg, p. 6
- ^ Curtis, pp. 21–23; Gregg, p. 8; Somerset, pp. 11–13; Waller, p. 295
- ^ Gregg, p. 5
- ^ Curtis, pp. 23–24; Gregg, p. 13; Somerset, p. 20
- ^ Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 5
- ^ Curtis, p. 28; Gregg, p. 13; Waller, p. 296
- ^ Somerset, p. 20
- ^ Curtis, p. 27; Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 28
- ^ Curtis, p. 34; Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 28
- ^ Weir, pp. 260–261
- ^ Somerset, pp. 22–23
- ^ Somerset, pp. 8–9
- ^ Curtis, p. 30; Green, p. 27; Gregg, p. 17
- ^ Green, p. 28; Gregg, p. 17; Somerset, p. 29
- ^ a b Green, p. 28: Gregg, p. 20
- ^ Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 22; Somerset, p. 34
- ^ Green, p. 32; Gregg, p. 26; Somerset, p. 35
- ^ Green, p. 28
- ^ Curtis, pp. 35–37; Green, p. 31; Gregg, p. 24; Somerset, pp. 34, 36
- ^ Gregg, pp. 24–25
- ^ Curtis, p. 37; Green, pp. 32–33; Gregg, p. 27; Somerset, p. 37
- ^ Somerset, p. 40
- ^ Gregg, p. 32
- ^ Gregg, p. 33; Somerset, pp. 41–42
- ^ Gregg, pp. 33–34; Somerset, p. 43
- ^ Curtis, pp. 41–42; Green, pp. 34–35; Gregg, pp. 32–35; Somerset, p. 44
- ^ Curtis, p. 42; Green, p. 34; Gregg, p. 35; Somerset, pp. 41, 44
- ^ Curtis, p. 43; Green, p. 36; Gregg, p. 34; Somerset, p. 49
- ^ Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56
- ^ a b c d Weir, p. 268
- ^ Somerset, pp. 61, 64
- ^ Waller, p. 300
- ^ Green, p. 38
- ^ Quoted in Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 43 and Somerset, p. 21
- ^ Somerset, pp. 65, 74–77
- ^ a b Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 47; Waller, p. 301
- ^ Curtis, p. 55; Gregg, p. 52; Somerset, pp. 80–82
- ^ Letter dated 14 March 1688, quoted in Gregg, p. 54 and Waller, p. 303
- ^ Somerset, pp. 86–87; Waller, pp. 303–304
- ^ Ward, pp. 241–242
- ^ Waller, p. 304
- ^ Nenner, p. 243
- ^ a b c Yorke, pp. 65–68
- ^ Quoted in Green, p. 43
- ^ Somerset, p. 95
- ^ Gregg, pp. 62–63; Waller, p. 305
- ^ Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 47; Somerset, p. 74
- ^ Gregg, p. 60
- ^ Green, p. 47; Gregg, p. 63
- ^ Gregg, p. 64
- ^ Gregg, p. 65
- ^ Gregg, pp. 65–66
- ^ Green, pp. 45–47; Gregg, p. 67
- ^ Gregg, p. 66
- ^ Gregg, p. 68; Somerset, p. 105
- ^ Lord Clarendon's diary, quoted in Green, p. 49
- ^ Ward, pp. 250–251, 291–292
- ^ Green, p. 52; Gregg, p. 69
- ^ Curtis, p. 72; Green, pp. 54–55
- ^ Green, pp. 53–54; Gregg, pp. 76–79
- ^ Curtis, pp. 75–76; Green, p. 58; Gregg, p. 80
- ^ Gregg, pp. 78–79
- ^ Gregg, p. 81; Somerset, p. 52
- ^ Gregg, p. 81; Somerset, p. 124
- ^ Curtis, pp. 78–80; Green, pp. 59–60; Gregg, pp. 84–87; Somerset, pp. 130–132
- ^ Green, p. 62; Gregg, p. 87; Somerset, p. 132
- ^ Green, p. 62; Gregg, pp. 88–91, 96
- ^ Curtis, p. 81; Green, pp. 62–63; Gregg, p. 90; Somerset, pp. 134–135
- ^ Somerset, p. 146
- ^ Curtis, p. 84; Green, pp. 66–67; Gregg, pp. 102–103
- ^ Somerset, p. 149
- ^ Gregg, pp. 105–106; Somerset, pp. 151–152
- ^ Gregg, p. 104
- ^ Somerset, p. 151
- ^ Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, pp. 153–154
- ^ Gregg, p. 122
- ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, pp. 100, 120; Weir, pp. 268–269
- ^ Green, pp. 79, 336
- ^ a b c d Emson, H. E. (23 May 1992). "For The Want Of An Heir: The Obstetrical History Of Queen Anne", British Medical Journal, vol. 304, no. 6838, pp. 1365–1366 (subscription required)
- ^ Somerset, pp. 80, 295
- ^ Green, p. 338
- ^ Saxbe, W. B., Jr. (January 1972). "Listeria monocytogenes and Queen Anne", Pediatrics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 97–101
- ^ Waller, p. 310
- ^ Green, pp. 337–338; Somerset, p. 79; Waller, pp. 310–311
- ^ Curtis, pp. 47–49; Green, pp. 337–338
- ^ Curtis, p. 84
- ^ Gregg, p. 330
- ^ Jonathan Swift quoted in Green, pp. 101–102 and Gregg, p. 343
- ^ Green, p. 154
- ^ Curtis, p. 146; Green, pp. 154–155; Gregg, p. 231
- ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 674; Somerset, p. 163
- ^ Green, p. 80
- ^ Somerset, p. 165
- ^ Green, pp. 86–87; Waller, p. 312
- ^ Green, p. 90; Waller, p. 312
- ^ Green, p. 91; Waller, p. 313
- ^ Green, p. 94; Gregg, p. 160
- ^ Green, p. 94; Somerset, p. 174; Waller, p. 315; Ward, p. 460
- ^ Green, p. 95; Waller, p. 314
- ^ Curtis, p. 97; Green, pp. 95–96; Gregg, p. 154; Somerset, p. 187
- ^ Curtis, p. 97; Green, p. 96
- ^ Green, p. 97; Gregg, p. 158
- ^ Curtis, p. 101; Green, pp. 85–86; Gregg, p. 125
- ^ Somerset, pp. 229–230
- S2CID 155499114.
- ^ Gregg, p. 197
- ^ Gregg, pp. 130–131
- ^ Somerset, p. 212
- ^ Somerset, p. 214
- ^ "Negotiations for Union 1702–03". UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ Curtis, p. 145; Somerset, p. 257
- ^ Green, p. 133
- ^ Somerset, pp. 269–270
- ^ Green, p. 134; Somerset, pp. 277–278
- ^ Somerset, p. 296
- ^ Gregg, pp. 202, 214
- ^ Somerset, p. 297
- ^ Gregg, p. 239; Somerset, pp. 315–316
- ^ Gregg, p. 240
- ^ Clerk's memoirs, quoted in Gregg, p. 240, and Somerset, pp. 316–317
- ^ Curtis, pp. 102–104; Gregg, pp. 133–134; Somerset, pp. 189–199
- ^ Somerset, pp. 201–203; Waller, p. 318
- ^ Gregg, p. 135
- ^ Curtis, p. 107; Green, pp. 108–109; Gregg, pp. 162–163
- ^ Green, p. 105; Somerset, p. 226; Waller, pp. 316–317
- ^ Green, p. 121
- ^ Green, p. 122
- ^ Curtis, p. 116; Green, p. 122; Gregg, p. 177
- ^ Gregg, pp. 192–194; Somerset, pp. 275–276
- ^ Gregg, p. 196
- ^ Green, p. 129
- ^ Curtis, pp. 134, 138–139; Green, pp. 117, 155, 172; Gregg, pp. 134, 218–219
- ^ Gregg, pp. 174–175, 188–193; Somerset, pp. 245–246, 258, 272–274
- ^ Green, p. 155; Gregg, pp. 219–230; Somerset, pp. 301–311
- ^ Green, p. 156; Gregg, pp. 230–231, 241–246; Somerset, pp. 318–321
- ^ Curtis, p. 152; Green, pp. 166–168; Waller, p. 324
- ^ Gregg, p. 236–237; Somerset, p. 324
- ^ Green, pp. 182–183; Gregg, pp. 258–259; Somerset, pp. 340–341
- ^ Green, p. 183; Gregg, p. 259; Somerset, p. 341
- ^ Curtis, p. 157; Green, p. 186; Gregg, pp. 261–262; Somerset, p. 343
- ^ Curtis, p. 157
- ^ Curtis, p. 157; Gregg, p. 144
- ^ Curtis, p. 158; Green, p. 186; Gregg, p. 262; Somerset, p. 345
- ^ Gregg, p. 263
- ^ Gregg, pp. 273–274; Somerset, pp. 347–348
- ^ Gregg, p. 275; Somerset, p. 361
- ^ Gregg, pp. 275–276; Somerset, pp. 360–361; Waller, pp. 324–325
- ^ Gregg, pp. 275–276; Somerset, p. 362; Waller, pp. 324–325
- ^ Somerset, pp. 353–354
- ^ e.g. Kendall, pp. 165–176
- ^ Traub, p. 157
- ^ Gregg, p. 237; Somerset, p. 363
- ^ Somerset, pp. 363–364
- ^ Curtis, pp. 162–163; Green, pp. 195–196; Gregg, p. 276; Somerset, pp. 364–365
- ^ Curtis, pp. 163–164; Green, p. 196; Gregg, p. 277; Somerset, p. 365
- ^ Curtis, pp. 163–164; Green, p. 196; Gregg, p. 277
- ^ Curtis, pp. 165–168; Green, p. 198; Gregg, p. 280; Somerset, pp. 372–374
- ^ Green, p. 199; Somerset, p. 370
- ^ Green, p. 202
- ^ Green, pp. 175–176; Gregg, pp. 254, 266
- ^ Gregg, p. 284
- ^ Green, pp. 210–214; Gregg, pp. 292–294; Somerset, pp. 389–390; Waller, p. 325
- ^ Curtis, p. 173; Green, pp. 307–308; Gregg, pp. 221–222
- ^ Gregg, p. 298
- ^ Green, pp. 217–218; Gregg, pp. 305–306
- ^ a b Green, p. 220; Gregg, p. 306; Somerset, pp. 403–404
- ^ Curtis, p. 176; Gregg, pp. 313–314; Somerset, pp. 414–415
- ^ Gregg, p. 335
- ^ Gregg, pp. 322–324
- ^ Green, pp. 238–241; Gregg, pp. 328–331; Somerset, pp. 435–437
- ^ Green, p. 244; Gregg, p. 337; Somerset, pp. 439–440
- ^ Green, p. 274
- ^ Gregg, pp. 337–343
- ^ Curtis, p. 189; Green, p. 258; Gregg, p. 343; Somerset, pp. 458–460
- ^ Curtis, p. 190; Green, p. 263; Gregg, pp. 349–351; Somerset, pp. 463–465
- ^ Green, p. 263; Somerset, p. 465
- ^ Gregg, pp. 349–351; Somerset, pp. 464–465
- ^ Green, p. 263; Gregg, p. 350
- ^ Gregg, pp. 358, 361
- ^ Gregg, p. 361
- ^ Green, pp. 272–284; Gregg, pp. 363–366
- ^ Curtis, p. 193
- ^ Gregg, pp. 375–377; Somerset, pp. 505–507
- ^ Curtis, p. 193; Green, p. 282
- ^ Curtis, p. 193; Green, pp. 294–295
- ^ Green, p. 296; Gregg, p. 374; Somerset, p. 502
- ^ Green, p. 300; Gregg, p. 378
- ^ Harley's secretary Erasmus Lewis writing to Jonathan Swift, quoted in Gregg, p. 391 and Somerset, p. 524
- ^ Green, p. 318; Gregg, pp. 390–391
- ^ Gregg, pp. 391–392; Somerset, pp. 525–526
- ^ Green, pp. 321–322; Somerset, p. 527; Waller, p. 328
- ^ Gregg, pp. 392–394; Somerset, p. 528
- ^ Quoted in Gregg, p. 394
- ^ "No. 5254". The London Gazette. 24 August 1714. p. 1.
- ^ Curtis, p. 201
- ^ Green, p. 327
- ^ Gregg, p. 399
- ^ Somerset, p. 501
- ^ Gregg, p. 401
- ^ Green, p. 330
- ^ Hensbergen, Claudine; Bernard, Stephen (2014) "Introduction" Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 140
- ^ Waller, p. 313; see also Somerset, pp. 541–543 for a similar view.
- ^ Green, p. 14
- ^ Gregg, p. 404
- ^ Green, p. 97; Gregg, p. 141
- ^ Curtis, p. 204
- ^ Curtis, pp. 124–131
- ^ a b Gregg, p. 132
- ^ Curtis, pp. 131, 136–137
- ^ Gregg, p. 405
- ^ "Quick Guide: Act of Union". BBC News. 15 January 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Waller, pp. 313, 317, 328
- ^ "No. 1065". The London Gazette. 31 January 1675. p. 2. "No. 1143". The London Gazette. 30 October 1676. p. 1.
- ^ "No. 2361". The London Gazette. 5 July 1688. p. 1. "No. 2365". The London Gazette. 19 July 1688. p. 2.
- ^ Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921). English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc. London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. pp. 62–63.
- ^ Weir, p. 286
- ^ a b Pinches and Pinches, pp. 194–195
- ^ "Union with England Act 1707: Section I". The National Archives. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Union with England Act 1707: Section XXIV". The National Archives. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56; Weir, p. 268
- ^ Chester, p. 209
- ^ "No. 2216". The London Gazette. 10–14 February 1686. p. 2.
- ^ a b c d Chester, p. 217
- ^ a b Ward, pp. 441–474
- ^ Gregg, pp. 46–47
- ^ "No. 2214". The London Gazette. 3–7 February 1686. p. 2.
- ^ Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series: James II (1964). London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 347; Gregg, p. 46; Somerset, p. 71; Weir, p. 268
- ^ a b Gregg, p. 52
- ^ Chester, p. 219; Weir, p. 268
- ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 55; Somerset, p. 86; Weir, p. 268
- ^ Green, pp. 54, 335; Gregg, pp. 72, 120; Weir, p. 268
- ^ Chester, pp. 246–247
- ISBN 0-340-79461-5.
- ^ Chester, p. 226
- ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 80
- ^ Luttrell, vol. II, p. 116; Weir, p. 268
- ^ a b Chester, p. 230
- ^ Green, pp. 62, 335; Luttrell, vol. II, p. 424; Weir, p. 268
- ^ Gregg, p. 90
- ^ Weir, p. 268; see also Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 99; Luttrell, vol. III, p. 62
- ^ Chester, p. 231
- ^ Gregg, p. 100
- ^ a b c d Weir, p. 269
- ^ Luttrell, vol. III, p. 258
- ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 20
- ^ Gregg, p. 107
- ^ a b Green, p. 335
- ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 114; Gregg, p. 108
- ^ Bickley, Francis (ed.) (1930). Historical Manuscripts Commission: The Hastings Manuscripts. London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 286
- ^ Somerset, p. 152
- ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, p. 153
- ^ Green, p. 335; Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 316
- ^ a b Gregg, p. 116
- ^ Somerset, p. 156
- ^ Green, p. 335; Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 428; Weir, p. 269
- ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 607
- ^ Gregg, p. 120
- ^ Gregg, pp. x–xi; Somerset, pp. viii–ix
Sources
- Chester, Joseph Lemuel, ed. (1876), The Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster, London: Harleian Society, OL 16339543M
- Curtis, Gila (1972), The Life and Times of Queen Anne, introduced by OL 5457893M
- Green, David (1970), Queen Anne, London: Collins, ISBN 0-0021-1693-6
- Gregg, Edward (2001), Queen Anne (2nd ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, OL 3958275M
- Kendall, K. Limakatso (1991), Schofield, Mary Anne; Macheski, Cecilia (eds.), "Finding the Good Parts: Sexuality in Women's Tragedies in the Time of Queen Anne", Curtain Calls: British and American Women and the Theatre, 1660–1820, Athens: Ohio University Press, OL 1883550M
- OL 16165360M
- OL 23282860M
- Nenner, Howard (1998), The Right to be King: the Succession to the Crown of England, 1603–1714, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, OL 18675450M
- OL 5114364M
- OL 30550898M
- Traub, Valerie (2002), The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England, Cambridge: University Press, OL 7741013M
- Waller, Maureen (2006), Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England, London: John Murray, OL 24198415M
- Ward, Adolphus W. (1885), , in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 441–474
- OL 20479898M
- OL 7794712M
- Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911), Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 65–68 , in
Further reading
- Bucholz, Robert O. (1991), "'Nothing but ceremony': Queen Anne and the limitations of royal ritual", S2CID 143522370
- Harris, Frances (1993), "'The Honourable Sisterhood': Queen Anne's Maids of Honour", JSTOR 42554369
- Van Hensbergen, Claudine (2014), "Carving a Legacy: Public Sculpture of Queen Anne, c. 1704–1712" (PDF), Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 229–244, archived(PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018
External links
- Anne at the official website of the British monarchy
- Anne at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Portraits of Queen Anne at the National Portrait Gallery, London