Annonaceae
Annonaceae Temporal range:
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Annona squamosa fruit
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Magnoliids |
Order: | Magnoliales |
Family: | Annonaceae Juss. |
Type genus | |
Annona | |
Subfamilies | |
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Synonyms | |
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The Annonaceae are a
Description
The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.[3]
- Stems, stalks and leaves
- Bark is fibrous and aromatic. Stipules absent.[3]
- Flowers
- inserted below the ovaries, and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments. Usually two to four persistent sepals that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout filaments and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct. Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one locule, with one to many ovules. Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.[3]
- Fruits and seeds
- Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into aggregate fruit, syncarps). Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.[3]
Systematics
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Annonaceae |
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In a
Both plastid DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that Anaxagorea is the sister clade to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked phyllotaxis, monosulcate pollen, and laminate stamens) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.[12][13][14] The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus Futabanthus, from the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Japan,[15] which represents a minimum age of c. 89 million years ago for the most recent common ancestor (crown group) of the family.[16] The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and molecular clock-based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the boreotropical flora during the Eocene and more recent long-distance dispersal events.[17][18]
Taxonomic revisions within the subfamily Malmeoideae
The reclassification and establishment of Huberantha
The genus Huberantha (synonym Hubera) was resolved to be sister to Miliusa, with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified.[19] This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Huberantha's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia, distinguish Huberantha on the generic level. Morphologically, Huberantha has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas Monoon and Polyalthia have columellate or densely granular infratecta.[19]
Controversy over Stelechocarpus/Winitia
It was proposed that the genus Stelechocarpus, which includes S. burahol and S. cauliflorus be reclassified under a new genus Winitia, which is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to S. cauliflorus as a monophyletic group.[20] However this is no longer accepted.[21]
Reclassification of Annickia as tribe Annickieae
The genus Annickia was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, Annickia is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae.[22]
Subfamilies
The taxonomy of the Annonaceae is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, which recognises four subfamilies[23][24] and the extinct genus †Anonaspermum[25]
Anaxagoreoideae
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic)
- Anaxagorea St.-Hilaire 1825
Ambavioideae
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012
- Ambavia Le Thomas
- Ylang-ylang)
- Cleistopholis Pierre ex Engl.
- Cyathocalyx Champ. ex Hook.f. & Thomson
- Drepananthus Maingay ex Hook.f.
- Lettowianthus Diels
- Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels
- Mezzettia Becc.
- Tetrameranthus R.E.Fr.
Annonoideae
Tribes and selected genera
- Tribe AnnoneaeEndlicher 1839
- Annona L. (synonym Rollinia A. St.-Hil.)
- Asimina Adans.
- Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson
- Tribe BocageeaeEndlicher 1839
- Tribe DuguetieaeChatrou & Saunders 2012
- Duguetia A.St.-Hil.
- Pseudartabotrys Pellegr.
- Tribe GuatterieaeHooker & Thomson 1855
- Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.
- Tribe MonodoreaeBaill. 1868
- Monodora Dunal
- Uvariopsis Engl.
- Tribe UvarieaeHooker & Thomson 1855
- Dasymaschalon (Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms
- Desmos Lour.
- Fissistigma Griff.
- Mitrella Miq.
- Uvaria L.
- Tribe XylopieaeEndlicher 1839
- Artabotrys R.Br.
- Xylopia L.
Malmeoideae
- Tribe monotypic)
- Annickia Setten & Maas
- Tribe PiptostigmateaeChatrou & Saunders 2012
Selected genera:- Piptostigma Oliv.
- Sirdavidia Couvreur
- Tribe MalmeeaeChatrou & Saunders 2012
Selected genera:- Ephedranthus S.Moore
- Klarobelia Chatrou
- Malmea R.E.Fr.
- Mosannona Chatrou
- Oxandra A.Rich. (black lancewood)
- Pseudephedranthus Aristeg.
- Pseudomalmea Chatrou
- Ruizodendron R.E.Fr.
- Tribe MaasieaeChatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
- Maasia Mols et al.
- Tribe FenerivieaeChatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
- Fenerivia Diels
- Tribe Phoenicantheae(monotypic)
- Phoenicanthus Alston
- Tribe DendrokingstonieaeChatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
- Dendrokingstonia Rauschert
- Tribe MonocarpieaeChatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
- Monocarpia Miq.
- Tribe MiliuseaeHooker & Thomson 1855
Selected genera:- Alphonsea Hook.f. & Thomson
- Desmopsis Saff.
- Huberantha (synonym Hubera) Chaowasku
- Meiogyne Miq. (synonyms: Ancana F. Mueller; Guamia Merrill; Fitzalania F. Muell.; Oncodostigma Diels, Polyaulax Backer)
- Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC. (Saccopetalum Bennett)
- Mitrephora (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson
- Monoon Miq. (Cleistopetalum H. Okada, Enicosanthum Becc., Woodiellantha Rauschert)
- Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson
- Polyalthia Blume
- Polyalthiopsis Chaowasku
- Sageraea Dalzell
- Sapranthus Seem.
- Stelechocarpus Chaowasku
- Wuodendron B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku
Uses
Food
The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called anona by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of
Consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata (soursop, graviola, guanabana) has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism". The causative agent, annonacin, is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.[27][28][29][30]
The American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) has an Eastern United States distribution and has been investigated as a commercial agricultural crop.[31]
Flower petals from sacred earflower (Cymbopetalum penduliflorum) and from related species C. costaricense[32] were traditionally used to flavor chocolate[33] before the arrival of cinnamon and the other Old World spices.[34] The dried petals are still used to flavor atoles, pinoles, and coffee.[35]
Folk medicine
The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in
Toxicology
The
Other uses
Lancewood (Oxandra lanceolata)[37] is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the West Indies and The Guianas. It was often used for carriage shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20 cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form.
The yellow lancewood tree Calycophyllum candididissimum, common names lemonwood or degame, is from a different family (Rubiaceae).[37] It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows.
Other
- Some species of the family, such as Cananga odorata (
- The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the
- Yellow and brown natural dyes[38]
- Some species are also grown as Polyalthia longifoliapendula.
- The fruit and leaves of Uvariopsis tripetala (pepperfruit) are used as a spice for meats in some parts of Nigeria, due to its "hot" peppery flavor.
Chemical constituents
A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and acetogenins, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.[38]
References
- ^ "Magnoliales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2007-05-12). "Family: Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g Flora of North America. "2. Annonaceae Jussieu". 3. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Annonaceae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
- ^ S2CID 82465841.
- ^ Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. Archived from the originalon 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ doi:10.1043/02-13.1 (inactive 31 January 2024).)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - S2CID 84131983.
- ISSN 0006-5196.
- ISSN 0024-4074.
- ISSN 0024-4074.
- S2CID 86018723.
- .
- S2CID 82733997.
- S2CID 85308472.
- ISSN 0024-4074.
- PMID 15519968.
- S2CID 85568637.
- ^ ISSN 1179-3163.
- S2CID 86528302.
- ^ POWO: Winitia Chaowasku is a synonym of Stelechocarpus Hook.f. & Thomson (retrieved 19 July 2022)
- ^ PMID 30687347.
- ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001). "List of Genera in ANNONACEAE". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 13. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- PMID 28779135.
- Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2008-02-14). "Genus: Rollinia A. St.-Hil". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- S2CID 37873631.
- S2CID 31508365.
- )
- S2CID 24204451.
- ^ Pomper, K.W.; et al. (July 2008). "Flowering and fruiting characteristics of eight pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.)] Dunal selections in Kentucky". Journal American Pomological Society. 62 (3): 89–97.
- ISBN 9783540279082. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Flavoring of drinking chocolate
- OCLC 48693661.
- ^ U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, ed. (May 1922). Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction during the Period from April 1 to June 30, 1918 (PDF). Vol. 55. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 5, 35–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- OCLC 29527548.
- ^ Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, 4. Mai 2007
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85442-028-5.
- ^ International Centre for Underutilised Crops. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Custard Apple". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 667. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
External links
- "Annonaceae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
- AnnonBase—online database for Annonaceae
- World Annonaceae - a scratchpad for data on species of Annonaceae
- Annonaceae in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database