Annus mirabilis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the poem by John Dryden, see Annus Mirabilis (poem).

Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means "marvelous year", "wonderful year", "miraculous year", "year of wonder" or "amazing year". This term has been used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered, notably Isaac Newton's discoveries in 1666 and Albert Einstein's papers published in 1905.

1345-1346 — Edward III

Main article: Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347

Eight years after the start of the Hundred Years' War, large-scale fighting had died down. Edward III of England decided to renew the war more vigorously in 1345.[1] He despatched a small force to Gascony in south-west France under Henry, Earl of Derby[2] and personally led the main English army to northern France. Edward delayed the disembarkation of his army and his fleet was scattered by a storm, rendering this offensive ineffective.[3] Derby was spectacularly successful, winning victories at Bergerac and Auberoche.[4] The following spring, a large French army, led by the heir to the French throne, John, Duke of Normandy, counter-attacked Derby's forces.[5]

Edward responded by landing an army of 10,000 men in northern

siege to Calais.[10] The period from Derby's victory outside Bergerac in late August 1345 to the start of the siege of Calais on 4 September 1346 became known as Edward III's annus mirabilis.[11][12]

1492 — Catholic Monarchs

In January 1492,

discovery of the Americas
on October 12.

That same year, Antonio de Nebrija published his monumental grammar of Spanish, Gramática de la lengua castellana. It is notable as the first work to focus on the grammar of a modern Western European language, rather than Latin.[13]

1543 — The year of science

Main article: Scientific Revolution

In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, outlining his heliocentric model of the universe. This event is traditionally held to be the beginning of the wider Scientific Revolution, which saw the emergence of modern science in Europe.[14] Andreas Vesalius also published his De humani corporis fabrica in 1543, revolutionizing the science of anatomy and the practice of medicine.[citation needed]

1625 — Spanish monarchy

During the course of [1625] Breda surrendered to the Army of Flanders under the command of the incomparable Spinola; the republic of Genoa, Spain's ally and client, was rescued from the onslaught of the combined forces of France and Savoy; a joint Spanish-Portuguese naval expedition drove the Dutch from Bahia in Brazil; and an English expeditionary force was humiliatingly defeated when it attempted an attack on Cadiz.

-– Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War[15]

A series of Spanish military victories on a global strategic scale obtained in 1625 during the Thirty Years' War, in important military theaters in Europe and America. These military victories were as follows: Siege of Breda, Relief of Genoa, Recapture of Bahia, Battle of San Juan and Defense of Cádiz.[16] Those military actions were immortalized in a series of paintings in the Hall of Realms of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid. Thus, the “reputational” policy promoted by the Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, favourite of Philip IV of Spain, was apparently confirmed by the initial success,[17] and it was in reference to this annus mirabilis for Spanish arms that Olivares delivered probably his most famous pronouncement: "God is Spanish and fights for Spain."[15]

1644-1645 — Montrose

The military successes of

War of the Three Kingdoms during 1644–1645 are sometimes called "annus mirabilis".[18][19]

1666 — The year of wonders

In 1666,

law of universal gravitation (Newton's apple). He was afforded the time to work on his theories due to the closure of Cambridge University by an outbreak of plague.[20][21]

1706 — Grand Alliance

Main article: Battle of Ramillies

In 1706, the Grand Alliance arrayed against Louis XIV of France won resounding victories (the Battle of Ramillies and Siege of Turin) which, after the previous year's failures, has been termed by James Falkner a "Year of Miracles."[22]

1759 — William Pitt

Main article:
Annus Mirabilis of 1759

A series of victories by the British armed forces in 1759 in North America, Europe, India, and in various naval engagements caused that year to be referred to, on occasion, as William Pitt's annus mirabilis. It was the turning point of the Seven Years' War.[23][24]

1905 — Albert Einstein

Main article:
Annus Mirabilis papers

It was in this year that

special theory of relativity, and the famous E = mc2 equation. His four articles, collectively known as his Annus Mirabilis papers, were published in Annalen der Physik in 1905.[25][26]

1939 — Hollywood's Golden Year

1939 is considered the Annus Mirabilis of Hollywood due to the surprising number of movies released that year that are considered "classics" or foundational of their genre.[27] Some of the films released in 1939 include:

The Wizard of Oz, Gone with the Wind, Gunga Din, Beau Geste, Union Pacific, The Roaring Twenties, Only Angels Have Wings, At the Circus, Stagecoach, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Ninotchka, Destry Rides Again, Midnight, Wuthering Heights, Young Mr. Lincoln
, among many others.

2016-17 — Portugal

Portugal is known for being "the country of the 3 Fs" because of

Marian Apparition of 1917.[30][31] The period from Portugal's victory at the Euros in July 2016 to the end of Pope Francis's visit to Portugal in May 2017 became known as Portugal's annus mirabilis.[32]

Annus mirabilis of births

See also

Look up annus mirabilis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

  1. ^ Sumption 1990, p. 453.
  2. ^ Rogers 2004, p. 94.
  3. ^ Prestwich 2007, p. 315.
  4. ^ Sumption 1990, pp. 466, 469.
  5. ^ Sumption 1990, pp. 485–486.
  6. ^ Burne 1999, p. 138.
  7. ^ Sumption 1990, pp. 514–515.
  8. ^ Sumption 1990, p. 532.
  9. ^ DeVries 1998, p. 171.
  10. ^ Burne 1999, p. 207.
  11. ^ Lambert 2011, p. 247.
  12. ^ Sumption 1990, pp. 537–538, 557.
  13. ^ "Bibliographic use of expression related to 1492". Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  14. ^ "The Scientific Revolution". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-05. Western New England College
  15. ^ a b Parker 1984, p. 90.
  16. ^ Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2018). "Inglaterra y la Monarquía hispana. La guerra anglo-española de 1625-1630 y el conflicto europeo". Manuscrits: Revista d'història moderna (in Spanish) (38): 64.
  17. ISBN 0300044992
    .
  18. ISBN 9780312292935. Archived
    from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  19. ISBN 9781473813038. Archived
    from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  20. ^ "Universal Gravitation – The Physics Hypertextbook". Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2012. In the same year [1666] I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the moon, .... All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666, for in those days I was in the prime of my age for invention, and minded mathematics and philosophy more than at any time since.
  21. ^ "Newton's Birth Date and The Anni Mirabiles". Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2012. In the beginning of the year 1665 I found the Method of approximating series & the Rule for reducing any dignity of any Binomial into such a series. The same year in May I found the method of Tangents of Gregory & Slusius, & in November had the direct method of fluxions & the next year in January had the Theory of Colors & in May following I had entrance into the inverse method of fluxions. And the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the Moon & (having found out how to estimate the force with which a globe revolving within a sphere presses the surface of the sphere) from Keplers rule of the periodical times of the Planets being in sesquialterate proportion of their distances from the centers of their Orbs, I deduced that the forces which keep the Planets in their Orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve: and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth ... All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666. For in those days I was in the prime of my age of invention & minded Mathematics & Philosophy more than at any time since.
  22. ^ Falkner, J., 2006. Ramillies 1706. Havertown: Pen and Sword.
  23. ^ Blanning p.299
  24. ^ Monod p.167
  25. ^ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Archived December 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Greene, Brian. "How Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Our Universe". The Forward. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  27. ^ "Most Notable Films of 1939: Hollywood's Golden Year". Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  28. ^ "The 3 F's of Portugal: Fado, Futbol, Fatima". www.kcrw.com. June 2, 2014. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  29. ^ Smith-Spark, Laura; Almasy, Steve. "Portugal's Salvador Sobral wins Eurovision Song Contest". CNN. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  30. ^ "2017: Pope Francis to visit Fátima on 100th Anniversary of Marian Apparitions". portuguese-american-journal.com. April 29, 2015. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  31. ^ "Pope Francis arrives in Portugal to canonise children at Fátima shrine". www.theguardian.com. May 12, 2017. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  32. ^ "Do infortúnio à euforia em ano e meio: o que correu bem a Portugal" [From misfortune to euphoria in a year and a half: what went well for Portugal]. www.publico.pt (in Portuguese). May 21, 2017. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
  33. ^ "Michael Barone: Our Three Presidents Born In 1946". www.investors.com. April 14, 2017. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  34. ^ a b "1972 – Football's Annus Mirabilis". michaelsportstats.com. January 18, 2015. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.

Bibliography

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