Anseriformes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Anseriformes
Temporal range: Possible Cretaceous record
Ma
[1]
Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade:
Anserimorphae
Order: Anseriformes
Wagler, 1831
Extant families
Range of the waterfowl and allies

Anseriformes is an

Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. Most modern species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. With the exception of screamers, males have penises, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves
. Due to their aquatic nature, most species are web-footed though this one is not.

Evolution

Anseriformes are one of only two types of modern bird to be confirmed present during the

enantiornithes were the dominant birds that ruled the trees and air. The asteroid that ended the Mesozoic destroyed all trees as well as animals in the open, a condition that took centuries[citation needed] to recover from. The anseriformes and galliformes are thought to have survived in the cover of burrows and water, and not to have needed trees for food and reproduction.[2]

The earliest

presbyornithids, thought to be the common ancestors of ducks, geese, swans, and screamers
, the last group once thought to be galliformes, but now genetically confirmed to be closely related to geese. The first known duck fossils start to appear about 34 million years ago.

Waterfowl are the best-known examples of sexually antagonistic genital coevolution in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations to coevolve in each sex to advance control over mating and fertilization. Sexually antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs as a consequence of sexual conflict between males and females, resulting in coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or that functions to decrease ease of having sex.[4]

Taxonomy

The Anseriformes and the

gastornithids and mihirungs have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region.[5][6][7][8][9][10] The genus Vegavis for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform crown group but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in the family Vegaviidae.[11]

Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.[5][6][7][8][9][11]

Odontoanserae

Pelagornithidae (pseudo-tooth birds)

Anserimorphae

Gastornithidae

Dromornithidae (mihirungs)

Vegaviidae

Anseriformes (screamers and waterfowl)

Systematics

phylogenetic analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[13][14] and John Boyd's website.[15]

  • Order Anseriformes
    • ?†Conflicto Claudia P. Tambussi et al. 2019
    • Naranbulagornis Zelenkov 2019
    • Anachronornis[16]
    • Suborder
      Anhimae
      Wetmore & Miller 1926
      • Genus †Chaunoides de Alvarenga 1999
      • Family
        Anhimidae
        Stejneger 1885 (screamers)
        • Genus
          Anhima
          (Linnaeus 1766) Brisson 1760 (horned screamer)
        • Genus Chauna Illiger 1811
    • Suborder Anseres (true Anseriformes)
      • Superfamily
        Anseranatoidea
        • Family Anseranatidae Sclater 1880
          • Genus †Anserpica Mourer-Chauviré, Berthet & Hugueney 2004
          • Genus †Eoanseranas Worthy & Scanlon 2009 (hand's dawn magpie goose)
          • Genus †Anatalavis Olson & Parris 1987 (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene – Early Eocene)
          • Genus
            Anseranas
            (Latham 1798) Lesson 1828 (magpie goose)
      • Superfamily
        Anatoidea
        • Family †Presbyornithidae Wetmore 1926 (wading-"geese")^
        • Family †Paranyrocidae Miller & Compton 1939
          • Genus †Paranyroca Miller & Compton 1939 (Rosebud Early Miocene of Bennett County, USA)
            Anatidae
        • Family Anatidae Leach 1820 (almost 150 species)
          • Subfamily †Romainvilliinae Lambrecht 1933
          • Subfamily
            Dendrocygninae
            Reichenbach 1849–50
            • Genus
              Dendrocygna
              Swainson 1837 (whistling ducks)
            • Genus
              Thalassornis
              Eyton 1838 (white-backed duck)
          • Subfamily †Dendrocheninae Livezey & Martin 1988
            • Genus †Dendrochen Miller 1944
            • Genus †
              Manuherikia
              Worthy et al. 2007
            • Genus †Mionetta Livezey & Martin 1988
          • Subfamily
            Stictonettinae
            • Genus
              Stictonetta
              (Gould 1841) Reichenbach 1853 (freckled duck)
          • Subfamily Anserinae Vigors 1825 sensu Livezey 1996 (swans and geese)
            • Genus †Anserobranta Kuročkin & Ganya 1972
            • Genus †Asiavis Nesov 1986
            • Genus †“Chenopis” De Vis 1905
            • Genus †Cygnavus Lambrecht 1931
            • Genus †Cygnopterus Lambrecht 1931
            • Genus †Eremochen Brodkorb 1961
            • Genus †Megalodytes Howard 1992
            • Genus †Paracygnus Short 1969
            • Genus †Presbychen Wetmore 1930
            • Genus †
              Cnemiornis
              Owen 1866 (New Zealand geese)
            • Genus †Afrocygnus Louchart et al. 2005
            • Genus
              Coscoroba
              (Molina 1782) Reichenbach 1853 (Coscoroba swan)
            • Genus
              Cereopsis
              Latham 1801 (Cape Barren goose)
            • Genus
              Cygnus
              Garsault 1764
            • Genus Branta Scopoli 1769
            • Tribe
              Anserini
              Vigors 1825
              • Genus
                Anser
                Brisson 1760
          • Subfamily Tadorninae Reichenbach 1849–50 (shelducks and sheldgeese)
            • Genus †Australotadorna Worthy 2009
            • Genus †Brantadorna Howard 1964
            • Genus †
              Centrornis
              Andrews 1897 (Malagasy sheldgoose)
            • Genus †Miotadorna Worthy et al. 2007 (St. Bathans shelduck)
            • Genus †Nannonetta Campbell 1979
            • Genus †Pleistoanser Agnolín 2006
            • Genus
              Plectropterus
              (Linnaeus 1766) (spur-winged goose)
            • Genus
              Merganetta
              Gould 1842 (Torrent duck)
            • Genus Chloephaga Eyton 1838
            • Genus Neochen Oberholser 1918
            • Genus
              Cyanochen
              (Rüppell 1845) Bonaparte 1856 (blue-winged goose)
            • Genus Tadorna Boie 1822
            • Genus
              Radjah
              Reichenbach, 1853
            • Genus Alopochen Stejneger 1885
            • Genus
              Cairina
              (Linnaeus 1758) Fleming 1822 (Muscovy duck)
            • Genus
              Hymenolaimus
              (Gmelin 1789) Gray 1843 (blue duck)
            • Genus Sarkidiornis Eyton 1838
            • Genus
              Tachyeres
              Owen 1875 (steamer ducks)
          • Subfamily Anatinae Vigors 1825 sensu Livezey 1996
            • Genus †Dunstanetta Worthy et al. 2007 (Johnstone's duck)
            • Genus †Lavadytis Stidham & Hilton 2015
            • Genus †Pinpanetta Worthy 2009
            • Genus †Tirarinetta Worthy 2008
            • Genus
              Aix
              Boie 1828
            • Genus
              Callonetta
              Delacour 1936 (ringed teal)
            • Genus Chenonetta von Brandt 1836 (Australian wood duck)
            • Genus Biziura Stephens 1824 (musk ducks)
            • Genus
              Pteronetta
              (Cassin 1860) Salvadori 1895 (Hartlaub's duck)
            • Genus
              Marmaronetta
              (Ménétries 1832) Reichenbach 1853 (marbled duck)
            • Genus
              Asarcornis
              (Müller 1842) Salvadori 1895 (white-winged duck)
            • Genus Netta Kaup 1829
            • Genus
              Lophonetta
              (King 1828) Riley 1914 (crested duck)
            • Genus
              Amazonetta
              (Gmelin 1789) von Boetticher 1929 (Brazilian teal)
            • Tribe Oxyurini Swainson 1831 (stiff-tailed ducks and allies)
            • Genus †Anabernicula Ross 1935
              • Genus
                Heteronetta
                (Merrem 1841) Salvadori 1865 (black-headed duck)
              • Genus
                Nomonyx
                (Linnaeus 1766) Ridgway 1880 (masked duck)
              • Genus
                Oxyura
                Bonaparte 1828
            • Genus
              Nettapus
              von Brandt 1836 (pygmy geese)
            • Genus Malacorhynchus Swainson 1831 (pink-eared duck)
            • Genus
              Salvadorina
              Rothschild & Hartert 1894 (Salvadori's teal)
            • Genus
              Speculanas
              (King 1828) von Boetticher 1929 (bronze-winged duck)
            • Tribe Mergini Rafinesque 1815 (eiders, scoters, mergansers and other sea-ducks)
              • Genus †Chendytes Miller 1925
              • Genus †Shiriyanetta Watanabe & Matsuoka 2015
              • Genus †
                Camptorhynchus
                (Gmelin 1789) Bonaparte 1838 (Labrador duck)
              • Genus
                Histrionicus
                Lesson 1828 (harlequin duck)
              • Genus
                Clangula
                Leach 1819 (long-tailed duck)
              • Genus
                Polysticta stelleri
                (Pallas 1769) Eyton 1836 (Steller's eider)
              • Genus
                Somateria
                Leach 1819 (eiders)
              • Genus
                Melanitta
                Boie 1822 (scoters)
              • Genus
                Bucephala
                Baird 1858
              • Genus
                Mergellus
                Selby 1840 (Smew)
              • Genus
                Lophodytes
                (Linnaeus 1758) Reichenbach 1853 (hooded merganser)
              • Genus Mergus Linnaeus 1758 non Brisson 1760
            • Tribe
              Anatini
              Vigors 1825 sensu Livezey 1996 (dabbling ducks and moa-nalos)
              • Genus †Matanas Worthy et al. 2007 (Enright's duck)
              • Genus Anas Linnaeus 1758
              • Genus
                Sibirionetta
                (Georgi 1775) (Baikal teal)
              • Genus Mareca (Stephens 1824)
              • Genus
                Spatula
                Boie 1822
            • Tribe
              Aythyini
              Delacour and Mayr, 1945 (diving ducks)

Some fossil anseriform taxa not assignable with certainty to a family are:

Unassigned Anatidae:

In addition, a considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene fossils have been described where it is uncertain whether or not they are anseriforms. This is because almost all orders of aquatic birds living today either originated or underwent a major radiation during that time, making it hard to decide whether some waterbird-like bone belongs into this family or is the product of parallel evolution in a different lineage due to adaptive pressures.

  • "Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) – Presbyornithidae?
  • UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA)
  • Petropluvialis (Late Eocene of England) – may be same as Palaeopapia
  • Agnopterus (Late Eocene – Late Oligocene of Europe) – includes Cygnopterus lambrechti
  • "Headonornis hantoniensis" BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – formerly "Ptenornis"
  • Palaeopapia (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England)
  • "Anas" creccoides (Early/Middle Oligocene of Belgium)
  • "Anas" skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic)
  • "Anas" risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany)
  • "Anas" meyerii Milne-Edwards 1867 [Aythya meyerii (Milne-Edwards 1867) Brodkorb 1964]
  • Eonessa anaticula Wetmore 1938 {Eonessinae Wetmore 1938}

Phylogeny

Living Anseriformes based on the work by John Boyd.[15]

Anseriformes classification
Anhimae
Anhimidae

Anhima

Chauna

Anseres
Anseranatidae

Anseranas

Anatidae
Dendrocygninae

Dendrocygna

Thalassornis

?
Plectropterinae

Plectropterus

Stictonettinae

Stictonetta

Anserinae
?Nettapodini

Nettapus

Biziurini
Oxyurini

Heteronetta

Nomonyx

Oxyura

Anserini
Malacorhynchina
Cereopsina

Coscoroba

Cereopsis

Cygnina

Sthenelides

Cygnus

Anserina

Branta

Anser

Anatinae
Tadornini
Mergini

Histrionicus

Camptorhynchus

Clangula

Somanterina

Polysticta

Somateria

Mergina

Melanitta

Bucephala

Mergellus

Lophodytes

Mergus

Cairinini

Cairina

Aix

Callonettini

Callonetta

?

Salvadorina

Aythyini

Chenonetta

Hymenolaimus

Sarkidiornis

Pteronetta

Cyanochen

Marmaronetta

Asarcornis

Netta

Metopiana

Aythya

Anatini

Anas

Sibirionetta

Spatula

Tachyeres

Lophonetta

Amazonetta

Speculanas

  • Crested screamer (Chauna torquata)
    Crested screamer
    (Chauna torquata)
  • Magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata), sole surviving member of a Mesozoic lineage
    Magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata), sole surviving member of a Mesozoic lineage
  • Cast of Dromornis stirtoni, a mihirung, from Australia.
    Cast of
    mihirung
    , from Australia.

Molecular studies

Studies of the mitochondrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches –

Dendrocygninae
being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing an independent family.
Somateria
.

See also

References

  1. PMID 32781465
    .
  2. ^ Quail-like creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact
  3. ^ The Delaware River: History, Traditions and Legends
  4. PMID 26134314
    .
  5. ^ a b Andors, A. (1992). "Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Anserimorphae)". Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 36: 109–125.
  6. ^ a b Murrary, P.F; Vickers-Rich, P. (2004). Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.
  7. ^
    S2CID 9453177
    .
  8. ^ .
  9. ^ .
  10. .
  11. ^ .
  12. .
  13. ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Anseriformes – waterfowls". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  14. ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) "Paleofile.com". Archived from the original on 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2015-12-30.. "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  15. ^ a b John Boyd's website [2] Boyd, John (2007). "Anseriformes – waterfowl". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  16. ISSN 1424-2818
    .
  17. .

Cited texts