Anthony Blunt
Anthony Blunt | |
---|---|
Art historian, professor, writer, spy | |
Awards | KCVO, revoked in 1979 on the grounds of treason |
Espionage activity | |
Allegiance | Soviet Union |
Codenames |
Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983),
Blunt was a professor of
In 1964, after being offered immunity from prosecution, Blunt confessed to having been a spy for the Soviet Union. He was considered to be the "fourth man" of the Cambridge Five, a group of Cambridge-educated spies who worked for the Soviet Union from some time in the 1930s to at least the early 1950s.[7] He was the fourth member of the group to be discovered; the fifth, John Cairncross, was yet to be revealed. The height of Blunt's espionage activity was during World War II, when he passed to the Soviets intelligence about Wehrmacht plans that the British government had decided to withhold from its ally. His confession—a closely guarded secret for years—was revealed publicly by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in November 1979. He was stripped of his knighthood immediately thereafter. Blunt had already been exposed in print by historian Andrew Boyle earlier that year.
Early life
Blunt was born in
His siblings included the writer Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt and numismatist Christopher Evelyn Blunt.
Blunt's father was assigned to Paris with the British embassy chapel, and moved his family to the French capital for several years during Anthony's childhood. The young Anthony became fluent in French and experienced intensely the artistic culture available to him there, stimulating an interest which lasted a lifetime and formed the basis for his later career.[9]
He was educated at
In 1928 Blunt founded a political magazine, Venture, whose contributors were left-wing writers.[11]
Cambridge University
Blunt won a scholarship in mathematics to
Like
Recruitment to Soviet espionage
There are numerous theories of how Blunt was recruited to the
Blunt said in his public confession that it was Burgess who converted him to the Soviet cause, after both had left Cambridge.[24] Both were members of the Cambridge Apostles, and Burgess could have recruited Blunt or vice versa either at Cambridge University or later when both worked for British intelligence.
Joining MI5
With the invasion of Poland by German and Soviet forces, Blunt joined the British Army in 1939. During the Phoney War he served in France in the Intelligence Corps. When the Wehrmacht drove British forces back to Dunkirk in May 1940, he was part of the Dunkirk evacuation. During that same year he was recruited to MI5, the Security Service.[9] Before the war, MI5 employed mostly former members of the Indian Imperial Police.[25]
In MI5, Blunt began passing the results of
Full details of the entire Operation Ultra were fully known by only four people, only one of whom routinely worked at Bletchley Park. Dissemination of Ultra information did not follow usual intelligence protocol but maintained its own communications channels. Military intelligence officers gave intercepts to Ultra liaisons, who in turn forwarded the intercepts to Bletchley Park. Information from decoded messages was then passed back to military leaders through the same channels. Thus, each link in the communications chain knew only one particular job and not the overall Ultra details. Nobody outside Bletchley Park knew the source.[26]
John Cairncross, another of the Cambridge Five, was posted from MI6 to work at Bletchley Park. Blunt admitted to recruiting Cairncross and may well have been the
During the war, Blunt attained the rank of major.[9] After World War II, Blunt's espionage activity diminished, but he retained contact with Soviet agents and continued to pass them gossip from his former MI5 colleagues and documents from Burgess. This continued until the defection of Burgess and Maclean in 1951.[28]
Trips on behalf of the royal family
In April 1945, Blunt, who had worked part-time at the
In the final days of World War II in Europe,
Miranda Carter mentions that other versions of the story, which claim that the trip was to retrieve letters from the Duke of Windsor to Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse, the owner of Friedrichshof, in which the Duke knowingly revealed Allied secrets to Hitler, have some credibility, given the Duke's known Nazi sympathies.[34] Variants of this version have been published by several authors.[12][35][36] Carter allows that, while George VI may have also asked Blunt and Morshead to be on the alert for any documents relating to the Duke of Windsor, "it seems unlikely that they found any."[37] Much later Queen Victoria's letters were edited and published in five volumes by Roger Fulford, and it was revealed they contained numerous "embarrassing and 'improper' comments about the awfulness of German politics and culture."[37] Hugh Trevor-Roper remembered discussing the trip with Blunt at MI5 in the autumn of 1945 and recalled (in Carter's retelling): "Blunt's task had been to secure the Vicky correspondence before the Americans found it and published it."[38]
Blunt made three more trips to other locations over the following eighteen months, mainly "to recover royal treasures to which the Crown did not have an automatic right."
Suspicion and secret confession
Some people knew of Blunt's role as a Soviet spy long before his public exposure. According to MI5 papers released in 2002, Moura Budberg reported in 1950 that Blunt was a member of the Communist Party, but this was ignored. According to Blunt himself, he never joined because Burgess persuaded him that he would be more valuable to the anti-fascist crusade by working with Burgess. He was certainly on friendly terms with Sir Dick White, the head of MI5 and later MI6, in the 1960s, and they used to spend Christmas together with Victor Rothschild in Rothschild's Cambridge house.[42]
Blunt's KGB handlers had also become suspicious at the sheer amount of material he was passing over and suspected him of being a
With the defection of Burgess and Maclean to Moscow in May 1951, Blunt came under suspicion. He and Burgess had been friends since Cambridge. Maclean was in imminent danger due to the decryption of Venona messages. Burgess returned on the Queen Mary to Southampton after being suspended from the British Embassy in Washington for his conduct. He was to warn Maclean, who now worked in the Foreign Office but was under surveillance and isolated from secret material. Blunt collected Burgess at Southampton Docks and took him to stay at his flat in London, although he later denied that he had warned the defecting pair. Blunt was interrogated by MI5 in 1952, but gave away little, if anything.[9] Arthur Martin and Jim Skardon had interviewed Blunt eleven times since 1951, but Blunt had admitted nothing.
Blunt was greatly distressed by Burgess's flight and on 28 May 1951 confided in his friend
In 1963, MI5 learned of Blunt's espionage from Michael Straight, whom he had recruited. Blunt confessed to MI5 on 23 April 1964, and Queen Elizabeth II was informed shortly thereafter.[12] He also named Jenifer Hart, Phoebe Pool, John Cairncross, Peter Ashby, Brian Simon and Leonard Henry (Leo) Long as spies. Long had also been a member of the Communist Party and an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge. During the war he served in MI14 military intelligence in the War Office, with responsibility for assessing German offensive plans. He passed analyses but not original material relating to the Eastern Front to Blunt.[44]
According to his obituary in The New York Times[45]Blunt acknowledged that he had recruited spies for the Soviet Union from among young radical students at Cambridge, passed information to the Russians while he served as a high-ranking British intelligence officer during World War II, and had helped two of his former Cambridge students who had become Soviet moles inside the British Foreign Service, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, escape to the Soviet Union in 1951 just as their activities were about to be exposed.
He was convinced that the confession would be kept secret. "I believed, naively, that the security service would see it, partly in its own interest, that the story would never become public," he wrote.
According to the memoir of MI5 officer Peter Wright, Wright had regular interviews with Blunt from 1964 onwards for six years. Prior to that, he had a briefing with Michael Adeane, the Queen's private secretary, who told Wright: "From time to time you may find Blunt referring to an assignment he undertook on behalf of the Palace – a visit to Germany at the end of the war. Please do not pursue this matter. Strictly speaking, it is not relevant to considerations of national security."[49]
For unknown reasons, Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home was not informed of Blunt's spying, although the Queen and Home Secretary Henry Brooke had been fully informed. In November 1979, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher informed Parliament of Blunt's treachery and the immunity deal that had been arranged.[50]
Blunt's life was little affected by the knowledge of his treachery. In 1966, two years after his secret confession,
Public exposure
In 1979, Blunt's role was represented in Andrew Boyle's book Climate of Treason, in which Blunt was given the pseudonym "Maurice", after the homosexual protagonist of E. M. Forster's novel of that name. In September 1979, Blunt had tried to obtain a typescript before the publication of Boyle's book. "Technically there was no defamation, and Boyle's editor, Harold Harris, refused to cooperate."[52] Blunt's request was reported in the magazine Private Eye and drew attention to him.[53] In early November excerpts were published in The Observer, and on 8 November Private Eye revealed that "Maurice" was Blunt. In interviews to publicise his book, Boyle refused to confirm that Blunt was "Maurice" and asserted that was the government's responsibility.[54][55]
Based on an interview with Blunt's solicitor, Michael Rubinstein (who had met with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Cabinet Secretary, Sir Robert Armstrong), Blunt's biographer Miranda Carter states that Thatcher, "personally affronted by Blunt's immunity, took the bait. ...she found the whole episode thoroughly reprehensible, and reeking of Establishment collusion."[56]
On 15 November 1979, Thatcher revealed Blunt's wartime role in the House of Commons in reply to questions put to her by Ted Leadbitter, MP for Hartlepool, and Dennis Skinner, MP for Bolsover:[57]
Mr. Leadbitter and Mr. Skinner: Asked the Prime Minister if she will make a statement on recent evidence concerning the actions of an individual, whose name has been supplied to her, in relation to the security of the United Kingdom.[57]
The Prime Minister: "The name which the hon. Member for Hartlepool (Mr. Leadbitter) has given me is that of Sir Anthony Blunt."[57]
In a statement to the news media on 20 November, Blunt claimed the decision to grant him immunity from prosecution was taken by the then prime minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home.[58] Speaking in the House of Commons on 21 November, Thatcher disclosed more details of the affair.[59]
For weeks after Thatcher's announcement, Blunt was hunted by the press. Once found, he was besieged by photographers. Blunt had recently given a lecture at the invitation of Francis Haskell, Oxford University's professor of art history. Haskell had a Russian mother and wife and had graduated from King's College, Cambridge. To the press this made him an obvious suspect. They repeatedly telephoned Haskell's home in the early hours of the morning, using the names of his friends and claiming to have an urgent message for "Anthony".[60]
Although Blunt was outwardly calm, the sudden exposure shocked him. His former pupil, art critic Brian Sewell, said at the time, "He was so businesslike about it; he considered the implications for his knighthood and academic honours and what should be resigned and what retained. What he didn't want was a great debate at his clubs, the Athenaeum and the Travellers. He was incredibly calm about it all."[42] Sewell was involved in protecting Blunt from the extensive media attention after his exposure, and his friend was spirited away to a flat within a house in Chiswick.[61]
In 1979, Blunt said that the reason for his betrayal of Britain could be explained by the E. M. Forster adage "if asked to choose between betraying his friend and betraying his country, he hoped he would have the guts to betray his country". In 2002 the novelist Julian Barnes asserted that "Blunt exploited, deceived, and lied to far more friends than he was loyal to ... if you betray your country, you by definition betray all your friends in that country..."[62]
Queen Elizabeth II stripped Blunt of his knighthood,[58] and in short order he was removed as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College.[63] Blunt resigned as a Fellow of the British Academy after a failed effort to expel him; three fellows resigned in protest against the failure to remove him.[64] He broke down in tears in his BBC Television confession at the age of 72.[58]
Blunt died of a heart attack at his London home, 9 The Grove, Highgate, in 1983, aged 75. Jon Nordheimer, the author of Blunt's obituary in The New York Times, wrote: "Details of the nature of the espionage carried out by Mr. Blunt for the Russians have never been revealed, although it is believed that they did not directly cause loss of life or compromise military operations."[65]
Memoirs
Blunt withdrew from society after he was officially exposed and seldom went out, but continued his work on art history. His friend
"I do know he was really worried about upsetting his family," said Sewell. "I think he was being absolutely straight with me when he said that if he could not verify the facts there was no point in going on." Blunt stopped writing in 1983, leaving his memoirs to his partner, John Gaskin, who kept them for a year and then gave them to Blunt's executor, John Golding, a fellow art historian. Golding passed them on to the British Library, insisting that they not be released for 25 years. They were finally made available to readers on 23 July 2009 and can be accessed through the British Library catalogue.[66]
In the typed manuscript, Blunt conceded that spying for the Soviet Union was the biggest mistake of his life.[67]
What I did not realise is that I was so naïve politically that I was not justified in committing myself to any political action of this kind. The atmosphere in Cambridge was so intense, the enthusiasm for any anti-fascist activity was so great, that I made the biggest mistake of my life.[13]
The memoir revealed little that was not already known about Blunt. When asked whether there would be any new or unexpected names, John Golding replied: "I'm not sure. It's 25 years since I read it, and my memory is not that good." Although ordered by the KGB to defect with Maclean and Burgess to protect Philby, in 1951 Blunt realised "quite clearly that I would take any risk in [Britain], rather than go to Russia."[67] After he was publicly exposed, he claims to have considered suicide but instead turned to "whisky and concentrated work".[67]
The regret in the manuscript seemed to be because of the way that spying had affected his life and there was no apology. The historian Christopher Andrew felt that the regret was shallow, and that he found an "unwillingness to acknowledge the evil he had served in spying for Stalin".[68][69]
Career as an art historian
Royal Collections
Throughout the time of his activities in espionage, Blunt's public career was as an
University of London and Courtauld Institute
In 1947, Blunt became both Professor of the History of Art at the University of London, and the director of the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, where he had been lecturing since the spring of 1933,[70] and where his tenure in office as director lasted until 1974. This position included the use of a live-in apartment on the premises, then at Home House in Portman Square.[71] During his 27 years at the Courtauld Institute, Blunt was respected as a dedicated teacher, a kind superior to his staff. His legacy at the Courtauld was to have left it with a larger staff, increased funding, and more space, and his role was central in the acquisition of outstanding collections for the Courtauld's Galleries. He is often credited for making the Courtauld what it is today, as well as for pioneering art history in Britain, and for training the next generation of British art historians.[55] While at the Courtauld, Blunt contributed photographs to the Conway Library of art and architecture, which are currently[when?] being digitised.[72][73]
Research and publications
In 1953, Blunt published his book Art and Architecture in France, 1500–1700 in the
Blunt attended a summer school in
After Margaret Thatcher had exposed Blunt's espionage, he continued his art history work by writing and publishing a Guide to Baroque Rome (1982). He intended to write a monograph about the architecture of Pietro da Cortona but he died before realising the project. His manuscripts were sent to the intended co-author of this work, German art historian Jörg Martin Merz by the executors of his will. Merz published a book, Pietro da Cortona and Roman Baroque Architecture in 2008 incorporating a draft by the late Anthony Blunt.[55]
Many of his publications are still seen today by scholars as integral to the study of art history. His writing is lucid, and places art and architecture in their context in history. In Art and Architecture in France, for example, he begins each section with a brief depiction of the social, political and/or religious contexts in which works of art and art movements are emerging. In Blunt's Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600, he explains the motivational circumstances involved in the transitions between the High Renaissance and Mannerism.[55]
Notable students
Notable students who have been influenced by Blunt include
Honorary positions
Among his many accomplishments, Blunt also received a series of honorary fellowships, became the
Works
A festschrift, Studies in Renaissance and Baroque Art presented to Anthony Blunt on his 60th Birthday, Phaidon 1967 (introduction by Ellis Waterhouse), contains a full list of his writings up to 1966.
Major works include:
- Blunt, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600, 1940 and many later editions
- Anthony Blunt, François Mansart and the Origins of French Classical Architecture, 1941.
- Blunt, Art and Architecture in France, 1500–1700, 1953 and many subsequent editions.
- Blunt, Philibert de l'Orme, A. Zwemmer, 1958.
- Blunt, Nicolas Poussin. A Critical Catalogue, Phaidon 1966
- Blunt, Nicolas Poussin, Phaidon 1967 (new edition Pallas Athene publishing, London, 1995).
- Blunt, Sicilian Baroque, 1968 (ed. it. Milano 1968; Milano 1986).
- Blunt, Picasso's Guernica, Oxford University Press, 1969.
- Blunt, Neapolitan Baroque and Rococo Architecture, London 1975 (ed. it. Milano 2006).
- Blunt, Baroque and Rococo Architecture and Decoration, 1978.
- Blunt, Borromini, 1979 (ed. it. Roma-Bari 1983).
- Blunt, L'occhio e la storia. Scritti di critica d'arte (1936–38), a cura di Antonello Negri, Udine 1999.
Important articles after 1966:
- Anthony Blunt, "French Painting, Sculpture and Architecture since 1500", in France: A Companion to French Studies, ed. D. G. Charlton (New York, Toronto and London: Pitman, 1972), 439–492.
- Anthony Blunt, "Rubens and architecture", Burlington Magazine, 1977, 894, pp. 609–621.
- Anthony Blunt, "Roman Baroque Architecture: the Other Side of the Medal", Art history, no. 1, 1980, pp. 61–80 (includes bibliographical references).
Depictions in popular culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
A Question of Attribution is a play written by Alan Bennett about Blunt, covering the weeks before his public exposure as a spy, and his relationship with Queen Elizabeth II. After a successful run in London's West End, it was made into a television play directed by John Schlesinger and starring James Fox, Prunella Scales and Geoffrey Palmer. It was aired on the BBC in 1991. This play was seen as a companion to Bennett's 1983 television play about Guy Burgess, An Englishman Abroad.
Blunt: The Fourth Man is a 1985 television film starring Ian Richardson, Anthony Hopkins, Michael Williams, and Rosie Kerslake, covering the events of 1951 when Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean went missing.[76]
The Untouchable, a 1997 novel by John Banville, is a roman à clef based largely on the life and character of Anthony Blunt; the novel's protagonist, Victor Maskell, is a loosely disguised Blunt.[77]
"I. M. Anthony Blunt" is a poem by Gavin Ewart, cleverly attempting a humane corrective to the hysteria over Blunt's fall from grace. Published in Gavin Ewart, Selected Poems 1933–1993, Hutchenson, 1996 (reprinted Faber and Faber, 2011).
A Friendship of Convenience: Being a Discourse on Poussin's "Landscape With a Man Killed by a Snake", is a 1997 novel by Rufus Gunn set in 1956 in which Blunt, then Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, encounters Joseph Losey, the film director fleeing McCarthyism.[78]
Blunt was portrayed by
At the end of the episode, a series of on-screen titles simply say, "Anthony Blunt was offered complete immunity from prosecution. He continued as Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures until his retirement in 1972. The Queen never spoke of him again." No mention is made of the Queen stripping him of his knighthood or his removal as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College.Liberation Square, Gareth Rubin's alternative history of the UK, published in 2019, makes Blunt First Party Secretary of a 1950s Britain divided by US and Russian forces.[82][83]
Blunt is portrayed by Nicholas Rowe in the 2022 ITVX miniseries A Spy Among Friends; an espionage drama based on Ben Macintyre's book of the same name.[84]
References
- ^ a b Carter 2001, p. 180.
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 302.
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 319.
- ^ GRO Register of Deaths: Mar 1983 15 2186 Westminster – Anthony Frederick Blunt, DoB = 26 September 1907; Varriano 1996.
- ^ Shone, Richard and Stonard, John-Paul, eds. The Books that Shaped Art History, Introduction. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
- JSTOR 2671729.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "First chapters: Books: Anthony Blunt: His Lives by Miranda Carter". The Guardian. 15 November 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9780330367660.
- ISBN 9780907383338.
- ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0773721685.
- ^ from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Julian Bell by Vanessa Bell". Charleston: The Bloomsbury Home of Art and Ideas. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
Julian felt no qualms in telling his mother of his first sexual experience in a letter of 1929, 'My great news is about Ant[h]ony. I feel certain you won't be upset or shaked at my telling you that we sleep together.
- ^ Cambridge Forecast Group, 22 September 2010; Carter 2001, pp. 457, 486.
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 253.
- ^ Rose (2003), pp. 47–48.
- ^ "Eliezer and Rebecca by Nicolas Poussin". Art Fund. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Fitzwilliam Museum – OPAC Record Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Press Conference of Anthony Blunt. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015 – via YouTube.
- ^ Andrews 2015, p. 112.
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 179.
- ^ Carter 2001, pp. 106–107.
- ^ BBC Television, 16 November 1979
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- ISBN 9780192801326.
- ISBN 9780091430603.
- ^ Kitson.
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 304 (American edition).
- ^ a b Carter 2001, p. 305 (American edition).
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 308 (American edition).
- ^ a b c Carter 2001, p. 311 (American edition).
- ^ Bradford, p. 426
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 312 (American edition).
- ISBN 9780070288010.
- ISBN 9780871319937.
- ^ a b Carter 2001, p. 313 (American edition).
- ^ Carter 2001, pp. 313–314 (American edition).
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 315 (American edition).
- ^ Carter 2001, pp. 315–316 (American edition).
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 314 (American edition).
- ^ a b c "Scholar, gentleman, prig, spy", The Observer, London, 11 November 2001
- ISBN 9780701115982.
- ^ Mrs Margaret Thatcher, The Prime Minister (9 November 1981). "Mr. Leo Long (Written Answers)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 40W–42W.
- ^ "Anthony Blunt, fourth man in British spying scandal, is dead at 75". The New York Times. 27 March 1983. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ "Anthony Blunt memoir reveals spy's regret at 'the biggest mistake of my life'". The Guardian. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ Burns, John F. "Memoirs of British Spy Offer No Apology" The New York Times, 23 July 2009.
- ^ "ANTHONY BLUNT, FOURTH MAN IN BRITISH SPYING SCANDAL, IS DEAD AT 75". The New York Times. 27 March 1983. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Wright (1987), p. 223.
- ^ "PM was not told Anthony Blunt was Soviet spy, archives reveal". The Guardian. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
Alec Douglas-Home was kept in the dark about one of the biggest spy scandals of the cold war
- ^ "Historian who brought Anthony Blunt to book". The Times. 4 July 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 470.
- ^ The Daily Telegraph, London, 22 July 2009; Carter 2001, p. 470.
- ^ Carter 2001, pp. 470–472.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30829. Retrieved 11 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Carter 2001, p. 472.
- ^ a b c Mrs Margaret Thatcher, The Prime Minister (15 November 1979). "Security (Written Answers)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 679W–681W.
- ^ a b c "1979: Blunt revealed as 'fourth man'". BBC. 16 November 1979. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Mrs Margaret Thatcher, The Prime Minister (21 November 1979). "Mr. Anthony Blunt". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 402–520.
- The London Review of Books. 23: 23–29. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- London Evening Standard. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Enigma Anthony Blunt devoted his life to art—and espionage". New Yorker. 6 January 2002. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ "The Cambridge Four". nationalcoldwarexhibition.org, (RAF Museum). Retrieved 17 November 2017.
- ^ Lubenow, William C. (2015). 'Only Connect': Learned Societies in Nineteenth-century Britain. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 265.
- ^ Nordheimer, Jon (27 March 1983). "Anthony Blunt, Fourth Man in British Spying Scandal, Is Dead at 75". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ Anthony Blunt: Memoir, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 2 June 2020
- ^ a b c "Blunt's Soviet spying 'a mistake'". BBC News. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Memoirs of British Spy Offer No Apology". The New York Times. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ "Anthony Blunt memoir reveals spy's regret at 'the biggest mistake of my life'". The Guardian. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Thompson, Barbara; Morck, Virginia (Autumn 2004). "The Courtauld Institute of Art 1932–45". The Courtald Institute of Art Newsletter.
- ISBN 9780246122001.
- S2CID 213834389.
- ^ "Who made the Conway Library?". Digital Media. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ Cooke, Rachel (13 November 2005). "We pee on things and call it art". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (16 October 2015), "British Museum's Director Follows A Fascination To Germany", The New York Times
- OCLC 915981108.
- ^ Mullan, John (11 February 2006). "Artifice and intelligence". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ISBN 9780854492442.
- ^ Miller, Julie (17 November 2019). "The Crown: Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Betrayal Inside Buckingham Palace". Vanity Fair. web. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- ^ "Anthony Blunt, the Royal Art Curator Who Was Actually a Soviet Spy, Has a Surprising Star Turn in Netflix's 'The Crown'". artnet News. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ "The Crown: Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Betrayal Inside Buckingham Palace". Vanity Fair. 17 November 2019.
- ISBN 9780718187095.
- The Blackpool Gazette. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ Clinton, Jane (14 December 2022). "Is A Spy Among Friends a true story? How the KGB double agent Kim Philby inspired the new ITVX drama series". iNews.com. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
Bibliography
- Andrews, Geoff (2015). The Shadow Man: At the Heart of the Cambridge Spy Circle. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784531669.
- ISBN 9780330339315.
- ISBN 0-571-14105-6.
- Bounds, Philip (2018). "A Spy in the House of Art: The Marxist Criticism of Anthony Blunt", Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, vol. 46 no. 2, pp. 343–362.
- ISBN 9780091393403.
- Burlington (1974). "Editorial: Anthony Blunt and the Courtauld Institute". The Burlington Magazine, vol. 116, no. 858 (September 1974), p. 501.
- ISBN 0-374-10531-6.
- Chastel, André (1983). "Anthony Blunt, art historian (1907–1983)", The Burlington Magazine, vol 125, no. 966 (September 1983), pp. 546–547.
- ISBN 0-688-04483-2.
- De Seta, Cesare (1991). "Anthony Blunt", in Viale Belle Arti. Maestri e amici, Milano, pp. 111–138.
- Foster, Henrietta (2008). "Unearthing an interview with a spy". Newsnight. (23 January 2008). BBC. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- Gatti, Andrea (2002). "La critica della ragione. sulla teoria dell'arte di Anthony Blunt", Miscellanea Marciana, vol. 17, pp. 193–205. ISSN 0394-7866.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30829. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Lenzo, Fulvio (2006). Napoli e l'architettura italiana ed europea negli studi di Anthony Blunt, in Anthony Blunt, Architettura barocca e rococò a Napoli, ed. it. a cura di Fulvio Lenzo, Milano, pp. 7–15.
- ISBN 0-571-11832-1.
- ISBN 9780679720447.
- ISBN 0195161335.
- Sorenson, Lee. "Blunt, Anthony". Dictionary of Art Historians.
- ISBN 0-00-217001-9.
- Varriano, John (1996). "Blunt, Anthony", vol. 4, p. 182, in ISBN 9781884446009. Also available at Oxford Art Online(subscription required).
- ISBN 9780300078060.
- ISBN 9780773721685.
External links
- "FBI file on Anthony Blunt". Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - BBC Newsnight: Blunt's art tapes revealed/Courtauld Institute
- 'Blunt Instrument', review of Blunt's memoirOxonian Review of Books
- BBC Radio 4's The Reunion: Five past pupils of London's Courtauld Institute of Art remember Anthony Blunt
- Interview with biographer Miranda Carter on "Anthony Blunt: His Lives"