Anthony Giddens
This biographical article is written encyclopedic . (January 2023) |
The Lord Giddens | |
---|---|
Born | Anthony Giddens 18 January 1938 London, England |
Other names | Tony Giddens |
Title | Director of the London School of Economics (1996–2003) |
Political party | Labour |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | |
Thesis | Sport and Society in Contemporary Britain (1961) |
Academic advisors | David Lockwood |
Influences | |
Academic work | |
Discipline | third way |
Influenced |
Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens
Four notable stages can be identified in his academic life. The first one involved outlining a new vision of what sociology is, presenting a theoretical and methodological understanding of that field based on a critical reinterpretation of the classics. His major publications of that era include Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971) and The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (1973). In the second stage, Giddens developed the
In the most recent stage, Giddens has turned his attention to a more concrete range of problems relevant to the evolution of world society, namely environmental issues, focussing especially upon debates about
Giddens served as Director of the London School of Economics from 1997 to 2003, where he is now Emeritus Professor at the Department of Sociology. He is a life fellow of King's College, Cambridge.[8] According to the Open Syllabus Project, Giddens is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for sociology courses.[9]
Biography
Born on 18 January 1938, Giddens[citation needed] was born and raised in Edmonton, London, and grew up in a lower-middle-class family, son of a clerk with London Transport. He attended Minchenden Grammar School.[10] He was the first member of his family to go to university. Giddens received his undergraduate academic degree in joint sociology and psychology at the University of Hull in 1959, followed by a master's degree at the London School of Economics supervised by David Lockwood and Asher Tropp.[11] He later gained a PhD at King's College, Cambridge. In 1961, Giddens started working at the University of Leicester where he taught social psychology. At Leicester, considered to be one of the seedbeds of British sociology, he met Norbert Elias and began to work on his own theoretical position. In 1969, Giddens was appointed to a position at the University of Cambridge, where he later helped create the Social and Political Sciences Committee (SPS, now HSPS).
Giddens worked for many years at Cambridge as a fellow of
He was given a
Work
Overview
Giddens, the author of over 34 books and 200 articles, essays and reviews, has contributed and written about most notable developments in the area of social sciences, with the exception of
Nature of sociology
Before 1976, most of Giddens' writings offered critical commentary on a wide range of writers, schools and traditions. Giddens took a stance against the then-dominant
In New Rules of Sociological Method (1976), the title of which alludes to Durkheim's Rules of the Sociological Method of 1895, Giddens attempted to explain how sociology should be done and addressed a long-standing divide between those theorists who prioritise
Giddens contrasted Durkheim with Weber's approach—
- Sociology is not about a pre-given universe of objects, the universe is being constituted—or produced by—the active doings of subjects.
- The production and reproduction of society thus has to be treated as a skilled performance on the part of its members.
- The realm of human agency is bounded. Individuals produce society, but they do so as historically located actors, and not under conditions of their own choosing.
- Structures must be conceptualised not only as constraints upon human agency, but as enablers as well.
- Processes of structuration involve an interplay of meanings, norms and power.
- The sociological observer cannot make social life available as phenomenon for observation independently of drawing upon his knowledge of it as a resource whereby he constitutes it as a topic for investigation.
- Immersion in a form of life is the necessary and only means whereby an observer is able to generate such characterisations.
- Sociological concepts thus obey a double hermeneutic.
In sum, the primary tasks of sociological analysis are the following:
- The hermeneutic explication and mediation of divergent forms of life within descriptive metalanguages of social science.
- Explication of the production and reproduction of society as the accomplished outcome of human agency.
Structuration
Giddens'
In this regard, Giddens defines structures as consisting of rules and resources involving human action. Thus, the rules constrain the actions and the resources make it possible. He also differentiates between systems and structures. Systems display structural properties, but they are not structures themselves. He notes in his article Functionalism: après la lutte (1976) as follows: "To examine the structuration of a
This process of structures producing and re-producing systems is called structuration. Systems here mean to Giddens "the situated activities of human agents"
Structure can act as a constraint on action, but it also enables action by providing common frames of meaning. Consider the example of language: structure of language is represented by the rules of
Actors or agents employ the social rules appropriate to their culture, ones that they have learned through socialisation and experience. These rules together with the resources at their disposal are used in social interactions. Rules and resources employed in this manner are not
Connections between micro and macro
Structuration is very useful in synthesising micro and macro issues. On a micro scale, one of individuals' internal sense of self and identity, consider the example of a family in which we are increasingly free to choose our own mates and how to relate with them which creates new opportunities yet also more work as the relationship becomes a reflexive project that has to be interpreted and maintained. At the same time, this micro-level change cannot be explained only by looking at the individual level as people did not spontaneously change their minds about how to live and neither can we assume they were directed to do so by social institutions and the state.
On a macro scale, one of the
To illustrate this relationship, Giddens discusses changing attitudes towards marriage in developed countries.
All of this is increasingly tied in with mass media, one of our main providers of information. The media do not merely reflect the social world yet also actively shape it, being central to modern reflexivity.[16] In Media, Gender and Identity, David Gauntlett writes:
The importance of the media in propagating many modern lifestyles should be obvious. ... The range of
lifestyles—or lifestyle ideals—offered by the media may be limited, but at the same time it is usually broader than those we would expect to just 'bump into' in everyday life. So the media in modernity offers possibilities and celebrates diversity, but also offers narrow interpretations of certain roles or lifestyles—depending where you look.[16]
Another example explored by Giddens is the emergence of romantic love which Giddens (The Transformation of Intimacy) links with the rise of the narrative of the self type of self-identity, stating: "Romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individual's life".
Consider also the transformation of intimacy. Giddens asserts that intimate social relationships have become
A democracy of the emotions—the democratising of everyday life—is an ideal, more or less approximated to in the diverse contexts of everyday life. There are many societies, cultures and contexts in which it remains far from reality—where sexual oppression is an everyday phenomenon. In The Transformation of Intimacy, Giddens introduces the notion of plastic
Inevitably, Giddens concludes that all social change stems from a mixture of micro- and macro-level forces.
Self-identity
Giddens says that in the post-traditional order self-identity is reflexive. It is not a quality of a moment, but instead an account of a person's life. Giddens writes:
A person's identity is not to be found in behaviour, nor—important though this is—in the reactions of others, but in the capacity to keep a particular narrative going. The individual's biography, if she is to maintain regular interaction with others in the day-to-day world, cannot be wholly fictive. It must continually integrate events which occur in the external world, and sort them into the ongoing 'story' about the self.[26]
More than ever before, we have access to information that allows us to reflect on the causes and consequences of our actions. At the same time, we are faced with dangers related to unintended consequences of our actions and by our reliance on the knowledge of experts. We create, maintain and revise a set of biographical narratives, social roles and
Modernity
Giddens' recent work has been concerned with the question of what is characteristic about social institutions in various points of history. Giddens agrees that there are very specific changes that mark our current era. However, he argues that it is not a post-modern era, but instead it is just a "radicalised modernity era"
Giddens concentrates on a contrast between traditional (pre-modern) culture and post-traditional (modern) culture. In traditional societies, individual actions need not be extensively thought about because available choices are already determined (by the customs, traditions and so on).[16] In contrast, in post-traditional society people (actors or agents) are much less concerned with the precedents set by earlier generations and they have more choices, due to flexibility of law and public opinion.[16] However, this means that individual actions now require more analysis and thought before they are taken. Society is more reflexive and aware, something Giddens is fascinated with, illustrating it with examples ranging from state governance to intimate relationships.[16] Giddens examines three realms in particular, namely the experience of identity, connections of intimacy and political institutions.[16]
According to Giddens, the most defining property of modernity is that we are disembedded from time and space. In pre-modern societies, space was the area in which one moved and time was the experience one had while moving. In modern societies, the social space is no longer confined by the boundaries set by the space in which one moves. One can now imagine what other spaces look like even if he has never been there. In this regard, Giddens talks about virtual space and virtual time. Another distinctive property of modernity lies in the field of knowledge.
In pre-modern societies, it was the elders who possessed the knowledge as they were definable in time and space. In modern societies, we must rely on expert systems. These are not present in time and space, but we must trust them. Even if we trust them, we know that something could go wrong as there is always a risk we have to take. Even the technologies which we use and which transform constraints into means hold risks. Consequently, there is always a heightened sense of uncertainty in contemporary societies. It is also in this regard that Giddens uses the image of a juggernaut as modernity is said to be like an unsteerable juggernaut travelling through space.
Humanity tries to steer it, but as long as the modern institutions with all their uncertainty endure, then we will never be able to influence its course. The uncertainty can be managed by reembedding the expert-systems into the structures which we are accustomed to.
Another characteristic is enhanced reflexivity, both at the level of individuals and at the level of institutions. The latter requires an explanation as in modern institutions there is always a component which studies the institutions themselves for the purpose of enhancing its effectiveness. This enhanced reflexivity was enabled as language became increasingly abstract with the transition from pre-modern to modern societies, becoming institutionalised into universities. It is also in this regard that Giddens talks about double hermeneutica as every action has two interpretations. One is from the actor himself, the other of the investigator who tries to give meaning to the action he is observing. However, the actor who performs the action can get to know the interpretation of the investigator and therefore change his own interpretation, or his further line of action.
According to Giddens,[citation needed] this is the reason that positive science is never possible in the social sciences as every time an investigator tries to identify causal sequences of action, the actors can change their further line of action. However, the problem is that conflicting viewpoints in social science result in a disinterest of the people. For example, when scientists do not agree about the greenhouse effect, people would withdraw from that arena and deny that there is a problem. Therefore, the more the sciences expand, the more uncertainty there is in the modern society. In this regard, the juggernaut gets even more steerless as Giddens states:
While emancipatory politics is a politics of life chances, life politics is a politics of lifestyle. Life politics is the politics of a reflexively mobilised order—the system of late modernity—which, on an individual and collective level, has radically altered the existential parameters of social activity. It is a politics of self-actualisation in a reflexively ordered environment, where that reflexivity links self and body to systems of global scope. ... Life politics concerns political issues which flow from processes of self-actualisation in post-traditional contexts, where globalising influences intrude deeply into the reflexive project of the self, and conversely where processes of self-realisation influence global strategies.[29]
In A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Giddens concludes:[20]
- There exists no necessary overall mechanism of social change, no universal motor of history such as class conflict.
- There are no universal stages, or periodisation, of social development, these being ruled out by intersocietal systems and "time-space edges" (the ever-presence of exogenous variables) as well as by human agency and the inherent historicityof societies.
- Societies do not have needs other than those of individuals, therefore notions such as adaptation cannot properly be applied to them.
- Pre-capitalist societies are class-divided, but only with capitalism there are class societies in which there is labour markets.
- While class conflict is integral to capitalist society, there is no bureaucratisation, surveillance and industrialisationof warfare.
- Sociology, as a subject pre-eminently with modernity, addresses a reflexive reality.
Third Way
In the age of late and
Relying on his past familiar themes of reflexivity and system integration which places people into new relations of trust and dependency with each other and their governments, Giddens argues that the political concepts of left and right are now breaking down as a result of many factors, most centrally the absence of a clear alternative to capitalism and the eclipse of political opportunities based on the social class in favour of those based on lifestyle choices.
Giddens moves away from explaining how things are to the more demanding attempt of advocacy about how they ought to be. In Beyond Left and Right (1994), Giddens criticises market socialism and constructs a six-point framework for a reconstituted radical politics:[20]
- Repair damaged solidarities.
- Recognise the centrality of life politics.
- Accept that active trust implies generative politics.
- Embrace dialogic democracy.
- Rethink the welfare state.
- Confront violence.
The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (1998) provides the framework within which the
Giddens discards the possibility of a single, comprehensive, all-connecting
The Third Way was not just a work of abstract theory as it influenced a range of centre-left political parties across the world—in Europe, Latin America and Australasia.[31] Although close to New Labour in the United Kingdom, Giddens dissociated himself from many of the interpretations of the Third Way made in the sphere of day-to-day politics. For him, it was not a succumbing to neoliberalism or the dominance of capitalist markets.[32] The point was to get beyond both market fundamentalism and traditional top-down socialism to make the values of the centre-left count in a globalising world. He argued that "the regulation of financial markets is the single most pressing issue in the world economy" and that "global commitment to free trade depends upon effective regulation rather than dispenses with the need for it".[33]
In 1999, Giddens delivered the BBC Reith Lectures on the subject of runaway world, subsequently published as a book of that title.[22] The aim was to introduce the concept and implications of globalisation to a lay audience. He was the first Reith Lecturer to deliver the lectures in different places around the world[34] and the first to respond directly to e-mails that came in while he was speaking. The lectures were delivered in London, Washington, New Delhi and Hong Kong and responded to by local audiences. Giddens received the Asturias Prize for the social sciences in 2002.[35] The award has been labelled the Spanish Nobel Prize, but it stretches well beyond the sphere of science. Other recipients of the prize that year included Woody Allen,[36] the inventor of the World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee[37] and conductor Daniel Barenboim.[38]
Outside consultancies
On two visits to Libya in 2006 and 2007, organised by the Boston-based consultancy firm
We will create a network map to identify significant figures engaged or interested in Libya today. ... We will identify and encourage journalists, academics and contemporary thinkers who will have interest in publishing papers and articles on Libya. ... We are delighted that after a number of conversations, Lord Giddens has now accepted our invitation to visit Libya in July.[39]
Giddens' first visit to Libya resulted in articles in the New Statesman, El País and La Repubblica,[39] where he argued that the country had been dramatically transformed. In the New Statesman, he wrote: "Gaddafi's 'conversion' may have been driven partly by the wish to escape sanctions, but I get the strong sense it is authentic and there is a lot of motive power behind it. Saif Gaddafi is a driving force behind the rehabilitation and potential modernisation of Libya. Gaddafi Sr, however, is authorising these processes".[39] During the second visit, Monitor Group organised a panel of three thinkers (Giddens, Gaddafi, and Benjamin Barber, author of Jihad vs. McWorld) chaired by Sir David Frost.[40]
Giddens remarked of his meetings with Gaddafi as such: "You usually get about half an hour with a political leader". He also recalls the following: "My conversation lasts for more than three. Gaddafi is relaxed and clearly enjoys intellectual conversation. He likes the term 'third way' because his own political philosophy is a version of this idea. He makes many intelligent and perceptive points. I leave enlivened and encouraged".[citation needed]
Theory of reflexivity
Giddens introduces reflexivity and in information societies information gathering is considered as a routinised process for the greater protection of the nation. Information gathering is known as the concept of individuation. Individuality comes as a result of individuation as people are given more informed choices. The more information the government has about a person, the more entitlements are given to the citizens. The process of information gathering helps government to identify
Living in a high opportunity, high risk society
Giddens has vigorously pursued the theme of globalisation in recent years. He sees the growing interdependence of world society as driven not only by the increasing integration of the world economy, but above all by massive advances in communications.[41] As he has noted when he delivered the BBC Reith Lectures just before the turn of the century,[34] the Internet was in its infancy. However, now it has expanded in a wholly unprecedented way, linking people and organizations across the world on an everyday level as well as intruding deeply into everyday life. Billions of people have access to it and the numbers are growing every day.[42] An increasingly interconnected and wired-up world offers many advantages and benefits, yet it carries new risks too, some themselves of global proportions. In the 21st century, work opportunity and risk combine as never before. Giddens refers to the emergence on a global level of a "high opportunity, high risk society".[43] Both on the level of opportunity and risk we are in terrain human beings have never explored before. We do not know in advance what the balance is likely to be because many of the opportunities and risks are quite new as we cannot draw on past history to assess them.
Climate change was referred to in several of Giddens's books from the mid-1990s onwards, but it was not discussed at length until the publication of his work The Politics of Climate Change in 2009.[44] Giddens says climate change constitutes a fundamental threat to the future of industrial civilisation as it spreads across the globe. Given that is the case, he asks why are countries around the world doing so little to counter its advance. Many reasons are involved, but the prime one is the historical novelty of humanly induced climate change itself. No previous civilisation intervened into nature on a level remotely similar to that which we do on an everyday level today. We have no previous experience of dealing with such an issue and especially one of such global scope, or of the dangers it poses. Those dangers hence appear as abstract and located at some indefinite point in the future. Giddens's paradox consists of the following theorem. We are likely put off responding adequately to climate change until major catastrophes unequivocally connected to it occur, but by then by definition it would be too late, for we have no way of reversing the build-up of greenhouses gases that is driving the transformation of the world's climate. Some such gases would be in the atmosphere for centuries.
Within 'The Politics of Climate Change' Giddens places attention on global environmental conferences such as the 1997 Kyoto summit, whereby an agreement was drawn up so that developed countries would cut their emissions by an average of 5.2 per cent. The Kyoto protocol was to become a part of international law, and the developed countries who accounted for at least 55 per cent of total emissions from the industrial states, would have to sign up.[45]
In his latest work, Giddens has returned to the subject of the
In recent years, while continuing to pursue some of the core themes of his earlier works he has become preoccupied with the impact of the
Giddens sees the pace and global scope of such revolution as unprecedented in human history and we are probably only in its early stages.
The Digital Revolution forms an important part of Giddens's recent preoccupation with the emergence of the high opportunity, high risk society.[51] For example, the advent of such revolution promises fundamental advances in core areas of medicine. New threats and problems abound, both in our everyday lives and in the larger institutions of our societies.[52] Scientists can communicate with one-another in a direct way across the world. The overlap of supercomputers and genetics means that genetic structures can be decoded instantaneously, promising huge advances in conquering major diseases. Medical practice is likely to be transformed through remote monitoring and other digital innovations. At the same time, the overlap of the Digital Revolution with criminality, violence and war is pervasive and dangerous. Military drones are just one example of the continuing involvement of the Digital Revolution with war.
Emerging developments in
Giddens was a member of the House of Lords Select Committee on artificial intelligence which reported in April 2018.[54] The committee put forward a variety of suggested reforms to apply not only in the United Kingdom, but potentially much more widely as well. These should take place within a common ethical framework to guide intervention on the part of government and of the digital corporations themselves. The power of the digital mega-corporations must be curtailed and subjected to democratic governance, challenging and problematic though such an endeavour is. Artificial intelligence should be developed for the common good. It should follow principles of transparency and fairness and never be allocated the autonomous capability to harm human actors. The major nations and transnational agencies should work towards ensuring that such principles are incorporated into their own codes and practices and applied on a transnational level. The worry is that an artificial intelligence arms race would develop as countries jostle to take the lead both in artificial intelligence generally and in its application to weaponry of diverse sorts. In a much-publicised speech given in 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin observed of advances in artificial intelligence that "whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world".[55] If there is a jostling for advantage among the major powers, concerns of ethics and safety may fall by the wayside in the scramble for advantage, adding to the stresses and strains already visible in the international order.
Honours
Giddens was appointed to a life peerage on 16 June 2004 as Baron Giddens, of Southgate in the London Borough of Enfield[13] and sits in the House of Lords for the Labour Party.
He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.[56] He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.[57][58]
In 1999, he was made a Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator by the Portuguese government.[59]
Giddens received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2002.[60]
In June 2020 it was announced that Giddens had been awarded the Arne Naess Chair and Prize at the University of Oslo, Norway, in recognition of his contributions to the study of environmental issues and climate change. Previous holders of the chair include James Lovelock, David Sloan Wilson and Eva Joly.[61]
He also holds over 15 honorary degrees from various universities,
Select bibliography
Giddens is the author of over 34 books and 200 articles. This is a selection of some of the most important of his works:
- Giddens, Anthony (1971) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Giddens, Anthony (1973) The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson.
- Giddens, Anthony (1976) Functionalism: apres la lutte, Social Research, 43, 325–366.
- Giddens, Anthony (1976) New Rules of Sociological Method: a Positive Critique of interpretative Sociologies. London: Hutchinson.
- Giddens, Anthony (1977) Studies in Social and Political Theory. London: Hutchinson.
- Giddens, Anthony (1978) Durkheim. London: Fontana Modern Masters.
- Giddens, Anthony (1979) Central problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. London: Macmillan.
- Giddens, Anthony (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. 1. Power, Property and the State. London: Macmillan.
- Giddens, Anthony (1982) Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction. London: Macmillan.
- Giddens, Anthony (1982) Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory. London: Macmillan.
- Giddens, Anthony; Mackenzie, Gavin (eds.) (1982) Social Class and the Division of Labour: Essays in Honour of Ilya Neustadt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Giddens, Anthony (1984) The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1985) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. 2. The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity.
- Beck, Ulrich; Giddens, Anthony; Lash, Scott (1994) Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1994) Beyond Left and Right — the Future of Radical Politics. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1995) Politics, Sociology and Social Theory: Encounters with Classical and Contemporary Social Thought. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1996) In Defence of Sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1996) Durkheim on Politics and the State. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1998) The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (1999) Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. London: Profile.
- Hutton, Will; Giddens, Anthony (eds.) (2000) On The Edge: Living with Global Capitalism. London: Vintage.
- Giddens, Anthony (2000) The Third Way and Its Critics. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (2000) Runaway World. London: Routledge.
- Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2001) The Global Third Way Debate. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (2002) Where Now for New Labour? Cambridge: Polity (publisher).
- Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2003) The Progressive Manifesto. New Ideas for the Centre-Left. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2005) The New Egalitarianism Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony; Sutton, Philip W. (2021) Sociology (9th Edition). Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (2007) Europe In The Global Age. Cambridge: Polity
- Giddens, Anthony (2007) Over to You, Mr Brown - How Labour Can Win Again. Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony (2009) The Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Polity
- Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2009) Introduction to Sociology (Seventh Edition). Cambridge: Polity.
- Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2011) Introduction to Sociology (Eighth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2013) Introduction to Sociology (Ninth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2016) Introduction to Sociology (Tenth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2018) Introduction to Sociology (Eleventh Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2021) Introduction to Sociology (Twelfth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
See also
References
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- ^ "AI in the UK: ready, willing and able?" (PDF). parliament.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
- ^ "Anthony Giddens". Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ "Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–20" (PDF). amacad.org. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ "Citation of Professor Anthony Giddens by Professor Wei Xiangdong" (PDF). ln.edu.hk. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- ^ "Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2002". Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ "Arne Næss Chair". Retrieved 28 June 2020.
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- ^ "Prof. Anthony Giddens received honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University". Science and Scholarship in Poland. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
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Further reading
- Bryant, Christopher G. A.; Jary, David (2001). The Contemporary Giddens: Social Theory in a Globalizing Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-77904-5.
- ISBN 0-521-27855-4.
- Kaspersen, Lars Bo (2000). Anthony Giddens: An Introduction to a Social Theorist. Blackwell.
- Giddens, Anthony; Pierson, Christopher (1999). Conversations with Anthony Giddens. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3569-7. A starting-point in which Giddens explains his work and the sociological principles which underpin it in clear, elegant language.
External links
- Current LSE profile
- Giddens archived LSE page
- Social Democracy Observatory
- Selection of Giddens quotes
Selected interviews
- Interview with Al Jazeera English's Riz Khan on YouTube(1 May 2007).
- BBC Interview with Giddens. 1999 BBC Reith Lectures interview with Giddens on the topic of "The Runaway World" and reflections on globalisation.
- "The Second Globalization Debate: A Talk With Anthony Giddens". A video is also available.
- Giddens in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum (audio). "On Climate Change"(audio).
Videos
- "The Great Debate: What is radical politics today?". December 2008 discussion with Will Hutton and Jonathan Pugh.