Anthropic rock
Anthropic rock is rock that is made, modified and moved by humans.
History
Historically,
Classification and theory
The US geologist James Ross Underwood Jr. advocated a fourth class of rocks to be added to Earth and planetary materials studies which would supplement
Future
NASA and others have offered many settlement proposals that entail the use of in-situ resources of the Moon and Mars by astronauts.
The relatively inert nature of rocks has been exploited in many methods to immobilize
Alan Weisman in The World Without Us (2007) noted that anthropic rocks of all kinds, among other artifacts, will exist far into our planet's future even should our species disappear "tomorrow".[citation needed][9]
Environmental impact
Climate experts at COP27 called for a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the three construction sector industries, including the concrete industry, because concrete is responsible for over seven percent of the world’s carbon emissions. It is estimated that one ton of cement produces one ton of carbon dioxide, although modernized factories have found ways to reduce these emissions. Nature journal estimated that the concrete industry was responsible for nine percent of all water withdrawals from industry,[citation needed] and by 2025, most of the water withdrawals for concrete production will be in geographical areas that already face water stress.[citation needed] The rapid urbanisation of the past century has resulted in drastic biodiversity loss, as animals, plants and fungi have found themselves and their ecosystems smothered under tonnes of concrete. As much as 80 percent of urban spaces are covered by pavement or buildings, leaving little land for green spaces.[10][11]
See also
References
- ^ A. Bentur, "Cementitious Materials--Nine Millennia and a New Century: Past, Present, and Future", ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 14: 2-22 (February 2002).
- ^ E.C. Stone, "From shifting silt to solid stone: the manufacture of synthetic basalt in ancient Mesopotamia", Science 280: 2091-2093 (26 June 1998).
- ^ I. Freestone, "Forgotten but not lost: the secret of Coade Stone", Proceedings of the Geologist's Association 105: 141-143 (1994).
- ^ James R. Underwood, Jr., "Anthropic Rocks as a Fourth Basic Class", Environmental & Engineering Geoscience VII: 104-110 (February 2001).
- ^ [Cathcart, R.B., Anthropic Rock: a brief history, History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 2: 57-74 (2011)]
- ^ A.E. Ringwood, Safe Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Reactor Waste: A New Strategy (1978).
- ^ D.J. Sheppard, "Concrete space colonies", Spaceflight 21: 3-8 (January 1979).
- ^ Cohen, David (9 March 2002). "Fantastic Voyager". New Scientist: 36–39.
- doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2002)012<0056:L>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2018-06-01.
- ^ https://www.fairplanet.org/story/concrete-climate-change-environmental-injustice/
- ^ Bandera, Gerardo (December 2022). "WHY IS CONCRETE SO DAMAGING TO THE ENVIRONMENT?".