Anti-Chechen sentiment
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Anti-Chechen sentiment,[1] Chechenophobia,[2] anti-Chechenism,[3] or Nokhchophobia, refers to fear, dislike, hostility, hatred, discrimination, and racism towards ethnic Chechens, the Chechen language, or the Chechen culture in general. Anti-Chechen sentiment has been historically strong in Russia, and to some degree has spread to other countries in the former Soviet Union, such as Azerbaijan, to Europe (Poland, France), the Middle East (Syria, Israel), and to the United States. For decades, the main causes of hatred against Chechens have been largely due to the created narrative which depicts a violent mentality of Chechens, the association of Chechens with Islamic extremism, and Russian imperialist propaganda targeted at Chechens.
Examples of anti-Chechen hostility
Russia
Fear and negative stereotypes of
Due to the Chechens' refusal to accept Russian rule, a number of violent conflicts erupted in Chechnya in an attempt to free Chechnya from Russia. This was often met with brutal reprisals by the Russian authorities, such as the bloody repression of Chechens in 1932 by the Soviet military.
The conflict between Chechens and Russians reached its peak when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, and Chechen nationalists, led by Dzhokhar Dudayev, proclaimed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and sought to separate from Russia, causing the First and Second Chechen Wars.[10] The Russian military responded harshly against ethnic Chechens, especially in the second war where an estimated thousand or more Chechen civilians were killed by the Russian military.[11]
Ethnic violence between Russians and Chechens was common in 2000s, due to alleged Chechen links with
North Ossetia
In
Georgia
Pankisi Gorge
Poland
Poland welcomed Chechen refugees during the 1990s in support of the Chechen quest to regain freedom from Russia.
In 2017, Azamat Baiduyev, son of a former bodyguard to Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev in the 1990s, was forcibly deported from Belgium to Poland due to an uncertain connection to terrorist activities. He was later deported back to Russia by Poland, despite outcries in 2018.[26] Chechen refugee Nurmagomed Nurmagomedov was granted asylum in Poland in 2019, but had his asylum right revoked. He faced charges of terrorism and was about to be deported back to Russia before a Polish lawyer from the border organization intervened.[27]
Germany
German
United States
Following the Boston Marathon bombing by two Chechen immigrants, anti-Chechen sentiment intermingled with Islamophobia grew in the United States.[29][30] Many Chechen-Americans had expressed fear of reprisals and racism by American nationalists.[31]
In May 2013 the United States Senate amended laws to tighten visa requirements. The new requirements were thought to be deliberately anti-Chechen.[32]
After Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 election and the subsequent "Muslim ban", the new US government helped Moscow assist a Chechen refugee in Europe.[33]
Azerbaijan
Historically, Azerbaijan has been seen as welcoming to Chechens, and during the 1990s there was strong mutual respect between Chechens and Azerbaijanis. The Chechens volunteered to fight for Azerbaijan against Armenia in Karabakh, while Azerbaijan welcomed Chechen refugees fleeing war in their homeland.[34] However, increasing adherence to the Salafi movement by many Chechens, combined with the involvement of Chechens in kidnapping and mass murder, caused the public perception of Chechens to deteriorate in Azerbaijan, which is Shia-majority and has a secular environment.[35]
Syria
Chechens have been largely able to integrate within Syrian society.[36] However, due to the alliance between the al-Assad family and Russia, antagonism against Chechens started to increase in 2011 following Chechen participation with the Syrian opposition against the al-Assad government.[37] Chechens, like most other non-Arab ethnicities in Syria, also endured repression by the Ba'athist regime due to cultural differences, making it harder to preserve their cultural heritage.[36]
Israel
As many Chechens sympathize with Palestinians, there is a significant hostility against Chechens in Israel. In 2010, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu openly compared Hamas with the Chechens, stating that they are terrorists, in response to Russia and Turkey's quest to not exclude Hamas in the peace process between Israel and Palestine.[38]
In 2013, after Beitar Jerusalem signed two Chechen Muslim players, Zaur Sadayev and Dzhabrail Kadiyev, anti-Chechen protest erupted by Beitar Jerusalem's supporters due to their Islamic belief.[39] Beitar fans also showed anti-Chechen sentiment by leaving the stadium on 3 March when Sadayev scored the first goal for the club. In addition, many openly stated that it was not racist to hate Chechens and Muslims.[40][41]
France
In 2018, a Chechen-born terrorist carried out a knife attack in Paris.[42] In 2020, a Chechen teen beheaded a teacher over Prophet Muhammad's controversy.[43]
French right-wing politicians, many of whom have
See also
References
- ^ "Out of control: Anti-Chechen sentiment in Moscow post-metro blast" (PDF). Amnesty International.
- ISSN 1879-3665.
- ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (2016-11-24). "Grozny and Aleppo: a look at the historical parallels". The National. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
- ^ "'Proconsul of the Caucasus': a Re-examination of Yermolov". www.socionauki.ru.
- ^ "Sources in Translation: A Chechen Immigrant's Petition to the Ottoman State (1870)". www.ottomanhistorypodcast.com. 25 July 2020.
- ^ Мухтар Ибрагимов, Гунки Хукиев (2014-04-30). "По следам далёкой трагедии". j-vaynah.ru. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
- ^ Гудаев Л. (2013-09-23). "Чеченские хроники. 1932 г. Моца Шуанинский – последний имам Чечни". checheninfo.ru. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
- ^ "The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche". massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html. April 29, 2019. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "THE NORTH CAUCASUS: THE CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATION (I), ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT" (PDF). www.ecoi.net. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ "An analysis of causes of the Chechen wars of the 1990s" (PDF). www.researchgate.net. 2007. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ Perlez, Jane (March 2, 2000). "3 Massacres In Chechnya Are Described (Published 2000)". The New York Times.
- ^ The warlord and the spook Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Economist, 31 March 2007
- ^ Teenager Admits to Over 30 Murders Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Moscow Times, 29 May 2007
- ^ Nationalists rally in Russian town near Chechnya Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 5 June 2007
- ^ Racist Violence Plagues Russian Army Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine IWPR, 15-Sep-00
- ^ "East Prigorodny conflict – Ingushetia North Ossetia". June 15, 2014.
- ^ "Five bloody days in North Ossetia". openDemocracy.
- ^ "Chechen refugees in Georgia – Pankisi Gorge and Akhmeta – Georgia". ReliefWeb. 28 January 2003.
- ^ Gould, Rebecca (2011). "Secularism and Belief in Georgia's Pankisi Gorge". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ "Georgia's Pankisi Gorge fights "terrorism" stereotypes | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org.
- . Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ "Poland slams door on Chechnyan refugees | DW | 31.08.2016". DW.COM.
- ^ "Chechens waiting at Europe's door | DW | 14.12.2016". DW.COM.
- ^ "How and why Chechen refugees are storming the Polish border with Belarus". July 4, 2019.
- ^ S.A, Telewizja Polska (2020-03-03). "Strasbourg rules against Poland over Chechen migrants". polandin.com. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ "Chechen Refugee Forcibly Disappeared Hours After 'Unlawful' Deportation From Poland". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 September 2018.
- ^ "A Chechen refugee Poland wants to give up to Russia".
- ^ "После драки немцев и чеченцев мэр признал провал интеграционной политики". eadaily.com (in Russian). 31 July 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ISBN 978-0-19-986263-4.
- ^ "Muslim Bashing in the Wake of Boston Bombing". National Geographic News. April 26, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019.
- ^ Schwirtz, Michael (April 21, 2013). "Struggle at Home Intrudes on Chechen Haven in America (Published 2013)". The New York Times.
- ^ "Senators tighten student visa rules in immigration bill". Los Angeles Times. May 14, 2013.
- ^ "Россия использовала разведданные США для убийства чеченцев". amp.dw.com. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ^ "AZERBAIJANI-CHECHEN INTERACTIONS: THE PRESENT AND THE PAST". kafkassam.com. September 20, 2016.
- ^ "Growing Anti-Chechen Sentiment in Azerbaijan". Jamestown.
- ^ ISBN 978-0415323284
- ^ "Chechens drawn south to fight against Syria's Assad". BBC News. November 20, 2013.
- ^ "Israel to Russia: Hamas is like the Chechen terrorists". Haaretz.
- ^ Boker, Moshe (30 March 2018). "Beitar Jerusalem to Sign Two Muslim Players Despite Fans Protests". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Dawber, Alistair; Walker, Shaun (4 March 2013). "'It's not racism. The Muslim players just shouldn't be here': Beitar Jerusalem fans walk out over signing of two Muslim Chechen players". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
- ^ Zinshtein, Maya (2017-05-30), Forever Pure, Eli Cohen, Arcadi Gaydamak, Ariel Harush, retrieved 2018-05-18
- ^ "Paris knife attack: Suspect 'French citizen born in Russia's Chechnya'". BBC News. May 13, 2018.
- ^ "Chechen Teen Identified in France Beheading". Time. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020.
- ^ Samuel, Henry (January 17, 2022). "Eric Zemmour says child migrants tend to become criminals as he hits back at hate speech verdict". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.