Anti-LGBT rhetoric
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Anti-LGBT rhetoric comprises themes,
Anti-LGBT rhetoric often consists of
As a foreign conspiracy
In 1969, the
This discourse, promoted by the governments of Hungary and Poland, alleges that
As an ideology
In 2013, the conservative blog
During a sermon on 1 August 2019, Polish Archbishop
In June 2020, Polish President
In July 2020, the
Criticism
According to
An article in OKO.press compared the anti-LGBT campaign to the 1968 "anti-Zionist" campaign: during the anti-Zionist campaign, people said that they were targeting Zionism as an ideology, but ended up targeting Jews as people. Many Jews were forced out of the country in 1968, and LGBT people are emigrating from Poland in 2020.[24] According to Polish historian Adam Leszczyński, "LGBT ideology" is
a bag into which the right wing throws societal changes that do not suit it (eg. calls for equal rights for same-sex couples, which have been implemented in many countries, from the United States to South Africa). In the language of right-wing propaganda... 'LGBT ideology' serves to dehumanize minorities and create an enemy – and thus build political support for the right, which presents itself as the only defender of the traditional family, religion and social order. 'Ideology' also fits the right-wing perception of the world in terms of a conspiracy – ideology is 'promoted', someone disseminates it, someone is 'behind it' (eg. George Soros, a Jewish-American financier who supports, among others, LGBT organizations).[39]
Dehumanization
Slurs
According to one study, "homophobic epithets foster dehumanization and avoidance of gay people, in ways that other insults or labels do not."[42] Another study found that homophobia "results in substantial health and welfare effects".[43]
Calls for violence
Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls for violence against LGBT people and suggestions that they should be killed or die,[44] such as in Cyprus,[45] Iran,[46] Russia,[47] the United States,[48][49] Malawi,[50] or Uganda.[51]
In Serbia, members of Obraz chanted "Death to faggots" (Serbian: Смрт педерима) and posted posters stating "we are waiting for you" (Serbian: чекамо вас) next to an image of a baseball bat. In 2012, the organization was banned by the Constitutional Court of Serbia due to extremism.[52][53]
Anti-gay themes
It has been suggested that this section be Homophobic trope. (Discuss ) (September 2023) |
Anti-gay activists claim that homosexuality goes against traditional family values, that homosexuality is a Trojan Horse, or that it destroys families and humankind[54] through homosexual recruitment which will lead to the extinction of humanity.[55]
Homosexuality as a cause of disasters
The argument that homosexuals cause
Following the
In 2012, Chilean politician
AIDS as punishment
An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexuality
The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" (a pun on the commercial slogan for Raid insecticide "Raid Kills Bugs Dead") appeared during the early years of AIDS in the United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on quickly as a catchy truism, a chant, or simply something written as graffiti. It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, when Sebastian Bach, the former lead singer of the heavy metal band Skid Row, wore it on a t-shirt thrown to him by an audience member.[71] The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.[72][73]
Homosexuality as unnatural
Describing homosexuality as unnatural dates back to
Homosexuality as a disease
Some of those who called homosexuality
Homosexuality as a choice or lifestyle
Along with the idea of "homosexual recruitment", the idea of a "gay lifestyle" or "homosexual lifestyle" is used by social and religious conservatives in the United States to argue that non-heterosexual sexual orientations are consciously chosen.[85][86] However, scientists favor biological explanations for sexual orientation, arguing that people typically feel no sense of control over their sexual orientation or attractions.[87] The term "gay lifestyle" may also be used disparagingly for a series of stereotyped behaviours.[88]
Christian right activists may worry that increasing
Homosexuality as sinful or ungodly
Many conservative Christians consider homosexual acts to be inherently sinful based on scriptural passages such as
Various inflammatory and controversial slogans, including some listed in the next section, have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly by Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew Shepard Burns In Hell".[94]
Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in Islam. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia are growing in some Muslim countries.[95][96][97][98][99][excessive citations]
Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.[100][101][102][103][excessive citations]
The slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" alludes to a Bible-based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.[104][105]
A Christianity Today article in December 1970 reported on attitudes in San Francisco, quoting a graffiti that said, "If God had wanted homosexuals, he would have created Adam and Freddy."
Homosexuality as a Western ill
Homosexuality is sometimes claimed to be non-existent in some non-Western countries, or to be an evil influence imported from the West.
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia employed anti-gay rhetoric as part of his "Asian values" program, describing homosexuality as one of several Western ills.[116] Mohamad used it for political advantage in the 1998 scandal involving the sacking and jailing of MP and former
While in New York for a meeting of the United Nations, Iranian President
Other countries and regions viewing homosexuality as a Western disease include Vietnam,[121] China,[122] Ethiopia,[123] Africa,[124] Australian Muslims,[125] and India.[126]
Conflation with pedophilia
The
Others have made hoaxes intending to falsely associate pedophilia with the LGBT community by rebranding it as a sexual orientation, including claims that the "+" in "LGBT+" refers to "pedophiles, zoophiles, [and] necrophiles",[133][134] as well as the invented terms "agefluid", "clovergender" (a hoax executed by users of the imageboard 4chan, whose logo is a stylized four-leaf clover), and "pedosexual".[135][136][137]
Starting in 2022, some conservatives, including Chaya Raichik of Libs of TikTok, started using the terms "grooming", "groomer" and "pro-pedophile" against their opponents and LGBT people over anti-LGBT legislation, such as laws restricting and banning discussion of sexual orientation and gender identity in schools. Critics say that these usages of the terms diminish the experiences of sexual assault survivors, smear the LGBT community, and are dangerous in general.[138]
"Gay agenda"
Recruitment
The charge of "homosexual recruitment" is an allegation by social conservatives that LGBT people engage in concerted efforts to
Sociologists and psychologists describe such claims as an anti-gay myth,[147][148] and a fear-inducing bogeyman.[149] Many critics believe the term promotes the myth of homosexuals as pedophiles:[150][151]
- In 1977, Anita Bryant successfully campaigned to repeal an ordinance in Miami-Dade County that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Her campaign was based upon allegations of homosexual recruitment.[145] Writing about Bryant's efforts to repeal a Florida anti-discrimination law in the Journal of Social History, Michel Boucai wrote that "Bryant's organization, Save Our Children, framed the law as an endorsement of immorality and a license for 'recruitment'."[152]
- Oregon's proposed 1992 Ballot Measure 9 contained language that would have added anti-LGBT rhetoric to the state Constitution. U.S. writer Judith Reisman justified her support for the measure, citing "a clear avenue for the recruitment of children" by gays and lesbians.[153]
- A small newspaper in Uganda's capital attracted international attention in 2010 when it outed 100 gay people alongside a banner that said, "Hang them", and claimed that homosexuals aimed to "recruit" Ugandan children, and that schools had "been penetrated by gay activists to recruit kids."[51] According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans were attacked afterward as a result of their real or perceived sexual orientation.[154] Minorities activist David Kato, who was outed in the article and a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit against the paper, was subsequently murdered at home by an intruder[155] and an international outcry resulted.[156][157]
- In 1998, The Onion parodied the idea of "homosexual recruitment" in an article titled "'98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal", saying "Spokespersons for the National Gay & Lesbian Recruitment Task Force announced Monday that more than 288,000 straights have been converted to homosexuality since January 1, 1998, putting the group well on pace to reach its goal of 350,000 conversions by the end of the year."[158][159] According to Mimi Marinucci, most US adults who support gay rights would recognize the story as satire due to unrealistic details.[158] The Westboro Baptist Church passed along the story as fact,[160][161] citing it as evidence of a gay conspiracy.[162]
Homosexual conspiracies
"Homintern"
According to historian
Sherry refers to mid–20th century American conspiracy theories targeting gay artists, many of whose works were prominently used as propaganda in the
"Gaystapo"
The term "Gaystapo" (French: Gestapette) was coined in France in the 1940s by political satirist
"Gay mafia"
The English critic Kenneth Tynan wrote to A.C. Spectorsky (editor of Playboy) in 1967 proposing an article on the "Homosexual Mafia" in the arts.[171] Spectorsky declined, although he stated that "culture hounds were paying homage to faggotismo as they have never done before". Playboy would subsequently run a panel on gay issues in April 1971.
"Gay mafia" became more widely used in the US media in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the American daily New York Post. The term was also used by the British tabloid The Sun in 1998 in response to what it claimed was sinister dominance by gay men in the Labour Party Cabinet.[172][173][174][175]
"Lavender mafia"
While the term "Lavender Mafia" has occasionally been used to refer to informal networks of gay executives in the US
"Gay lobby"
The term "homo lobby" or "gay lobby" is often used by opponents of LGBT rights in Europe. For example, the Swedish neo-Nazi party Nordic Resistance Movement runs a "crush the homo lobby" campaign.[178] According to the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel, advocating for LGBT rights could accurately be called lobbying, but the term Schwulen-Lobby ('gay lobby') is insulting because it is used to suggest a powerful conspiracy which does not actually exist.[179]
In 2013,
Anti-transgender rhetoric
Misgendering
Misgendering is the act of labelling others with a gender that does not match their gender identity.[183] Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It can involve using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones they use,[184] calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity,[185] and using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one[186] (deadnaming).[187][188]
Deception and masquerade
Some terms often considered to be anti-trans such as shemale, trap, and ladyboy are perceived to promote the belief that trans women are men masquerading as women. The concept of a person whose gender identity differs from their assigned birth sex has often been twisted into jokes about how repulsive such a person must be.[189] Transgender individuals are often perceived as more deceptive than sexual minorities.[190]
Bathroom bills
A bathroom bill is the common name for legislation or a statute that denies access to public toilets by gender or transgender identity. Bathroom bills affect access to sex-segregated public facilities for an individual based on a determination of their sex as defined in some specific way, such as their sex as assigned at birth, their sex as listed on their birth certificate, or the sex that corresponds to their gender identity.[191] A bathroom bill can either be inclusive or exclusive of transgender individuals, depending on the aforementioned definition of their sex.
Proponents of the bills argue that such legislation is necessary to maintain privacy, protect what they claim to be an innate sense of modesty held by mostIn feminism
Some positions within feminist theory have used denialist rhetoric viewed as transphobic. Those that hold these positions are known as
In 1979, American radical feminist Janice Raymond published
Some
Legality and censorship
Hate speech against LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries.[208]
See also
- Biphobia
- "Drop the T"
- Globohomo– Variant of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
- Homophobic propaganda
- Identity politics
- Lavender scare
- Lesbophobia
- LGBT stereotypes
- List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups
- Religion and homosexuality
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
- Transmisogyny
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'Ideologia LGBT' to pojęcie–worek, do którego prawica wrzuca te zmiany cywilizacyjne, które jej nie odpowiadają (np. postulaty równouprawnienia związków jednopłciowych, w wielu krajach — od USA po RPA — zrealizowane). W języku propagandy prawicowej, jak pisał w OKO.press Stanisław Krawczyk, 'ideologia LGBT' służy odczłowieczaniu mniejszości oraz kreowaniu wroga — a więc budowaniu politycznego poparcia dla prawicy, która przedstawia się jako jedyna obrończyni tradycyjnej rodziny, religii i ładu społecznego. 'Ideologia' pasuje także do częstego na prawicy postrzegania świata w kategoriach spisku — ideologię ktoś 'promuje', ktoś upowszechnia, ktoś 'za nią stoi' (np. George Soros, żydowsko–amerykański finansista, wspierający m.in. organizacje LGBT).
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The former President of Iran evaded an American student's question on the execution of homosexuals by saying, 'In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country. This does not exist in our country. In Iran we do not have this phenomenon. I do not know who told you that we have.' (Note that in this speech, Ahmadinejad used the Farsi term hamjensbaz, 'faggot', not the more neutral term hamjensgara, 'homosexual'. )
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Further reading
- Brummett, Barry (1979). "A pentadic analysis of ideologies in two gay rights controversies". Central States Speech Journal. 30 (3): 250–261. .
- Burack, Cynthia (2006). "From Doom Town to Sin City: Chick Tracts and Anti-gay Political Rhetoric". New Political Science. 28 (2): 163–179. S2CID 144985657.
- Burack, Cynthia (17 April 2008). Sin, Sex, and Democracy: Antigay Rhetoric and the Christian Right. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7406-8.
- Dugan, Kimberly B. (2004). "Strategy and "Spin": Opposing Movement Frames in an Anti-Gay Voter Initiative". Sociological Focus. 37 (3): 213–233. S2CID 143775320.
- Eskridge, William N. Jr (2000). "No Promo Homo: The Sedimentation of Antigay Discourse and the Channeling Effect of Judicial Review". New York University Law Review. 75: 1327–.
- Fetner, Tina (2005). "Ex-Gay Rhetoric and the Politics of Sexuality: The Christian Antigay/Pro-Family Movement's "Truth in Love" Ad Campaign". Journal of Homosexuality. 50 (1): 71–95. S2CID 31672425.
- Harris, W. C. (2006). ""In My Day It Used to Be Called a Limp Wrist": Flip-Floppers, Nelly Boys, and Homophobic Rhetoric in the 2004 US Presidential Campaign". The Journal of American Culture. 29 (3): 278–295. .
- Gadarian, Shana Kushner; van der Vort, Eric (2018). "The Gag Reflex: Disgust Rhetoric and Gay Rights in American Politics". Political Behavior. 40 (2): 521–543. S2CID 254937380.
- Kirchick, James (31 May 2022). "The Long, Sordid History of the Gay Conspiracy Theory". Intelligencer.
- Levy, Elizabeth (2013). "Animus in the Closet: Outing the Addiction Parallels in Anti-Gay Legal Rhetoric". UC Irvine Law Review. 3 (1): 151–. ISSN 2327-4514.
- Mazza, Michael James (2009). This Fierce Geometry: Uses of the Judeo-Christian Bible in the Anti-Abolitionist and Anti-Gay Rhetoric of the United States (PhD thesis). University of Pittsburgh.
- Perkins, Anna Kasafi (2016). "More than Words: Evangelicals, the Rhetoric of Battle and the Fight over Gay Rights in the Caribbean". Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies. 41 (1): 13–46.
- Schwartz, Michael (2019). Homosexuelle, Seilschaften, Verrat: Ein transnationales Stereotyp im 20. Jahrhundert (in German). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-063650-5.
- Smith, Ralph R.; Windes, Russel R. (2000). Progay/Antigay. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-1647-5.
- Stewart, Craig O. (2008). "Social cognition and discourse processing goals in the analysis of 'ex-gay' rhetoric". Discourse & Society. 19 (1): 63–83. S2CID 144039300.
- Woods, Gregory (2003). "The 'Conspiracy' of the 'Homintern'". ISSN 1532-1118.