Anti-LGBT rhetoric

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Anti-LGBT sentiment
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Anti-LGBT rhetoric comprises themes,

bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. They range from the demeaning and the pejorative to expressions of hostility towards homosexuality which are based on religious, medical, or moral grounds. It is widely considered a form of hate speech,[1] which is illegal in countries such as the Netherlands,[2] Norway,[3] and Sweden.[4]

Anti-LGBT rhetoric often consists of

antisemitic conspiracy theories and posit that the LGBT movement is an instrument of foreign control and domination.[5][6][7]

As a foreign conspiracy

In 1969, the

European Convention of Human Rights, judging that the European Commission of Human Rights was "a conspiracy of homosexuals and communists against Hellenic values".[8]

This discourse, promoted by the governments of Hungary and Poland, alleges that

LGBT rights movements are controlled by foreign forces (such as the European Union) and are a threat to national independence and western civilization.[9][10][11][12] Anti-government protests in Russia and the Euromaidan have also been portrayed by the Russian government as the work of an LGBT conspiracy.[12] Furthermore, although Russia considers itself to be a European country, its government also considers its values as entirely different from those commonly seen within the European Union. More specifically, Russia used to protest against the common European Values in support of LGBT rights, however rather than complaining about these values, Russia has now chosen to openly express their own values, which are entirely against any support for LGBT rights.[13]

As an ideology

LGBT-free zone stickers distributed by the Gazeta Polska newspaper, 2019

In 2013, the conservative blog

gender ideology". In his article he does not define either "LGBT ideology" or "gender ideology".[14][15] In 2017, several conservative Islamic politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia attacked "LGBT ideology".[14][16]

During a sermon on 1 August 2019, Polish Archbishop

Cambridge University who studies Poland, stated "Scaremongering about 'LGBT ideology' has almost become official policy in Poland with often nasty insinuations from members of the government and public media now the norm".[19]

In June 2020, Polish President

Russian gay propaganda law.[24] On the same day, PiS MP Przemysław Czarnek said on a TVP Info talk show, regarding a photo of a naked person in a gay bar, "Let's defend ourselves against LGBT ideology and stop listening to those idiocies about human rights or equality. These people are not equal to normal people."[24][25]

In July 2020, the

Stop LGBT aggression" rally that year, Krzysztof Bosak said that even irreligious people are among opponents of "LGBT ideology" because it is "contrary to common sense and rational thinking". He also said that the LGBT community is "a lower form of social life".[32]

Criticism

According to

LGBT rights, they have differing political views.[20] According to Notes from Poland, "attacks on 'LGBT ideology' – which often rely on exaggerated, distorted or invented claims – result in the marginalisation and demonisation of such people."[33] Center-right presidential candidate Szymon Hołownia, who is a practicing Catholic, stated, "there is no such thing as LGBT ideology, there are [LGBT] people". He said that anti-LGBT rhetoric from politicians could lead vulnerable people to suicide.[33] In protest at the comments made by the president and Żalek, LGBT people have held pickets in various towns and cities in Poland, opposing the idea that LGBT is an ideology.[34][35][36][37] Activists also created a film, "Ludzie, nie ideologia" (People, not ideology) showcasing the families of LGBT people.[38]

An article in OKO.press compared the anti-LGBT campaign to the 1968 "anti-Zionist" campaign: during the anti-Zionist campaign, people said that they were targeting Zionism as an ideology, but ended up targeting Jews as people. Many Jews were forced out of the country in 1968, and LGBT people are emigrating from Poland in 2020.[24] According to Polish historian Adam Leszczyński, "LGBT ideology" is

a bag into which the right wing throws societal changes that do not suit it (eg. calls for equal rights for same-sex couples, which have been implemented in many countries, from the United States to South Africa). In the language of right-wing propaganda... 'LGBT ideology' serves to dehumanize minorities and create an enemy – and thus build political support for the right, which presents itself as the only defender of the traditional family, religion and social order. 'Ideology' also fits the right-wing perception of the world in terms of a conspiracy – ideology is 'promoted', someone disseminates it, someone is 'behind it' (eg. George Soros, a Jewish-American financier who supports, among others, LGBT organizations).[39]

Dehumanization

"Stay in the closet; gay=scum": graffiti in Madrid, Spain

bestiality.[40][41]

Slurs

According to one study, "homophobic epithets foster dehumanization and avoidance of gay people, in ways that other insults or labels do not."[42] Another study found that homophobia "results in substantial health and welfare effects".[43]

Calls for violence

faggots!": Serbian graffiti in Belgrade

Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls for violence against LGBT people and suggestions that they should be killed or die,[44] such as in Cyprus,[45] Iran,[46] Russia,[47] the United States,[48][49] Malawi,[50] or Uganda.[51]

In Serbia, members of Obraz chanted "Death to faggots" (Serbian: Смрт педерима) and posted posters stating "we are waiting for you" (Serbian: чекамо вас) next to an image of a baseball bat. In 2012, the organization was banned by the Constitutional Court of Serbia due to extremism.[52][53]

Anti-gay themes

Anti-gay activists claim that homosexuality goes against traditional family values, that homosexuality is a Trojan Horse, or that it destroys families and humankind[54] through homosexual recruitment which will lead to the extinction of humanity.[55]

Homosexuality as a cause of disasters

The argument that homosexuals cause

pride parades.[60]

Following the

Islamic fundamentalists and causing God to withdraw his protection for America.[61] On the broadcast of the Christian television program The 700 Club, Falwell said, "You helped this happen". He later apologized and said, "I would never blame any human being except the terrorists".[62][63]

In 2012, Chilean politician

Chilean military would cause Perú and Bolivia to invade and destroy his country.[64]

AIDS as punishment

An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexuality

The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" (a pun on the commercial slogan for Raid insecticide "Raid Kills Bugs Dead") appeared during the early years of AIDS in the United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on quickly as a catchy truism, a chant, or simply something written as graffiti. It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, when Sebastian Bach, the former lead singer of the heavy metal band Skid Row, wore it on a t-shirt thrown to him by an audience member.[71] The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.[72][73]

Homosexuality as unnatural

Graffiti in Poznań, Poland: "Boy–girl is the normal family". This has, in turn, been graffitied to add the word "not" in Polish, and two female symbols.

Describing homosexuality as unnatural dates back to

unnatural". Proponents of this idea often argue that homosexuality is immoral because it is unnatural, but opponents argue that this argument makes an is–ought conflation. Some proponents of the "unnaturalness" thesis argue that homosexual behavior is the result of "recruitment" or willful sinfulness.[74]

Homosexuality as a disease

Nazi propaganda described homosexuality as a contagious disease[75] but not in the medical sense. Rather, homosexuality was a disease of the Volkskörper (national body), a metaphor for the desired national or racial community (Volksgemeinschaft). According to Nazi ideology, individuals' lives were to be subordinated to the Volkskörper like cells in the human body. Homosexuality was seen as a virus or cancer in the Volkskörper because it was seen as a threat to the German nation.[76] The SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps argued that 40,000 homosexuals were capable of "poisoning" two million men if left to roam free.[77]

Some of those who called homosexuality

officially teaches that "homosexual tendencies" are "objectively disordered".[81] In 2016, anti-LGBT rhetoric was increasing in Indonesia under the Twitter hashtag #TolakLGBT (#RejectLGBT) and claims that LGBT is a disease.[82] In 2019, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski claimed that a "rainbow plague" is threatening Poland.[83] In 2020, the education minister defended an official who warned that "LGBT virus" was threatening Polish schools, and was more dangerous than COVID-19.[84]

Homosexuality as a choice or lifestyle

Along with the idea of "homosexual recruitment", the idea of a "gay lifestyle" or "homosexual lifestyle" is used by social and religious conservatives in the United States to argue that non-heterosexual sexual orientations are consciously chosen.[85][86] However, scientists favor biological explanations for sexual orientation, arguing that people typically feel no sense of control over their sexual orientation or attractions.[87] The term "gay lifestyle" may also be used disparagingly for a series of stereotyped behaviours.[88]

Christian right activists may worry that increasing

LGBT rights will make the "gay lifestyle" more attractive to young people.[89]
US media in the 1970s frequently used the term "
Proposition 6, which would have barred openly gay teachers in public schools.[90]
In 1977, while campaigning against a local ordinance protecting gay teachers against employment discrimination, anti-gay activist Anita Bryant stated, "A homosexual is not born, they are made".[91] US president
gay rights movement as opposed to American culture, saying the movement was "asking for a recognition and acceptance of an alternative lifestyle which I do not believe society can condone".[90]

Homosexuality as sinful or ungodly

Two women standing on a university campus sidewalk, holding placards reading "Gay Hawks", "God Hates Fag Enablers", "God Hates Fags", and "Fags Doom Nations"
Members of the Westboro Baptist Church picketing at the University of Kansas

Many conservative Christians consider homosexual acts to be inherently sinful based on scriptural passages such as

1 Corinthians 6:9–10 ("Do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived! Fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male prostitutes, sodomites, thieves, the greedy, drunkards, revilers, robbers—none of these will inherit the kingdom of God.")[92] The story of Sodom and Gomorrah, two biblical cities which were burned down due to the sins of its inhabitants, is sometimes portrayed as divine retribution for homosexual behavior.[93][92]

Various inflammatory and controversial slogans, including some listed in the next section, have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly by Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew Shepard Burns In Hell".[94]

Two identical posters side-by-side on an outdoor wall reading "God hates lechery" in Hebrew
Posters in Tel Aviv prior to the city's Pride Parade: "God hates lechery"

Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in Islam. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia are growing in some Muslim countries.[95][96][97][98][99][excessive citations]

Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.[100][101][102][103][excessive citations]

A man with long hair and a beard, dressed as Jesus, holds up a sign reading "I'm Cool With It" atop a rainbow background. He is standing in front of a group of protesters holding anti-LGBT signs on the back of a semi truck, underneath a banner reading, "Homosexuality is Sin! Return to Jesus!". A line of police stand in between, guarding the protesters.
Counter-protester at an anti-LGBTQ demonstration in Seoul, 2017

The slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" alludes to a Bible-based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.[104][105] A Christianity Today article in December 1970 reported on attitudes in San Francisco, quoting a graffiti that said, "If God had wanted homosexuals, he would have created Adam and Freddy."

debate on same-sex marriage, although a slip of the tongue saying "in the Garden of Eden, it was Adam and Steve" initially caused laughter in the chamber.[114][110] Zimbabwean presidential candidate Nelson Chamisa said in an interview that "[w]e must be able to respect what God ordained and how we are created as a people, there are a male and a female, there are Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve".[115] The phrase was also reclaimed by LGBT people and used in blogs, comics, and other media mocking the anti-gay message.[110]

Homosexuality as a Western ill

Homosexuality is sometimes claimed to be non-existent in some non-Western countries, or to be an evil influence imported from the West.

Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia employed anti-gay rhetoric as part of his "Asian values" program, describing homosexuality as one of several Western ills.[116] Mohamad used it for political advantage in the 1998 scandal involving the sacking and jailing of MP and former

Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix-up".[117] Anwar was subsequently subjected to two trials and sentenced to nine years imprisonment for corruption and sodomy.[118]

While in New York for a meeting of the United Nations, Iranian President

Farsi, he used the slang equivalent of faggot, not the neutral term for a "homosexual".[120]

Other countries and regions viewing homosexuality as a Western disease include Vietnam,[121] China,[122] Ethiopia,[123] Africa,[124] Australian Muslims,[125] and India.[126]

Conflation with pedophilia

"Stop Pedofilii" van belonging to Fundacja Pro [pl], who claim that pedophilia is advocated by the "LGBT lobby"

The

grooming children for sexual exploitation.[129] The empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.[130][131][132]

Others have made hoaxes intending to falsely associate pedophilia with the LGBT community by rebranding it as a sexual orientation, including claims that the "+" in "LGBT+" refers to "pedophiles, zoophiles, [and] necrophiles",[133][134] as well as the invented terms "agefluid", "clovergender" (a hoax executed by users of the imageboard 4chan, whose logo is a stylized four-leaf clover), and "pedosexual".[135][136][137]

Starting in 2022, some conservatives, including Chaya Raichik of Libs of TikTok, started using the terms "grooming", "groomer" and "pro-pedophile" against their opponents and LGBT people over anti-LGBT legislation, such as laws restricting and banning discussion of sexual orientation and gender identity in schools. Critics say that these usages of the terms diminish the experiences of sexual assault survivors, smear the LGBT community, and are dangerous in general.[138]

"Gay agenda"

Recruitment

The charge of "homosexual recruitment" is an allegation by social conservatives that LGBT people engage in concerted efforts to

same-sex couples to reproduce as a motivation for recruitment.[143][144][145][146]

Sociologists and psychologists describe such claims as an anti-gay myth,[147][148] and a fear-inducing bogeyman.[149] Many critics believe the term promotes the myth of homosexuals as pedophiles:[150][151]

  • In 1977, Anita Bryant successfully campaigned to repeal an ordinance in
    Miami-Dade County that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Her campaign was based upon allegations of homosexual recruitment.[145] Writing about Bryant's efforts to repeal a Florida anti-discrimination law in the Journal of Social History, Michel Boucai wrote that "Bryant's organization, Save Our Children, framed the law as an endorsement of immorality and a license for 'recruitment'."[152]
  • Oregon's proposed 1992 Ballot Measure 9 contained language that would have added anti-LGBT rhetoric to the state Constitution. U.S. writer Judith Reisman justified her support for the measure, citing "a clear avenue for the recruitment of children" by gays and lesbians.[153]
  • A small newspaper in Uganda's capital attracted international attention in 2010 when it outed 100 gay people alongside a banner that said, "Hang them", and claimed that homosexuals aimed to "recruit" Ugandan children, and that schools had "been penetrated by gay activists to recruit kids."[51] According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans were attacked afterward as a result of their real or perceived sexual orientation.[154] Minorities activist David Kato, who was outed in the article and a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit against the paper, was subsequently murdered at home by an intruder[155] and an international outcry resulted.[156][157]
  • In 1998, The Onion parodied the idea of "homosexual recruitment" in an article titled "'98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal", saying "Spokespersons for the National Gay & Lesbian Recruitment Task Force announced Monday that more than 288,000 straights have been converted to homosexuality since January 1, 1998, putting the group well on pace to reach its goal of 350,000 conversions by the end of the year."[158][159] According to Mimi Marinucci, most US adults who support gay rights would recognize the story as satire due to unrealistic details.[158] The Westboro Baptist Church passed along the story as fact,[160][161] citing it as evidence of a gay conspiracy.[162]

Homosexual conspiracies

"Homintern"

According to historian

Comintern", the Soviet-sponsored Communist International—was probably used jokingly among artists and writers in England in the 1930s to mock the idea of a powerful cabal of queer artists.[163] Coining of the term has been attributed to various writers including W. H. Auden, Cyril Connolly, Jocelyn Brooke, Harold Norse, and Maurice Bowra.[164][165] During the Cold War, anti-gay commentators in the United States sought to link homosexuality and Communism, using the terms "homintern" and "homosexual mafia" as shorthand for a purported homosexual conspiracy in the arts similar to the Communist International in politics.[163]

Sherry refers to mid–20th century American conspiracy theories targeting gay artists, many of whose works were prominently used as propaganda in the

1960s counterculture and skepticism about the United States' role in the Cold War and Vietnam War.[166][168]

"Gaystapo"

The term "Gaystapo" (French: Gestapette) was coined in France in the 1940s by political satirist

National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen to Florian Philippot, whom he accused of being a bad influence on Marine Le Pen.[169][170]

"Gay mafia"

The English critic Kenneth Tynan wrote to A.C. Spectorsky (editor of Playboy) in 1967 proposing an article on the "Homosexual Mafia" in the arts.[171] Spectorsky declined, although he stated that "culture hounds were paying homage to faggotismo as they have never done before". Playboy would subsequently run a panel on gay issues in April 1971.

"Gay mafia" became more widely used in the US media in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the American daily New York Post. The term was also used by the British tabloid The Sun in 1998 in response to what it claimed was sinister dominance by gay men in the Labour Party Cabinet.[172][173][174][175]

"Lavender mafia"

While the term "Lavender Mafia" has occasionally been used to refer to informal networks of gay executives in the US

homosexuality within the Church and its teachings.[177]

"Gay lobby"

Homo Lobby
" sign, a phrase used as a slur by right-wing populist movements in the Czech Republic.

The term "homo lobby" or "gay lobby" is often used by opponents of LGBT rights in Europe. For example, the Swedish neo-Nazi party Nordic Resistance Movement runs a "crush the homo lobby" campaign.[178] According to the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel, advocating for LGBT rights could accurately be called lobbying, but the term Schwulen-Lobby ('gay lobby') is insulting because it is used to suggest a powerful conspiracy which does not actually exist.[179]

In 2013,

Masonic lobbies, so many lobbies. This is the worse problem."[181][182]

Anti-transgender rhetoric

Anti-transgender graffiti in Rome's Municipio VIII district

Misgendering

Misgendering is the act of labelling others with a gender that does not match their gender identity.[183] Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It can involve using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones they use,[184] calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity,[185] and using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one[186] (deadnaming).[187][188]

Deception and masquerade

Some terms often considered to be anti-trans such as shemale, trap, and ladyboy are perceived to promote the belief that trans women are men masquerading as women. The concept of a person whose gender identity differs from their assigned birth sex has often been twisted into jokes about how repulsive such a person must be.[189] Transgender individuals are perceived as more deceptive than sexual minorities.[190]

Bathroom bills

A bathroom bill is the common name for legislation or a statute that denies access to public toilets by gender or transgender identity. Bathroom bills affect access to sex-segregated public facilities for an individual based on a determination of their sex as defined in some specific way, such as their sex as assigned at birth, their sex as listed on their birth certificate, or the sex that corresponds to their gender identity.[191] A bathroom bill can either be inclusive or exclusive of transgender individuals, depending on the aforementioned definition of their sex.

Proponents of the bills argue that such legislation is necessary to maintain privacy, protect what they claim to be an innate sense of modesty held by most
gender non-conforming cisgender people.[195][196][197] Additionally, critics claim there have been no cases of a transgender person attacking a cisgender person in a public restroom,[195][198] although there has been one reported incident of voyeurism in a fitting room.[199] The American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics are all opposed to bathroom bills.[200][201][202][203]

In feminism

Some positions within feminist theory have used denialist rhetoric viewed as transphobic. Those that hold these positions are known as

TERF
" for short. This term was coined by feminist blogger Viv Smythe in 2008 as a value-neutral descriptor of feminists that engage in denialism.

In 1979, American radical feminist Janice Raymond published

The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male. In it, she wrote that, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves."[204] A common position in radical feminism maintain that trans women are not women in a literal sense and should not be in women-only spaces.[205]

Some

transitioning medically and socially, trans women are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be. They are inventing an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."[207]

Legality and censorship

Hate speech against LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries.[208]

See also

References

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Further reading