Anti-fascism
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Anti-fascism |
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Anti-fascism is a
Fascism, a
Before World War II,
After World War II, the anti-fascist movement continued to be active in places where organized fascism continued or re-emerged. There was a resurgence of
Origins
With the development and spread of
In the words of historian
Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the
- Revolutionary anti-fascism was expressed amongst communists and anarchists, where it identified fascism and capitalism as its enemies and made little distinction between fascism and other forms of authoritarianism. It did not disappear after the Second World War but was used as an official ideology of the Soviet bloc, with the "fascist" West as the new enemy.
- Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.
Seidman argues that despite the differences between these two strands of anti-fascism, there were similarities. They would both come to regard violent expansion as intrinsic to the fascist project. They both rejected any claim that the Versailles Treaty was responsible for the rise of Nazism and instead viewed fascist dynamism as the cause of conflict. Unlike fascism, these two types of anti-fascism did not promise a quick victory but an extended struggle against a powerful enemy. During World War II, both anti-fascisms responded to fascist aggression by creating a cult of heroism which relegated victims to a secondary position.[7] However, after the war, conflict arose between the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary anti-fascisms; the victory of the Western Allies allowed them to restore the old regimes of liberal democracy in Western Europe, while Soviet victory in Eastern Europe allowed for the establishment of new revolutionary anti-fascist regimes there.[8]
History
Anti-fascist movements emerged first in Italy during the rise of Benito Mussolini,[9] but they soon spread to other European countries and then globally. In the early period, Communist, socialist, anarchist and Christian workers and intellectuals were involved. Until 1928, the period of the United front, there was significant collaboration between the Communists and non-Communist anti-fascists.
In 1928, the
Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini
In Italy, Mussolini's
The
Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana (English: Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in Nérac, France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled La Libertà.[16][17][18]
Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the Spanish Civil War with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to Franco's dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy".[21]
Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the
During
Slovenians and Croats under Italianization
The anti-fascist resistance emerged within the
The first anti-fascist organization, called TIGR, was formed by Slovenes and Croats in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence. Its guerrilla fight continued into the late 1920s and 1930s.[31] By the mid-1930s, 70,000 Slovenes had fled Italy, mostly to Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia) and South America.[32]
The Slovene anti-fascist resistance in
Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism
The specific term anti-fascism was primarily used[
The movement of Nazism, which grew ever more influential in the last years of the Weimar Republic, was opposed for different ideological reasons by a wide variety of groups, including groups which also opposed each other, such as social democrats, centrists, conservatives and communists. The SPD and centrists formed Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold in 1924 to defend liberal democracy against both the Nazi Party and the KPD, and their affiliated organizations. Later, mainly SPD members formed the Iron Front which opposed the same groups.[38]
The name and logo of Antifaschistische Aktion remain influential. Its two-flag logo, designed by Max Gebhard and Max Keilson , is still widely used as a symbol of militant anti-fascists in Germany and globally,[39] as is the Iron Front's Three Arrows logo.[40]
Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists
The historian Eric Hobsbawm wrote: "The Spanish civil war was both at the centre and on the margin of the era of anti-fascism. It was central, since it was immediately seen as a European war between fascism and anti-fascism, almost as the first battle in the coming world war, some of the characteristic aspects of which – for example, air raids against civilian populations – it anticipated."[41]
In Spain, there were histories of popular uprisings in the late 19th century through to the 1930s against the deep-seated military dictatorships.
The
The Spanish anarchist
France: against Action Française and Vichy
In the 1920s and 1930s in the French Third Republic, anti-fascists confronted aggressive far-right groups such as the Action Française movement in France, which dominated the Latin Quarter students' neighborhood.[citation needed] After fascism triumphed via invasion, the French Resistance (French: La Résistance française) or, more accurately, resistance movements fought against the Nazi German occupation and against the collaborationist Vichy régime. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the maquis in rural areas), who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers and magazines such as Arbeiter und Soldat (Worker and Soldier) during World War Two, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks.[citation needed]
United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF
The rise of
There were debates within the anti-fascist movement over tactics. While many East End ex-servicemen participated in violence against fascists,[47] Communist Party leader Phil Piratin denounced these tactics and instead called for large demonstrations.[48] In addition to the militant anti-fascist movement, there was a smaller current of liberal anti-fascism in Britain; Sir Ernest Barker, for example, was a notable English liberal anti-fascist in the 1930s.[49]
United States, World War II
Anti-fascist Italian expatriates in the United States founded the Mazzini Society in Northampton, Massachusetts in September 1939 to work toward ending Fascist rule in Italy. As political refugees from Mussolini's regime, they disagreed among themselves whether to ally with Communists and anarchists or to exclude them. The Mazzini Society joined with other anti-Fascist Italian expatriates in the Americas at a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1942. They unsuccessfully promoted one of their members, Carlo Sforza, to become the post-Fascist leader of a republican Italy. The Mazzini Society dispersed after the overthrow of Mussolini as most of its members returned to Italy.[50][51]
During the Second Red Scare which occurred in the United States in the years that immediately followed the end of World War II, the term "premature anti-fascist" came into currency and it was used to describe Americans who had strongly agitated or worked against fascism, such as Americans who had fought for the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War, before fascism was seen as a proximate and existential threat to the United States (which only occurred generally after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and only occurred universally after the attack on Pearl Harbor). The implication was that such persons were either Communists or Communist sympathizers whose loyalty to the United States was suspect.[52][53][54] However, the historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr have written that no documentary evidence has been found of the US government referring to American members of the International Brigades as "premature antifascists": the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of Strategic Services, and United States Army records used terms such as "Communist", "Red", "subversive", and "radical" instead. Indeed, Haynes and Klehr indicate that they have found many examples of members of the XV International Brigade and their supporters referring to themselves sardonically as "premature antifascists".[55]
Burma, World War II
The
Poland, World War II
The Anti-Fascist Bloc was an organization of
After World War II
The anti-fascist movements which emerged during the period of classical fascism, both liberal and militant, continued to operate after the defeat of the Axis powers in response to the resilience and mutation of fascism both in Europe and elsewhere. In Germany, as Nazi rule crumbled in 1944, veterans of the 1930s anti-fascist struggles formed Antifaschistische Ausschüsse, Antifaschistische Kommittees, or Antifaschistische Aktion groups, all typically abbreviated to "antifa".[63] The socialist government of East Germany built the Berlin Wall in 1961, and the Eastern Bloc referred to it officially as the "Anti-fascist Protection Rampart". Resistance to fascists dictatorships in Spain and Portugal continued, including the activities of the Spanish Maquis and others, leading up to the Spanish transition to democracy and the Carnation Revolution, respectively, as well as to similar dictatorships in Chile and elsewhere. Other notable anti-fascist mobilisations in the first decades of the post-war period include the 43 Group in Britain.[64]
With the start of the
Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's
Germany
The contemporary antifa movement in Germany comprises different anti-fascist groups which usually use the abbreviation antifa and regard the historical Antifaschistische Aktion (Antifa) of the early 1930s as an inspiration, drawing on the historic group for its aesthetics and some of its tactics, in addition to the name. Many new antifa groups formed from the late 1980s onward. According to Loren Balhorn, contemporary antifa in Germany "has no practical historical connection to the movement from which it takes its name but is instead a product of West Germany's squatter scene and autonomist movement in the 1980s".[71]
One of the biggest antifascist campaigns in Germany in recent years was the ultimately successful effort to
Greece
In Greece anti-fascism is a popular part of leftist and anarchist culture, September 2013 anti-fascist hip-hop artist
Italy
Today's
Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy that commemorates the victory of the Italian resistance movement against Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic, puppet state of the Nazis and rump state of the fascists, in the Italian Civil War, a civil war in Italy fought during World War II, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the National Liberation Committee of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including Benito Mussolini, who was shot three days later).[82]
Bella ciao (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo]; "Goodbye beautiful") is an Italian folk song modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed nazism and fascism, and fought against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist Italian Social Republic between 1943 and 1945 during the Italian Civil War. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.[86] As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.[87][88]
United States
Modern antifa in the United States is a highly
A June 2020 study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies of 893 terrorism incidents in the United States since 1994 found one attack staged by an anti-fascist that led to a fatality (the 2019 Tacoma attack, in which the attacker, who identified as an anti-fascist, was killed by police), while attacks by white supremacists or other right-wing extremists resulted in 329 deaths.[104][105][106] Since the study was published, one homicide has been connected to anti-fascism.[104] A DHS draft report from August 2020 similarly did not include "antifa" as a considerable threat, while noting white supremacists as the top domestic terror threat.[107]
There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them
Elsewhere
Some post-war anti-fascist action took place in Romania under the Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania, founded in March 1949.[117] A Swedish group, Antifascistisk Aktion, was formed in 1993.[118]
Use of the term
The
See also
- Anti anti-communism
- Anti-authoritarianism
- Anti-capitalism
- Anti-Chinilpa (Korea)
- Anti-Germans (political current)
- Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia
- Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
- Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants
- Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia
- Antifascist Front of Slavs in Hungary
- Anti-racism
- Anti-Stalinist left
- Denazification
- Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
- All-Slavic Anti-Fascist Committee
- Laws against Holocaust denial
- Resistance during World War II
- Redskin (subculture)
- Slovak National Uprising
- Squadism
Notes
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- ^ Beauchamp, Zack (8 June 2020). "Antifa, explained". Vox. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ Gli Arditi del Popolo (Birth) Archived 7 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
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- ^ LaCoss, D.W. (2001). The Revolutionary Politics of Surrealism in Paris, 1934-9. University of Michigan. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ a b Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp.1–8
- ^ Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 252 [ISBN missing]
- ^ "Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
- ^ Charles F. Delzell, edit., Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945, New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26
- ^ "Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
- ^ Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22 Archived 19 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Antonio Sonnessa, in the European History Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 2, 183–218 (2003)
- ^ "Anarchist Century". Anarchist_century.tripod.com. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
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- ^ Milica Kacin Wohinz, Prvi antifašizem v Evropi (Koper: Lipa, 1990)
- ^ Mira Cenčič, TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)
- ^ Vid Vremec, Pinko Tomažič in drugi tržaški proces 1941 (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1989)
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Požig Narodnega doma ali šentjernejska noč tržaških Slovencev in Slovanov [Arson of the National Hall or the St. Bartholomew's Night of the Triestine Slovenes and Slavs]
- ^ Sestani, Armando, ed. (10 February 2012). "Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi" [The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses] (PDF). I profugi istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca [The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca] (in Italian). Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca. pp. 12–13.[permanent dead link]
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- ^ Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) Clash of civilisations Archived 6 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 4
- ^ Jože Pirjevec, Milica Kacin-Wohinz: Zgodovina primorskih Slovencev (The history of the Slovenians living on the Coast), Nova revija, Ljubljana 2002
- ^ Eve Rosenhaft, Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933, Cambridge University Press, 25 Aug 1983, pp. 3–4
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- ^ Tirabassi, Maddalena (1984–1985). "Enemy Aliens or Loyal Americans?: the Mazzini Society and the Italian-American Communities". Rivista di Studi Anglo-Americani (4–5): 399–425.
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- ^ Premature antifascists and the Post-war world Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives Bill Susman Lecture Series. King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center at New York University, 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- JSTOR 4613837.
- ^ John Nichols (26 October 2009). "Clarence Kailin: 'Premature Antifascist' – and proudly so". Cap Times. Capital Times (Madision, Wisconsin). Retrieved 29 December 2013.
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- ^ a b Oliver Hensengerth (2005). The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma (PDF). Leeds East Asia Papers. pp. 10–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
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- ^ Balhorn, Loren (8 May 2017). "The Lost History of Antifa". Jacobin.
- ^ Mark Bray (2017). "'Never Again': The Development of Modern Antifa, 1945–2003". In Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. Melville House Publishing. pp. 39–76.
- ^ Defty, Brook (2007). Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–1953. Chapters 2–5. The Information Research Department.
- ISBN 9789042005525. "Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold War constellation."[page needed]
- ISBN 9780231131247. "The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as 'lies' and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda. [...] In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism."
- ISBN 9781412831369.
- ISBN 9780521546898.
- ^ Beinart, Peter (16 August 2017). "What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa". The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ^ "The Lost History of Antifa". Jacobin Mag. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ Focus-Online. "Demo-Samstag in Dresden: Nazi-Aufmärsche und Linke treffen aufeinander". Focus-Online.
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- ^ Pfahl-Traughber, Armin (6 March 2008). "Antifaschismus als Thema linksextremistischer Agitation, Bündnispolitik und Ideologie" [Anti-fascism as a topic of far-left extremist agitation, political alliances and ideology]. Federal Agency for Civic Education.
- ^ a b "Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'" [The field of "anti-fascism"]. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
Das Aktionsfeld "Antifaschismus" ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Element der politischen Arbeit von Linksextremisten, insbesondere aus dem gewaltorientierten Spektrum. [...] Die Aktivitäten von Linksextremisten in diesem Aktionsfeld zielen aber nur vordergründig auf die Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Im eigentlichen Fokus steht der Kampf gegen die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung, die als "kapitalistisches System" diffamiert wird, und deren angeblich immanente "faschistische" Wurzeln beseitigt werden sollen.
- ^ a b Linksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale [Far-left extremism: Manifestations and danger potential] (PDF). Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2016. pp. 33–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2020.
Die Aktivitäten "antifaschistischer" Linksextremisten (Antifa) dienen indes nur vordergründig der Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Eigentliches Ziel bleibt der "bürgerlich-demokratische Staat", der in der Lesart von Linksextremisten den "Faschismus" als eine mögliche Herrschaftsform akzeptiert, fördert und ihn deshalb auch nicht ausreichend bekämpft. Letztlich, so wird argumentiert, wurzle der "Faschismus" in den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Strukturen des "Kapitalismus". Dementsprechend rücken Linksextremisten vor allem die Beseitigung des "kapitalistischen Systems" in den Mittelpunkt ihrer "antifaschistischen" Aktivitäten.
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One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.
- ^ "One America - Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment". The White House. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ Enzinna, Wes (27 April 2017). "Inside the Underground Anti-Racist Movement That Brings the Fight to White Supremacists". Mother Jones. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
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- ^ Clarke, Colin; Kenney, Michael (23 June 2020). "What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
[...] Antifa, a highly decentralized movement of anti-racists who seek to combat neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and far-right extremists whom Antifa's followers consider 'fascist' [...].
- ^ "Designating Antifa as Domestic Terrorist Organization Is Dangerous, Threatens Civil Liberties". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ Kaste, Martin; Siegler, Kirk (16 June 2017). "Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising?". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
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- ^ Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (11 June 2020). "Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.
- ^ Peiser, Jaclyn (10 August 2020). "'Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie (31 May 2020). "Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ Perez, Evan; Hoffman, Jason (31 May 2020). "Trump tweets Antifa will be labeled a terrorist organization but experts believe that's unconstitutional". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ Bray, Mark (1 June 2020). "Antifa isn't the problem. Trump's bluster is a distraction from police violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Vol. 3. Bundesministerium für Vertriebene. 1953. p. 101.
- ^ "Samtalskompassen – Våldsbejakande vänsterextremism: Ideologi". Samtalskompassen.samordnarenmotextremism.se. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
- ISBN 9783531901268.
- ISBN 9783825887896. Archived from the originalon 22 December 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Bibliography
- Copsey, Nigel (2016). Anti-Fascism in Britain. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-39762-5.
- Diner, Dan; Gundermann, Christian (1996). "On the Ideology of Antifascism". New German Critique (67): 123–132. JSTOR 827781.
- Eley, Geoff (1996). "Legacies of Antifascism: Constructing Democracy in Postwar Europe". New German Critique (67): 73–100. JSTOR 827778.
- Jarausch, Konrad H. (1991). "The Failure of East German Antifascism: Some Ironies of History as Politics". German Studies Review. 14 (1): 85–102. JSTOR 1430155.
- Mammone, Andrea (2006). "A Daily Revision of the Past: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Memory in Contemporary Italy". Modern Italy. 11 (2): 211–226. S2CID 145602289.
- Rabinbach, Anson (1996). "Introduction: Legacies of Antifascism". New German Critique (67): 3–17. JSTOR 827774.
Further reading
- David Berry "'Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933–39" Contemporary European History Volume 8, Issue 1 March 1999, pp. 51–71
- Birchall, Sean, ed. (2013). Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action. Freedom Press. ISBN 978-1-904491-12-5.
- Brasken, Kasper. "Making Anti-Fascism Transnational: The Origins of Communist and Socialist Articulations of Resistance in Europe, 1923–1924." Contemporary European History 25.4 (2016): 573–596.
- Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. New York: Melville House. OCLC 1016082358.
- Bullstreet, K. (2001). Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984–1993. Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 978-1-873605-87-5.
- Class War/3WayFight/Kate Sharpley Library Interview from Beating Fascism: Anarchist Anti-Fascism in Theory and Practice, anarkismo.net
- Copsey, N. (2011) "From direct action to community action: The changing dynamics of anti-fascist opposition", in Copsey, Nigel (2011). The British National Party : contemporary perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. OCLC 657270952.
- Nigel Copsey & Andrzej Olechnowicz (eds.), Varieties of Anti-fascism. Britain in the Inter-war Period, Palgrave Macmillan
- Gilles Dauvé "Fascism/Antifascism Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine", libcom.org
- David Featherstone "Black Internationalism, Subaltern Cosmopolitanism, and the Spatial Politics of Antifascism" Annals of the Association of American Geographers Volume 103, 2013, Issue 6, pp. 1406–1420
- Joseph Fronczak "Local People's Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935" Diplomatic History, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1 April 2015, pp. 245–274
- Hugo Garcia, ed, Transnational Anti-Fascism: Agents, Networks, Circulations Contemporary European History Volume 25, Issue 4 November 2016, pp. 563–572
- Key, Anna, ed. (2005). Beating Fascism: Anarchist anti-fascism in theory and practice. Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 978-1-873605-88-2.
- Renton, Dave. Fascism, Anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s. Springer, 2016.
- Stout, James (24 June 2020). "A Brief History of Anti-Fascism". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- Enzo Traverso "Intellectuals and Anti-Fascism: For a Critical Historization" New Politics, vol. 9, no. 4 (new series), whole no. 36, Winter 2004
- When Hate Groups Come to Town: A Handbook of Effective Community Responses. Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal. 1992.
External links
- Centre for fascist, anti-fascist and post-fascist studies – Teesside University (archived 24 August 2017)
- Remembering the Anarchist Resistance to fascism