Anti-inflammatory

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Anti-inflammatory or antiphlogistic is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces

opioids, which affect the central nervous system
to block pain signaling to the brain.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Main article: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

prostaglandins, creating inflammation. In whole, the NSAIDs prevent the prostaglandins from ever being synthesized, reducing or eliminating the inflammation and resulting pain.[citation needed
]

Some common examples of NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. The newer specific COX-inhibitors are not classified together with the traditional NSAIDs, even though they presumably share the same mode of action.

On the other hand, there are

endocannabinoids,[2][3] which only reduces pain, likely explaining why it has minimal effect on inflammation; paracetamol is sometimes combined with an NSAID (in place of an opioid) in clinical practice to enhance the pain relief of the NSAID, while still receiving the injury/disease modulating effect of NSAID-induced inflammation reduction (which is not received from opioid/paracetamol combinations).[4]

Side effects

Long-term use of NSAIDs can cause gastric erosions, which can become

haemorrhage, resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45.[5] The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75.[5] Other dangers of NSAIDs are exacerbating asthma and causing kidney damage.[5] Apart from aspirin, prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs also increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.[6]

Antileukotrienes

Main article: Antileukotriene

Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as leukotriene-related enzyme inhibitors (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (cysteinyl leukotriene receptors), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for analgesic benefits, they are widely utilized in the treatment of diseases related to inflammation of the lungs, such as asthma and COPD, as well as sinus inflammation in allergic rhinitis.[7][8] They are also being investigated for use in diseases and injuries involving inflammation of the brain (e.g., Parkinson's disease).[9][10]

See also

References

  1. S2CID 207209534
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  2. PMID 16438952
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  3. PMID 17651722
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  4. PMID 20007794
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  5. ^ a b c "Table 7". NSAIDs and adverse effects. Bandolier. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  6. PMID 21224324
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  7. PMID 16799104
    .
  8. PMID 23822826
    .
  9. ^ Hamzelou, Jessica (23 October 2015). "Old rat brains rejuvenated and new neurons grown by asthma drug". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  10. ^ Yirka, Bob. "Asthma drug found to rejuvenate older rat brains". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
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