Opposition to pornography
Reasons for opposition to pornography include
A 2018
Religious views
Most world religions have positions in opposition to pornography from a variety of rationales,
The Catechism of the Catholic Church explicitly condemns pornography because it "offends against chastity" and "does grave injury to the dignity of its participants" since "each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others".[8]
Feminist views
Some
However, many other feminists are opposed to censorship, and have argued against the introduction of anti-porn legislation in the United States, among them Betty Friedan, Kate Millett, Karen DeCrow, Wendy Kaminer and Jamaica Kincaid.[13] Some sex-positive feminists actively support pornography that depicts female sexuality in a positive way, without objectifying or demeaning women, whereas some other feminists don't see any problem with the industry in its current state, given the subjective nature of perceiving humiliation or aggressiveness in a consensual context as something demeaning or negative.[14]
Conservative views
Religious conservatives commonly oppose pornography, along with a subset of feminists, though their reasoning may differ.[3] Many religious conservatives view pornography as a threat to children. Some conservative Catholics and Protestants oppose pornography because they believe that it encourages non-procreative sex, encourages abortion, and can be connected to the rise of sexually transmitted diseases.[15][16]
Some
Harm-based views
Dolf Zillmann argued in the 1986 publication "Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography" that extensive viewing of pornographic material produces many unfavorable political effects, including a decreased respect for long-term monogamous relationships, and an attenuated desire for procreation.[21] He describes the theoretical basis of these experimental findings:
The values expressed in pornography clash so obviously with the family concept, and they potentially undermine the traditional values that favor marriage, family, and children... Pornographic scripts dwell on sexual engagements of parties who have just met, who are in no way attached or committed to each other, and who will part shortly, never to meet again... Sexual gratification in pornography is not a function of emotional attachment, of kindness, of caring, and especially not of continuance of the relationship, as such continuance would translate into responsibilities, curtailments, and costs...[22]
A study by Zillman in 1982 also indicated that prolonged exposure to pornography desensitized both men and women toward victims of sexual violence. After being shown pornographic movies, test subjects were asked to judge an appropriate punishment for a rapist. The test subjects recommended incarceration terms that were significantly more lenient than those recommended by control subjects who had not watched pornography.[21]
Some researchers like Zillman believe that pornography causes unequivocal harm to society by increasing rates of
The appropriation of the sexually explicit in American culture is part of what has been called "the pornification of America".[28][29]
In a 2021 review of recent pornography research, K. Camille Hoagland & Joshua B. Grubbs posit that "Specifically, mere pornography use itself was most often not associated with sexual functioning in either direction, but self-reported problematic use of pornography was consistently associated with more sexual functioning problems."[30]
The impact of pornography can vary significantly among teenagers and across cultures, depending on specific constellations of personality traits. Research indicates that special attention may be required for highly frequent consumers of pornography, those who actively seek sexually violent content, and individuals with additional risk factors.[31]
Male adolescents at a more advanced pubertal stage, characterized as sensation seekers with weak or troubled family relations, tended to use pornography more frequently. This usage correlated with more permissive sexual attitudes and stronger gender-stereotypical sexual beliefs. Additionally, it appeared to be associated with engaging in sexual intercourse, having greater experience with casual sex behavior, and an increased likelihood of involvement in sexual aggression, both as perpetrators and victims.[32]
In 2016, model and actress
Some studies suggest that children and youths are more susceptible to the neurological effects of pornography consumption than adults, however this lacks direct empirical evidence.
While the World Health Organization's ICD-11 (2022) has recognized compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (CSBD) as an "impulsive control disorder",[44] CSBD is not an addiction,[45][46][47][48] and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (2013) and the DSM-5-TR (2022) do not classify compulsive pornography consumption as a mental disorder or a behavioral addiction.[49][50][51][52][53] According to Emily F. Rothman, "The professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis."[54] The ideas supporting the "crisis" have been described as pseudoscientific.[55]
See also
- Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom
- Anti-pornography movement in the United States
- Criticism of Wikipedia § Sexual content
- Effects of pornography
- Nymwar
- Pornography addiction
- Pornography by region
- Religious views on pornography
- Right to pornography
- Scunthorpe problem
- Women Against Pornography
- Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media
References
- )
- ^ "More Americans Say Pornography Is Morally Acceptable". Gallup.com. 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
- ^ S2CID 44232681.
- ^ Slick, Matt (2008-12-11). "What does the Bible say about pornography? Is it wrong?". Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ Freeman, Tzvi. "What's Wrong With Pornography?". Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ Mujahid, Abdul Malik. "Islam on Pornography: A Definite No-No". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ "Bible Verses about Pornography". biblestudytools.com.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church. 1997. pp. CCC 2354.
- Independent.co.uk. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-24.
- ISBN 0-394-48227-1.
- ^ MacKinnon, Catharine (1987). Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 146–150.
- ^ "Culture Reframed". Culture Reframed.
- ISSN 1360-807X. Archived from the originalon 2015-07-09.
- ^ Nadine Strossen, "Feminist Critique of the Feminist Critique of Pornography, A Essay" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- JSTOR 2580526.
- ^ Nzwili, Fredrick (23 June 2020). "As underage pregnancies rise, Kenyan bishops warn against sex ed, abortion". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ a b Schreiber, Ronnee (2008). Righting Feminism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Cole, Samantha (13 April 2021). "The Crusade Against Pornhub Is Going to Get Someone Killed". Vice. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Rosenbach, Marcel; Müller, Ann-Katrin; Höfner, Roman; Baumgärtner, Maik; Spiegel, Der (10 March 2021). "Hatred Against Women: The Dark World of Extremist Misogyny". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ Ley, David J. (27 October 2018). "Is One Sexual Behavior Triggering Certain Groups?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d Dolf, Zillmann (4 August 1986). "Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Pornography and Public Health: Background Papers: 'Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography'". profiles.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ Zillmann, pages 16-17
- S2CID 19294687.
- University of Hawaii. Archived from the originalon 15 January 2008.
- ^ Kendall, Todd. "Pornography, rape and the internet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
- SSRN 913013. id: 913013.
- ISBN 978-1-292-29580-0.
• Offenders use pornography, but developmental studies tend not to hold pornography responsible for creating their deviance. There is no simple relationship between sexual fantasy and offending.
- ^ Whitehead, John W. "Miley Cyrus and the Pornification of America". rutherford.org. The Rutherford Institute. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Aucoin, Don (January 24, 2006). "The pornification of America. From music to fashion to celebrity culture, mainstream entertainment reflects an X-rated attitude like never before". Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ISSN 2196-2952.
- ISSN 1547-3368.
- ISSN 0022-4499.
- .
- ^ Boteach, Shmuley; Anderson, Pamela (August 31, 2016). "Take the Pledge: No More Indulging Porn". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Kurson, Ken (September 20, 2016). "Talking Porn With Pamela Anderson and Rabbi Shmuley". The Observer.
- ^ a b Daniel Sugarman. "Shmuley Boteach and Pamela Anderson in joint warning on dangers of pornography," Archived 2021-03-29 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Chronicle.
- ^ Saner, Emine (October 14, 2016). "The playmate and the rabbi: unlikely bedfellows fighting internet porn". The Guardian. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Lewak, Doree (April 18, 2018). "Sex tips from Pamela Anderson and an Orthodox rabbi". The New York Post.
- ^ Boteach, Shmuley (August 13, 2018). "Porn is ravishing a generation of good men". The Jerusalem Post.
- S2CID 73442225.
- ISSN 0022-4499.
- ^ Segal, David (4 April 2014). "Does porn harm children?". Dallas News. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ a b Segal, David (28 March 2014). "Opinion - Does Porn Hurt Children?". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Compulsive sexual behavior disorder". World Health Organization (ICD-11). Retrieved 2022-03-25.
- ^ Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11". Psychology Today. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- S2CID 222167039.
- ^ a verified Counsellor or Therapist (18 January 2021). "Do I have compulsive sexual behaviour?". Counselling Directory. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
"Materials related to the ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with 'sex addiction', but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework." ICD-11. World Health Organisation.
- ISBN 978-1-000-38710-0. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
... materials in ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with sex addiction, but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework
- OCLC 612512821. Archived from the originalon 2014-04-05.
- ISBN 978-1-78181-368-3. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ Since it is neither of two behavioral addictions mentioned in the DSM-5 or DSM-5-TR.
- ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3.
Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
- ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3.
In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and that produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming (see "Conditions for Further Study"), have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, sometimes termed behavioral addictions (with subcategories such as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," and "shopping addiction"), are not included because there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.
- ISBN 978-0-19-007549-1. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
The professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis.
- ISBN 9780323914987.
Further reading
Anti-pornography advocacy
- ISBN 0-385-31486-8.
- ISBN 1136690204
- Nikki Craft, long-time political, anti-pornography activist and prolific writer on feminist subjects
- ISBN 0-452-26793-5.
- Susan Griffin. Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature. New York: Harper, 1981.
- XXXchurch.com, a non-profit Christianorganization that educates on the dangers of pornography use and involvement
- ISBN 978-0-89608-776-7.
- ISBN 0-415-91813-8.
- ISBN 0-7456-0122-7.
- ISBN 0-452-01077-2. (a variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take influence or harm men)
- ISBN 978-1-4538-6007-6.
- Catharine MacKinnon(1985). Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech. 20 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 1 (arguing that pornography is one of the mechanisms of power used to maintain gender inequality)
- Donny Pauling, former pornographic producer who currently speaks about the unseen side of porn that is damaging to the women involved; frequently worked with Craig Gross of XXXChurch, until pleading to a six-year underage sex sentencing
- Christine Stark and ISBN 9781876756499.
Criticism of anti-pornography
- Susie Bright. "Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World and Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader", San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1990 and 1992. Challenges any easy equation between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
- Betty Dodson. "Feminism and Free speech: Pornography." Feminists for Free Expression 1993. 8 May 2002.
- Kate Ellis. Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship. New York: Caught Looking Incorporated, 1986.
- Matthew Gever. "Pornography Helps Women, Society", UCLA Bruin, 1998-12-03.
- Michele Gregory. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper) "[3]
- Gayle Rubin, "Dangerous, Misguided, and Wrong: An Analysis of Anti-Pornograph Politics." In "Bad Girl and Dirty Pictures," ed. Carol Assuster (1993).
- Andrea Juno and V. Vale. Angry Women, Re/Search # 12. San Francisco, CA: Re/Search Publications, 1991. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon's claim to speak on behalf of all women.
- Ley, David, Prause, Nicole, & Finn, Peter. (2014). The Emperor Has No Clothes: A review of the "Pornography Addiction" model. Current Sexual Health Reports, manuscript in press.[6]
- Annalee Newitz. "Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship." San Francisco Bay Guardian Online 8 May 2002. 9 May 2002[7]
- Nadine Strossen:
- "Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights" (ISBN 0-8147-8149-7)
- "Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated"[8]
- "Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights" (
- Scott Tucker. "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man."[9] in Social Text 27 (1991): 3-34. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
- Carole Vance, Editor. "Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality". Boston: Routledge, 1984. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.
Notes
- ^ "Shelley Lubben - My Blog, Thoughts, and Life". www.shelleylubben.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Out of Pornography and Into the Light". CBN. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
- ^ "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography". Archived from the original on 2002-08-09. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
- ^ McElroy, Wendy. "A Feminist Overview of Pornography". www.wendymcelroy.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ Kreidler, Marc (July 26, 2019). "Search | Free Inquiry". Archived from the original on 1 December 1998.
- S2CID 55374203.
- ^ "sfbg.com". sfbg.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ Strossen, Nadine (November 1995). "Pornography Must Be Tolerated". The Ethical Spectacle.
- ISBN 9780231104463. Retrieved 8 April 2018 – via Google Books.