Antibiotic prophylaxis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to, for humans, the

antimicrobial therapy (most commonly antibiotics). Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970.[1]

For humans

Antibiotic prophylaxis is most commonly used prior to

dental surgery,[2] but may be used in other cases, such as prior to sexual intercourse for patients who suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections.[3]

Even when

nosocomial ("hospital") infection, which adds a substantial cost and an average of 4 extra days to the hospital stay.[citation needed
]

Antibiotics can be effective in reducing the occurrence of such infections. Patients should be selected for prophylaxis if the medical condition or the surgical procedure is associated with a considerable risk of infection or if a postoperative infection would pose a serious hazard to the patient's recovery and well-being.[4]

Antibiotic prophylaxis is also commonly used to prevent respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients.[5]

Microbial infections and related diseases

Local wound infections (superficial or deep-sided),

pacemaker implants, etc.) Often, the outcome of the procedure may be put into question and the life of the patient may even be put at risk.[citation needed
]

Worldwide experience with antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery has proven to be effective and cost-efficient, both avoiding severe patient suffering while saving lives (provided the appropriate antibiotics have been carefully chosen and used to the best of current medical knowledge).[citation needed]

Antibiotic selection

A proper

pathogens likely to be encountered, and antibiotics should be chosen with kinetics that will ensure adequate serum and tissue levels throughout the risk period. Depending on the type of surgery and anticipated contamination associated with it, combinations of different agents or different routes of administration (e.g. intravenous and oral antibiotics) might be beneficial in reducing perioperative adverse events.[6][7]

For prophylaxis in surgery, only antibiotics with good tolerability should be used.

gram-negative sepsis. New data demonstrate that third generation cephalosporins are more effective than first and second generation cephalosporins if all perioperative infectious complications are taken into consideration. Dermatologic surgeons commonly use antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Based on previous studies, though, the risk of endocarditis following cutaneous surgery is low and thus the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is controversial. Although this practice is appropriate for high-risk patients when skin is contaminated, it is not recommended for noneroded, noninfected skin.[8]

There are many factors that affect physicians' compliance with guideline recommendations, including cultural factors, educational background, training, nurse and pharmacist influences, medication supply, and logistics.[citation needed]

The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for few people since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be caused by dental procedures.[9]

Advantages of long-acting antibiotics

Long-acting, broad-spectrum antibiotics offer the following advantages by comparison to short-acting antimicrobials in perioperative prophylaxis:[citation needed]

  • A single dose covers the whole perioperative risk period - even if the operation is delayed or long-lasting - and with regard to respiratory and urinary tract infections
  • Repeat administrations for prophylaxis are not necessary, so that additional doses are less likely to be forgotten (an advantage of practical value in a busy working situation such as a hospital)
  • Less risk of development of resistance and less side effects
  • Increased compliance and reduced errors of administration
  • Possibly better-effectiveness (less material and labor cost, less septic perioperative complications)

There are many factors that affect physicians' compliance with guideline recommendations, including cultural factors, educational background, training, nurse and pharmacist influences, medication supply, and logistics.[citation needed]

American Heart Association recommendations

The American Heart Association (AHA) now recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for very few patients since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be prevented by this procedure.[10]

For livestock

Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970.[1] Over time, the use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes in livestock was discovered. In 1986, some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug resistant bacteria in humans.[11] The European Union regulated in 2006 against antibiotics for growth promotion purposes.[12]

It was estimated in 2014 that over 80% of the world's antibiotic use was on farms.

Auditor General of Canada found lack of progress in 2014 on antimicrobial resistance despite three years of government funds that should have been used to implement a reduction programme.[12] A CBC writer was concerned that there was in Canada "no coordinated national system to control antibiotics in agriculture."[13]

Due to the serious problem of superbugs (which are bred in antibiotic-rich environments) the

necrotic enteritis, you've got a lot of dead birds and you've lost a lot of money."[15] The Beef Cattle Research Council were irritated by the change, while the Chicken Farmers of Canada had pre-empted it by teamwork four years earlier.[14] However, concerns were raised by the Chief Veterinarian of Ontario that "In other jurisdictions, they've found that, the drugs are not used for growth promotion, wink, wink, they're used for disease prevention."[13]

As of 2016, Health Canada had approved for employment in cattle three natural hormones and three synthetic hormones.[11]

References

  1. ^
    hdl:2142/28536
    .
  2. ^ "Antibiotic Prophylaxis". www.ada.org. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  3. PMID 28554926
    .
  4. ^ "Iv. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis". Archived from the original on 2002-10-18. Retrieved 2005-10-17.
  5. S2CID 228965989
    .
  6. PMID 34849592
    .
  7. S2CID 216109202
    .
  8. S2CID 42388624
    .
  9. ^ "Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Dental Procedures". American Dental Association. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  10. PMID 17446442
    .
  11. ^ a b revivewellness.ca: "Is Canadian Beef Hormone & Antibiotic Free?", April 17, 2016
  12. ^ a b c d globalnews.ca: "Medicating meat: What's Canada's plan for animal antibiotics?", 08/06/2014
  13. ^ a b c d cbc.ca: "Health Canada's quiet move to end use of antibiotics to fatten up animals", 09/07/2014
  14. ^ a b producer.com: "Health Canada tightens antibiotic use", 17/04/2014
  15. ^ a b ctvnews.ca: "Health Canada restricts use of growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock", 12/07/2014

Further reading
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic_prophylaxis&oldid=1206371576"