Antiemetic
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An antiemetic is a
side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics, and chemotherapy directed against cancer. They may be used for severe cases of gastroenteritis, especially if the patient is dehydrated.[citation needed
]
Some antiemetics previously thought to cause birth defects appear safe for use by pregnant women in the treatment of morning sickness and the more serious hyperemesis gravidarum.[1][2]
Types
- fatigue.
- Dolasetron (Anzemet) can be administered in tablet form or in an injection.
- Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso) can be administered in tablet (Kytril), oral solution (Kytril), injection (Kytril), or in a single transdermal patch to the upper arm (SANCUSO).
- Ondansetron (Zofran) is administered in an oral tablet form, orally dissolving tablet form, orally dissolving film, sublingual, or in an IV/IM injection.
- Tropisetron (Setrovel, Navoban) can be administered in oral capsules or in injection form.
- Palonosetron (Aloxi) can be administered in an injection or in oral capsules.
- muscle spasms and restlessness.
- Amisulpride (Barhemsys), administered by intravenous injection.
- Domperidone (Motilium)
- Droperidol
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
- Haloperidol (limited in usefulness by extra-pyramidal and sedative side-effects)
- Alizapride
- Prochlorperazine (Compazine, Stemzine, Buccastem, Stemetil, Phenotil)
- Chlorpromazine (Use limited by sedating properties)
- Metoclopramide
- NK1 receptor antagonist
- Aprepitant (Emend) is a commercially available NK1 receptor antagonist
- Casopitant is an investigational NK1 receptor antagonist
- Rolapitant (Varubi) another recently approved drug from this class
- Antihistamines (H1 histamine receptor antagonists) are effective in many conditions, including motion sickness, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat opioid nausea. H1 receptors in central areas include area postrema and vomiting center in the vestibular nucleus. Also, many of the antihistamines listed here also block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
- Cinnarizine (UK only)
- Cyclizine
- Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
- Dimenhydrinate (Gravol, Dramamine)
- Doxylamine (Bonjesta, Unisom)
- Mirtazapine (Remeron) is an antidepressant that also has antiemetic effects.[3][4] It is a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, Ki=1.6 nM,[5] and also exhibits notable 5-HT3 antagonism.[4]
- Meclizine (Bonine, Antivert)
- Promethazine (Pentazine, Phenergan, Promacot) can be administered via a rectal suppository, intravenous injection, oral tablet or oral suspension for adults and children over 2 years of age.
- Hydroxyzine (Vistaril)
- Cannabinoids are used in patients with cachexia, cytotoxic nausea, and vomiting, or who are unresponsive to other agents. These may cause changes in perception, dizziness, and loss of coordination.
- Cannabis, also known as medical marijuana in the United States, is a Schedule I drug.[6][7]
- Nabilone
- Schedule II drug in the U.S.[8]
- Some JWHseries.
- Sativex is an oral spray containing THC and CBD. It is currently legal in Canada and a few countries in Europe and the US as of June 25, 2018[update] [citation needed]
- Benzodiazepines(GABA receptor positive allosteric modulators)
- Midazolam (Versed) is given at the onset of anesthesia and has been shown in recent trials to be as effective as ondansetron, but most effective when used in combination with ondansetron.[9]
- Compazine. [citation needed]
- Anticholinergics
- scopolamine)
- Atropine
- Steroids
- Dexamethasone (Decadron) is given in low dose at the onset of a general anesthetic as an effective antiemetic. It is also used in chemotherapy as a single drug as well as with other antiemetics such as 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and NK1 receptor antagonist, but the specific mechanism of action is not fully understood.[10]
- Other
- Trimethobenzamide is thought to work on the CTZ
- Ginger contains 5-HT3 antagonists gingerols, shogaols,[11] and galanolactone.[12] Preliminary clinical data suggests ginger may be effective for treatment of nausea and/or vomiting in a number of settings.[13][14][15]
- Emetrolis also claimed to be an effective antiemetic.
- Propofol is given intravenously. It has been used in an acute care setting in hospital as a rescue therapy for emesis.[16]
- Peppermint is claimed to help nausea or stomach pain when added into a tea or peppermint candies.
- Muscimol is purported to have antiemetic activity.[17]
- Ajwain is purported to be antiemetic. It is a popular spice in India, Ethiopia and Eritrea.[citation needed]
See also
- Cancer and nausea
- Emetic– substances that induce nausea and vomiting
References
- ^ Quinlan, Jeffrey D.; Hill, D. Ashley (1 June 2003). "Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy - American Family Physician". American Family Physician. 68 (1): 121–128. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
- ISBN 978-0-444-50763-1.
- S2CID 31784303.
- ^ PMID 17587360.
- ^ National Institute of Mental Health. PDSD Ki Database (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 27]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina. 1998-2013. Available from: "PDSP Database - UNC". Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
- S2CID 22426920.
- ^ "Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
- ^ "2017 - Final Rule: Placement of FDA-Approved Products of Oral Solutions Containing Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC)] in Schedule II". www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
- PMID 26985431.
- PMID 17108149.
- PMID 16364290
- PMID 2054863.
- S2CID 19187673. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
- PMID 10793599.
- ^ O'Connor, Anahad (August 21, 2007). "The Claim: Eating Ginger Can Cure Motion Sickness". The New York Times.
- PMID 31521119.
- ^ Gov, Us. "MUSCIMOL - CAMEO Chemicals". NOAA. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
