Antiquarian

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about practitioners of the scholarly pursuit of antiquarianism. For the trade in old books, see Bookselling. For trading or collecting old objects, see Antique.

Ole Worm's cabinet of curiosities, from Museum Wormianum, 1655

An antiquarian or antiquary (from

Latin antiquarius 'pertaining to ancient times') is an aficionado or student of antiquities or things of the past. More specifically, the term is used for those who study history with particular attention to ancient artifacts, archaeological and historic sites, or historic archives and manuscripts. The essence of antiquarianism is a focus on the empirical evidence of the past, and is perhaps best encapsulated in the motto adopted by the 18th-century antiquary Sir Richard Colt Hoare
, "We speak from facts, not theory."

The

archaeologist" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onwards, initially meant what is now seen as "ancient history
" generally, with the narrower modern sense first seen in 1837.

Today the term "antiquarian" is often used in a pejorative sense, to refer to an excessively narrow focus on factual historical trivia, to the exclusion of a sense of historical context or process. Few today would describe themselves as "antiquaries", but some institutions such as the Society of Antiquaries of London (founded in 1707) retain their historic names. The term "antiquarian bookseller" remains current for dealers in more expensive old books.

History

Antiquarianism in ancient China

See also: History of Chinese archaeology and Shen Kuo

During the Song dynasty (960–1279), the scholar Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) analyzed alleged ancient artifacts bearing archaic inscriptions in bronze and stone, which he preserved in a collection of some 400 rubbings.[1] Patricia Ebrey writes that Ouyang pioneered early ideas in epigraphy.[2]

The Kaogutu (考古圖) or "Illustrated Catalogue of Examined Antiquity" (preface dated 1092) compiled by Lü Dalin (呂大臨) (1046–1092) is one of the oldest known catalogues to systematically describe and classify ancient artifacts which were unearthed.[3] Another catalogue was the Chong xiu Xuanhe bogutu (重修宣和博古圖) or "Revised Illustrated Catalogue of Xuanhe Profoundly Learned Antiquity" (compiled from 1111 to 1125), commissioned by Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100–1125), and also featured illustrations of some 840 vessels and rubbings.[1][3]

Interests in antiquarian studies of ancient inscriptions and artifacts waned after the Song dynasty, but were revived by early

Yan Ruoju (1636–1704).[3]

Antiquarianism in ancient Rome

In

political institutions; genealogy; topography and landmarks; and etymology. Annals and histories might also include sections pertaining to these subjects, but annals are chronological in structure, and Roman histories, such as those of Livy and Tacitus, are both chronological and offer an overarching narrative and interpretation of events. By contrast, antiquarian works as a literary form are organized by topic, and any narrative is short and illustrative, in the form of anecdotes
.

Major antiquarian

Varro, Pliny the Elder, Aulus Gellius, and Macrobius. The Roman emperor Claudius published antiquarian works, none of which is extant. Some of Cicero's treatises, particularly his work on divination, show strong antiquarian interests, but their primary purpose is the exploration of philosophical questions. Roman-era Greek writers also dealt with antiquarian material, such as Plutarch in his Roman Questions[5] and the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus. The aim of Latin antiquarian works is to collect a great number of possible explanations, with less emphasis on arriving at a truth than in compiling the evidence. The antiquarians are often used as sources by the ancient historians, and many antiquarian writers are known only through these citations.[6]

Giraldus Cambrensis, John Leland, Guido Panciroli, John Stow, William Camden, Justus Lipsius, Joseph Justus Scaliger, Johannes Meursius, Hubert Goltzius, Henry Spelman, Charles Patin, Philipp Clüver, William Dugdale, Claudius Salmasius, Friedrich Spanheim, Johann Georg Graevius, Jakob Gronovius, Thomas Hearne, John Strype, and Elias Ashmole
.

Medieval and early modern antiquarianism

Further information: History of archaeology

Despite the importance of antiquarian writing in the

memorabilia
and items from far-away lands.

chain of office of Clarenceux King of Arms
. Originally published in the 1695 edition of Britannia.

The importance placed on

church monuments
.

Many early modern antiquaries were also chorographers: that is to say, they recorded landscapes and monuments within regional or national descriptions. In England, some of the most important of these took the form of county histories.

In the context of the 17th-century

scientific revolution, and more specifically that of the "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns" in England and France, the antiquaries were firmly on the side of the "Moderns".[9] They increasingly argued that empirical primary
evidence could be used to refine and challenge the received interpretations of history handed down from literary authorities.

19th–21st centuries

Pit Mead Roman villa mosaic, illustrations by Catherine Downes, engraved by James Basire and presented to the SAL by Daines Barrington

By the end of the 19th century, antiquarianism had diverged into a number of more specialized academic disciplines including archaeology, art history, numismatics, sigillography, philology, literary studies and diplomatics. Antiquaries had always attracted a degree of ridicule (see below), and since the mid-19th century the term has tended to be used most commonly in negative or derogatory contexts. Nevertheless, many practising antiquaries continue to claim the title with pride. In recent years, in a scholarly environment in which interdisciplinarity is increasingly encouraged, many of the established antiquarian societies (see below) have found new roles as facilitators for collaboration between specialists.

Terminological distinctions

Antiquaries and antiquarians

"Antiquary" was the usual term in English from the 16th to the mid-18th centuries to describe a person interested in antiquities (the word "antiquarian" being generally found only in an adjectival sense).[10] From the second half of the 18th century, however, "antiquarian" began to be used more widely as a noun,[11] and today both forms are equally acceptable.

Antiquaries and historians

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, a clear distinction was perceived to exist between the interests and activities of the antiquary and the

empirical source-based history championed by Leopold von Ranke
began to find widespread acceptance, and today's historians employ the full range of techniques pioneered by the early antiquaries. Rosemary Sweet suggests that 18th-century antiquaries

... probably had more in common with the professional historian of the twenty-first century, in terms of methodology, approach to sources and the struggle to reconcile erudition with style, than did the authors of the grand narratives of national history.[17]

Antiquarians, antiquarian books and antiques

In many European languages, the word antiquarian (or its equivalent) has shifted in modern times to refer to a person who either trades in or collects rare and ancient

antiquarian books; or who trades in or collects antique objects more generally. In English, however, although the terms "antiquarian book" and "antiquarian bookseller" are widely used, the nouns "antiquarian" and "antiquary" very rarely carry this sense. An antiquarian is primarily a student of ancient books, documents, artefacts or monuments. Many antiquarians have also built up extensive personal collections
in order to inform their studies, but a far greater number have not; and conversely many collectors of books or antiques would not regard themselves (or be regarded) as antiquarians.

The Puzzle (1756): etching by John Bowles. In one variation on a recurrent joke, four antiquaries struggle to decipher what seems to be an ancient inscription, but which is in fact a crude memorial in English to Claud Coster, tripe-seller, and his wife. The print is ironically dedicated to "the Penetrating Genius's of Oxford, Cambridge, Eaton, Westminster, and the Learned Society of Antiquarians".

Pejorative associations

Jean-Siméon Chardin

Antiquaries often appeared to possess an unwholesome interest in death, decay, and the unfashionable, while their focus on obscure and arcane details meant that they seemed to lack an awareness both of the realities and practicalities of modern life, and of the wider currents of history. For all these reasons they frequently became objects of ridicule.[18][19][20]

The antiquary was satirised in

Jean-Siméon Chardin's painting Le Singe Antiquaire (c. 1726), in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Antiquary (1816), in the caricatures of Thomas Rowlandson, and in many other places. The New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew of c. 1698 defines an antiquary as "A curious critic in old Coins, Stones and Inscriptions, in Worm-eaten Records and ancient Manuscripts, also one that affects and blindly dotes, on Relics, Ruins, old Customs Phrases and Fashions".[22] In his "Epigrams", John Donne wrote of The Antiquary: "If in his study he hath so much care To hang all old strange things Let his wife beware." The word's resonances were close to those of modern terms for individuals with obsessive interests in technical minutiae, such as nerd, trainspotter or anorak
.

Westminster Abbey by the Society of Antiquaries
in 1774.

The

taste and aesthetics
. He deplored the more comprehensive and eclectic approach of the Society of Antiquaries, and their interest in the primitive past. In 1778 he wrote:

The antiquaries will be as ridiculous as they used to be; and since it is impossible to infuse taste into them, they will be as dry and dull as their predecessors. One may revive what perished, but it will perish again, if more life is not breathed into it than it enjoyed originally. Facts, dates and names will never please the multitude, unless there is some style and manner to recommend them, and unless some novelty is struck out from their appearance. The best merit of the Society lies in their prints; for their volumes, no mortal will ever touch them but an antiquary. Their Saxon and Danish discoveries are not worth more than monuments of the

Hottentots; and for Roman remains in Britain, they are upon a foot with what ideas we should get of Inigo Jones, if somebody was to publish views of huts and houses that our officers run up at Senegal and Goree. Bishop Lyttelton used to torment me with barrows and Roman camps, and I would as soon have attended to the turf graves in our churchyards. I have no curiosity to know how awkward and clumsy men have been in the dawn of arts or in their decay.[23]

In his essay "On the Uses and Abuses of History for Life" from his Untimely Meditations,

critical history
in the 20th century.

C. R. Cheney, writing in 1956, observed that "[a]t the present day we have reached such a pass that the word 'antiquary' is not always held in high esteem, while 'antiquarianism' is almost a term of abuse".[24] Arnaldo Momigliano in 1990 defined an antiquarian as "the type of man who is interested in historical facts without being interested in history".[25] Professional historians still often use the term "antiquarian" in a pejorative sense, to refer to historical studies which seem concerned only to place on record trivial or inconsequential facts, and which fail to consider the wider implications of these, or to formulate any kind of argument. The term is also sometimes applied to the activities of amateur historians such as historical reenactors, who may have a meticulous approach to reconstructing the costumes or material culture of past eras, but who are perceived to lack much understanding of the cultural values and historical contexts of the periods in question.

Antiquarian societies

London societies

A

Cotton's collections, and were printed by Thomas Hearne in 1720 under the title A Collection of Curious Discourses, a second edition appearing in 1771.[26]

The entrance to the premises of the Society of Antiquaries of London, at Burlington House, Piccadilly

In 1707 a number of English antiquaries began to hold regular meetings for the discussion of their hobby and in 1717 the

George III granted the society apartments in Somerset House, and in 1874 it moved into its present accommodation in Burlington House, Piccadilly. The society was governed by a council of twenty and a president who is ex officio a trustee of the British Museum.[26]

Other notable societies

In addition, a number of local historical and archaeological societies have adopted the word "antiquarian" in their titles. These have included the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, founded in 1840; the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, founded in 1883; the Clifton Antiquarian Club, founded in Bristol in 1884; the Orkney Antiquarian Society, founded in 1922; and the Plymouth Antiquarian Society, founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1919.

Notable antiquarians

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-8248-2820-8
    . p. 95.
  2. ISBN 0-521-66991-X
    , p. 148.
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-521-84076-7
    . p. 74.
  4. ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 7.3.7: cited also in the Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 1132, entry on monumentum, as an example of meaning 4b, "recorded tradition."
  5. ^ At LacusCurtius, Bill Thayer presents an edition of the Roman Questions Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine based on the Loeb Classical Library translation. Thayer's edition can be browsed question-by-question in tabulated form, with direct links to individual topics.
  6. T.P. Wiseman
    , Clio's Cosmetics (Bristol: Phoenix Press, 2003, originally published 1979 by Leicester University Press), pp. 15–15, 45 et passim; and A Companion to Latin Literature, edited by Stephen Harrison (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 37–38, 64, 77, 229, 242–244 et passim.
  7. ISBN 1-84472-063-2
    .
  8. ^ Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 13 (1950), p. 289.
  9. ^ a b Levine, Battle of the Books.
  10. OED
    uses of "Antiquary. 3" 1586 and 1602.
  11. OED
    "Antiquarian" as noun, first uses 1610, then 1778
  12. ^ Woolf, "Erudition and the Idea of History".
  13. ^ Levine, Humanism and History, pp. 54–72.
  14. ^ Levine, Amateur and Professional, pp. 28–30, 80–81.
  15. ^ Broadway, "No Historie So Meete", p. 4.
  16. ISBN 0-19-812348-5
    .
  17. ^ Sweet, Antiquaries, p. xiv.
  18. ^ B.S. Allen, Tides in English Taste (1619–1800), 2 vols (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1937), vol. 2, pp. 87–92.
  19. ^ Brown, Hobby-Horsical Antiquary, esp. pp. 13–17.
  20. ^ Sweet, Antiquaries, pp. xiii, 4–5.
  21. ^ John Earle, "An Antiquarie", in Micro-cosmographie (London, 1628), sigs [B8]v-C3v.
  22. ^ B.E. (1699). A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew. London. p. 16.
  23. ^ Quoted in Martin Myrone, "The Society and Antiquaries and the graphic arts: George Vertue and his legacy", in Pearce 2007, p. 99.
  24. ^ C.R. Cheney, "Introduction", in Levi Fox (ed.), English Historical Scholarship in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1956), p. 4.
  25. ^ Momigliano 1990, p. 54.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antiquary". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
  27. ^ "Worcester's best kept secret: The American Antiquarian Society belongs to everyone | Worcester MagWorcester Mag". Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014. Goslow, B. (2014, January 30). Worcester’s best kept secret: The American Antiquarian Society belongs to everyone. Worcester Magazine.

Bibliography

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