Antisemitism in Costa Rica
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Republic of Costa Rica.
History
Colonial period
The first Jews arriving to Costa Rica were mostly
Roman Catholics
and how many were not.
As part of the Spanish Empire the Spanish Inquisition was in place in the province of Costa Rica, however there's no registry of any Jew ever to have been trialed or executed, as the only registry of an Inquisition trial in Costa Rica was against a couple of young women accused of Witchcraft who were absolved.[2]
Independence
After gaining
State of Costa Rica was a member, allowing Jews to practice freely.[3]
First Republic
Successive migration from
Curacao, Panama and Jamaica faced relative tranquility, though Jews did not have their own graveyard and Sephardic Jews were buried (alongside Protestants, Muslims, Baháʼís and other minorities) in the Foreigners’ Cemetery, a practice that continues to this date.[5] After the foundation of Freemasonry in Costa Rica anti-Masonic publications mostly from the Church also associated Masonry with Judaism, as did the publication of the anti-Masonic Catholic party, the Catholic Union in 1891 accusing it of being the "flesh and bones of Talmudism".[6]
The first major waves of Jewish migrations came in the late 19th century and early 20th century mainly from
Polish Jews who did not mix with the Sephardic.[7]
These migratory waves escaping the
anti-Semitic canards in his own newspaper even accusing Jews of poisoning the milk of children and was a prominent anti-Semite.[7]
World War II
During the
Cortes' successor, Dr.
Pearl Harbor attack Calderón declared war on Germany and aligned the country with the Allies following a persecution of Germans, Italians and Japanese (including Effinger who was deported to the United States although release after the war). However most laws limiting the rights of Jews were kept in place until Calderón successor's presidency, Teodoro Picado Michalski, himself son of a Polish mother and thus friendly toward the Polish Jewish community.[7]
The outbreak of the
José Figueres.[7]
Second Republic
Most of post–1948 period of Costa Rica was characterized by its political stability. The country developed a
anti-Communism
was not mixed with anti-Jewish ideas.
Controversies regarding
Abel Pacheco de la Espriella separated Fishman as his running mate in the presidential ticket. Fishman accused Pacheco and his team of making anti-Semitic comments.[16] On the 2010–2014 period, then deputy Manrique Oviedo of the Citizens' Action Party (although he later defected to National Restoration) accused then Vice President Luis Liberman of using his influence for benefiting a fellow Jew.[17]
And in 2019
Liberal Progressive Party and of Jewish religion.[19]
21st century and rise of Neo-nazism
Around the early 2000s the so call National Socialist Party of Costa Rica was founded, mainly as a fringe neo-Nazi group, accused of minor violent
In 2018 an anti-immigration rally was controversial due to the presence of neo-Nazis in it using
terrorist group that owned one of these pages named Resistencia Costarricense (Costa Rican Resistance).[31]
Data and analysis
A 2009 poll measuring the perception of Jews in Costa Rica showed that 32% of Costa Rican have a positive view of the Jews, whilst 29% have a negative and 38% have neither.Christian faith. Negative ideas were more prominent among men than women.[32]
Only 1.3% expressed they distrusted Jews (the most distrusted group was that of the
death, whilst 37% do not answer and 21% think the Jews were not responsible.[32]
References
- ^ ISBN 9789895157556. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Arroyo, Jorge (2008). "Dos 'brujas' en Costa Rica". Áncora - La Nación. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- ^ a b Duarte Cavaría, Henry. "El Artículo 75 de la Constitución Política a la Luz de los Convenios Internacionales y la Jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional" (PDF). Maestría en Derecho Constitucional. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Costa Rica Jewish Community – Schools & Synagogues". The Tico Times. 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ Guzmán Stein, Miguel. La migración sefardita en Costa Rica y la lapidaria fúnebre como fuente de investigación de una comunidad inédita Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine V Congreso Centroamericano de Historia. 19 de julio de 2000.
- ISSN 1409-469X. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d e González, Daniel. "Migración e identidad cultural en Costa Rica (1840–1940)". Revista de Ciencia Sociales UCR. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Soto-Quirós, Ronald. "Polacos judios y xenofobia en Costa Rica:1929 -194" (PDF). Anajnu.cl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- ^ Trejos, Antonio (2017). "Retiremos el monumento a León Cortés". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Tock, David (1994). "German Immigration and Adaptation to Latin America". Liberty University. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ISBN 9780595837304. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Descubierto en Costa Rica posible monumento Nazi de 1931". www.redpres.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-24. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
- ^ "Preludios de miedo y violencia - ÁNCORA - nacion.com". nacion.com.
- ^ "El fantasma nazi - ÁNCORA - nacion.com". nacion.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
- ^ AFEHC: articulos: Antisemitismo en Costa Rica: una comparación con Alemania: Antisemitismo en Costa Rica: una comparación con Alemania. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Nacionales". Diario Extra. 28 April 2006. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006.
- ^ Araya, Alexandra (17 September 2013). "Comunidad judía repudia declaraciones 'antisemitas' de diputado Manrique Oviedo". La Nación.
- ^ "Denuncia del antisemitismo". La Nación. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ "Antisemitismo en Costa Rica". El Financiero. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- ^ "Aparece grupo neonazi en Costa Rica". Nación. 9 November 2003. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Brotes clandestinos". El Universal. 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ Delgado, David (16 April 2012). "Fuerza Pública investiga fotos de policía en Facebook". Nacion.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Neonazis sí es oficial de la Fuerza Pública, confirman autoridades". El Periódico. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ Miranda, Hulda; Rodríguez, Óscar. "Policía cesado por usar símbolos nazis recoge chatarra para vivir". Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Expolicía nazi se quita la vida y deja un extenso mensaje". Diario Extra. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ Miranda, Hulda; Rodríguez, Óscar; Solano, Hugo (2 April 2016). "Expolicía despedido por ideología nazi se suicidó en su casa". Nación.com. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Centro Wiesenthal insta a Costa Rica a investigar tienda "nazi" en la capital". EFE - El País. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- ^ Rico (18 August 2018). "44 arrested for xenophobic attacks against Nicaraguans in San José". QCosta Rica. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ "Costa Rica: symboles nazis lors d'une manifestation anti-migrants nicaraguayens". Journal de Montreal. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ Castillo, Bryan (18 August 2018). "'Neonazis' e integrantes de barras de fútbol participaron en agresiones a nicaragüenses". La Teja. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- ^ "Página de detenido por explosivos atacaba a grupos LGBT y migrantes con noticias falsas". Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Schifter, Jacobo; Acuña, Olga (2009). "Antisemitismo en Costa Rica: una comparación con Alemania". AFEHC. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
