Antisemitism in Turkey
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Antisemitism in Turkey refers to acts of hostility against Jews in the Republic of Turkey, as well as the promotion of antisemitic views and beliefs in Turkey.
Demographics
Jews have been living on the territory of the
Although Jews in 2009 only made up slightly more than 0.03% of the Turkish population,[2] the Turkish Republic nevertheless houses one of the largest Jewish communities in the Muslim world. The population of Turkish Jews counted 23,000 individuals[3] that year. Most Jews reside in Istanbul.[4] There are 23 active synagogues in Turkey, including 16 in Istanbul alone.[5] Historically, the Jewish population of the Ottoman Empire reached its apex at the end of the 19th century, when Jews numbered around 500,000 individuals, of which approximately half lived on the territory of the modern Republic of Turkey.
Despite Jews being only a tiny fraction of the population today, antisemitic sentiments are quite common among modern-day Turks.
Since 2009, a fall in the Jewish population has been registered on this account. By September 2010 the Jewish population dropped to 17,000 people, mostly due to an emigration to
Historical status of Jews in Turkey
Jews and anti-semitism in The Ottoman Empire
This section is missing information about racism against Jews by the Ottoman Empire during late 19th century to the World War I.(November 2020) |
In accordance with
The first Ottoman case of blood libel, that is claims of Jews abducting and sacrificing non-Jews in sinister rituals, was reported during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II in the 15th century (according to other sources – at the beginning of the 16th century[13]). Subsequently, and despite the mass migration of Jews from Spain in 1492, such blood libels occurred rarely and were usually condemned by Ottoman authorities. Some Jewish sources mention blood libel incidents during the reign of Sultan Murad IV.[14] Sultan
In general, the migration of Jews from Western Europe to Ottoman Empire was greeted kindly by the authorities. In 1553, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent taking up the opinion of his personal doctor and adviser, Moses Hamon, reconfirmed the orders of Mehmed II, which prohibit local courts from adjudicating the cases pertaining to alleged Jewish ritual murder.[15] He also successfully counter-measured the intention of Pope Paul IV to place the Jews of Ancona into the hands of the Inquisition.[16]
However, later the attitude of the authorities towards the Jews deteriorated. In 1579 Sultan
There were a number of known cases of blood libel in the 19th century on the territory of the Ottoman Empire:
Blood libel in Rhodes occurred in February 1840, when the
In the same year, the
"We cannot permit the Jewish nation... to be vexed and tormented upon accusations, which have not the least foundation in truth..."
In 1866, with the resumption of cases of blood libel, the
In the second half of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire initiated the
However, actual equality under the law was not achieved by Jews until much later.With the appearance of
During
During the
In the Republic of Turkey
In 1923 when the creation of Turkish Republic was proclaimed, at that time there were 200,000 Jews living on its territory, including 100,000 in Istanbul alone.[12] Jews were granted civil equality, however the subsequent pogroms and persecution triggered a mass Jewish emigration, that reduced the Jewish community by 10 times.[20]
In 1920 the opponents of the regime of
On 2 July 1934 pro-Nazi group headed by
In 1939–1942 Turkey again saw antisemitic propaganda spreading that had seen support from
From 1948 to 1955, approximately 37,000 Turkish Jews emigrated to Israel. One stated reason for emigration was the pressure from authorities to use the Turkish language, even at home.[4]
In 1950 Atilhan and other right-wing Turkish politicians to a great extent spread antisemitic propaganda through the media, some of which, though, were confiscated by the authorities.[34] Attacks on Jews and antisemitic incidents were recorded in 1955, 1964 and 1967. Authorities took steps to protect the Jewish population.[12]
In the 1970s – 1980s antisemitic sentiments in Turkey have increased. Anti-Jewish theses existed in the programs of certain political parties.
In modern Turkey
Sources of antisemitism
Prominent antisemitic thinkers of the 1930s and 1940s included
The main ideological sources of antisemitism in Turkey are
Islamist antisemitism
A Turkish specialist on inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations,[40] Rıfat Bali and other sources state that Jews who converted to Islam are portrayed by Turkish Islamist as an alien group of questionable loyalty. Islamists, though, refer to groups such as liberals, secularists and socialists as "Shabbethaians", when wishing to attribute to them disloyalty.[6][41][42][43][44][45][46] For instance, the Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front (İslami Büyük Doğu Akıncıları Cephesi), a radical Islamist terrorist organization established in 1984, advocates the expulsion of any Jewish and Christian presence in Turkish political life.[47]
According to researchers at Tel Aviv University, the Islamist Welfare Party was a major source of antisemitism in Turkey until 1997. According to the researchers, the leaders, including the former Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan have presented antisemitic claims in the critique of the state of Israel. In February 1997, an article in the party's newspaper filled with such rhetoric led to protests outside of the Turkish Embassy in Washington. The article stated:[48]
"... a snake was created to express its poison, just as a Jew was created to make mischief."
In 1997, the secular parties came to the power in Turkey and the influence of the Welfare Party has since decreased significantly.[48]
However, in 2003 when
Several sources claim that the conflict following the
Furthermore, according to news reports from December 2012, Turkey's
On 31 May 2015, a report from
Anti-Israeli and anti-Zionist Sentiments on the Left
Left-wing Turkish intelligentsia tends to view Israel as an instrument of U.S. imperialism in the Middle East. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is thus interpreted as a conflict between a group "oppressed by imperialism" and a proxy of the United States. This tradition has existed since the 1970s, when Turks of the far-left joined the Palestine Liberation Organization and received military training through said organization, and some participated in combat against Israeli forces.[citation needed]
Turkish-Jewish scholar, Rıfat Bali , assessing the Turkish left-wing, says that for them Zionism – is an aggressive ideology that promotes antisemitism. In a special issue of left-wing magazine Birikim in 2004, it has been asserted that antisemitism and Zionism – are two sides of one coin, "Jewish conscience was captured by Israel" and all efforts should be made for the destruction of Israel in its present form.[6]
Nationalist antisemitism and Nazi sympathy
At the end of March 2005 the attention of Western media was drawn towards Turkey to the fact that Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf was running at 4th place on the Turkish best-seller lists for the first two months of 2005. Its low price (4.5 US dollars) made it affordable and hit for high sales, from 50 to 100 thousand copies of the book were sold.[56][57][58][59] On that occasion, Turkish sociologist and political scientist Doğu Ergil stated that "Nazism, buried in Europe, is being resurrected in Turkey."[60]
A columnist of the liberal-leaning national newspaper Hürriyet, Hadi Uluengin, wrote in February 2009 about a "new nationalist" antisemitism among secularists.[61]
These groups fiercely criticized the government's plan to provide to an Israeli company a long-term lease of section of the Turkish land on the border with
In June 2010, during one of the anti-Israel demonstrations, protestors used Nazi symbols and slogans which glorified Adolf Hitler.[63]
Antisemitic propaganda
Antisemitism in books, print media and theatre
Before the Israeli operation
Some sources say that many antisemitic sentiments are being published in Islamist publications such as Vakit and Millî Gazete as well as in ultra Ortadoğu and Yeniçağ. For example, a famous Turkish writer
Vakit wrote that the
In Turkey, antisemitic books are published and freely distributed, such as
In 1974, as president of the Beyoğlu Youth Group of the Islamist MSP Party, Erdoğan wrote, directed and played the lead role in a play titled "Mas-Kom-Ya" (Mason-Komünist-Yahudi [Mason-Communist-Jew]), which presented freemasonry, communism and Judaism as evil.[70]
Antisemitism in film and television
In 2006, the film Valley of the Wolves: Iraq was screened in Turkey. Many critics regarded it as anti-American and antisemitic.[71][72][73] The latter charge is based on the fact that the film has a scene where a Jewish doctor, an employee in the U.S. Army, trades bodies of prisoners of the Abu Ghraib detention centre.[72][74]
Footage from the Turkish TV show
In January 2010, after new TV series
Attacks on Jews are also heard on Turkish television.[59][65] Representatives of the Jewish community in Turkey in early 2009 expressed concern about the antisemitic statements that were expressed in a number of television programs.[85]
In 2015, an Erdogan-affiliated news channel broadcast a two-hour documentary titled "The Mastermind" (a term which Erdogan himself had introduced to the public some months earlier), which forcefully suggested that it were "the mind of the Jews" that "rules the world, burns, destroys, starves, wages wars, organizes revolutions and coups, and establishes states within states."[86]
Flyers, posters and vandalism
Anti-Jewish incidents after January 2009:[67]
The banners at the press conference of the anti-Israeli Federation Association of Culture Osman Gazi in Eskisehir read: "Dogs allowed, for Jews and Armenians the entrance is closed".[87] In Istanbul the leaflets were posted calling "not to buy at Jewish stores and not serve Jews."[88]
Some billboards in Istanbul had the following text: "You can not be the son of Moses" and "Not in your book", with quotations from the Torah condemning the killing and with pictures of bloody children's footwear.[45] In
Violence against Jews
In the late 20th to early 21st centuries in Turkey, there were three anti-Jewish terrorist attacks. In all three cases, the militants attacked the main synagogue of Istanbul, Neve Shalom Synagogue.[91][92]
Israeli football player Sagiv Jehezkel, who plays for Antalyaspor, one of the Turkish Super League teams, holding a banner on his arm indicating that the attacks that started on October 7 have entered their 100th day he was excluded from the squad by Antalyaspor managers. He was later detained by Turkish authorities. He was released after investigation and subsequently deported and was insulted by Turkish ministers by calling him "Dog of Israel" https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/turkey-detains-israeli-player-over-100-day-message-wrist-media-2024-01-15/
On 6 September 1986 a terrorist from the Palestinian organization of Abu Nidal machine gunned visitors at Neve Shalom Synagogue during Sabbath prayers. 23 Jews were killed and 6 were injured.[91][93][94]
On 15 November 2003, suicide bombers using cars exploded near two synagogues in Istanbul in which 25 people were killed and 300 were wounded.[95][96] Islamists justified their actions by stating that there were "Israeli agents working" in the synagogues. Responsibility for the attacks were claimed by Al-Qaeda and a Turkish Islamist organization, the Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front. For these attacks the Turkish courts convicted 48 people linked to Al-Qaeda.[97][98][99]
On 21 August 2003, Joseph Yahya, a 35-year-old dentist from Istanbul, was found dead in his clinic. The murderer was arrested in March 2004 and admitted that he killed Yahya out of antisemitic motives.[100]
On 6 January 2009 a basketball match at the
Also in January 2009 an attack on Jewish soldier in the Turkish army was reported. The assailant was immediately punished by the commander of the military base. In the same period a number of Jewish students suffered a verbal abuse and physical attacks.[67]
In June 2010, Islamists threatened with violence against Turkish Jews in connection with the Turkish-Israeli conflict over the "Freedom Flotilla".[103]
Opposition to antisemitism
Direct antisemitic actions in Turkey are prosecuted by the government. In 2009, a store owner, who posted on its door a banner reading "Entrance for Jews and Armenians Forbidden!" was sentenced to five months in prison.[104] However, a report of the World Jewish Congress noted that during the operation in Gaza, the Turkish justice system did not pursue antisemitic actions of participants and did not interfere with antisemitic incitement.[67]
In October 2004, the socialist Turkish magazine Birikim published a statement entitled "No tolerance for anti-Semitism!" It was signed by 113 well-known Turkish Muslim and non-Muslim intellectuals.[105]
A particularly hostile attitude towards Israel and Jews was reported during Israeli military operation
Addressing criticism of Israel in connection with the operation in Gaza, Prime Minister Erdogan said at the same time that "anti-Semitism is a crime against humanity".[85][108] On 27 January 2010 at the International Holocaust Remembrance Day Turkish Foreign Ministry announced that Turkey would continue its policy aimed against antisemitism, racism, xenophobia and discrimination.[109]
The mood in Turkish society
According to opinion polls of the Pew research center in the early to mid-2010s, the Turkish society has a high level of xenophobia. 86% of Turks have an unfavourable view on Jews, 11% have not answered/neutral and 2% have said to have a positive view on Jews.[6][110]
On 20 May 2021, the Jewish community in Turkey showed support to Turkish president
A reviewer of the left-liberal Turkish daily Radikal, Murat Arman, in 2005 wrote that the situation in Turkey reminds him of 1930 in Germany, where the media often discussed the dominance of Jews in the economy, the assumption about their clandestine activities directed against Germany, and a harmful effect on German society. He believes that this is an extremely dangerous trend, and that such a massive agitation against non-Muslims in Turkey has not been recorded for many years.[59]
In January 2010, Israeli newspaper Haaretz published a report prepared by the International Centre for Political Studies at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel, which argued that anti-Israeli statements by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan contributed to the growth of antisemitism in Turkish society.[112][113]
Turkish Jews are concerned about antisemitic sentiments in Turkey, for example, some private shops posted tablets with the inscription "Jews are not allowed".[114] A similar concern is also raised by American Jewish organizations.[67][71][88][115]
Some experts believe that the growth of antisemitism in Turkey is not taking place,[116] but most agree that a number of hazards exist, in particular, the emergence of antisemitic posters and attempts to conduct antisemitic propaganda in the Turkish schools.[8][20][45][49][67][88][117]
IDC Professor Barry Rubin believes that an open advocacy of antisemitism in Turkey "is far superior to anything that happens in Europe."[90]
After the raid of Israel on "Freedom Flotilla" off the coast of Gaza, on 31 May 2010, which resulted in the death of 9 Turkish citizens, the Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan said that "Israel must put an end to speculation on Semitism around the world",[118] and Islamist demonstrators on the anti-Israeli rallies have used antisemitic slogans, including phrase "Death to the Jews".[119][120]
The head of the Jewish community in Turkey Silvio Ovadia said that "any anti-Israeli statements can easily turn into a condemnation of Jews in general. Whenever a war breaks out in the Middle East, the antisemitism grows throughout the world. He believes that many people are not able to distinguish between Israelis and Jews and transfer the criticism of Israeli policies onto the Turkish citizens of Jewish origin.[1] Rıfat Bali, believes that any attempt to resist the growth of antisemitic sentiments would lead to the deterioration of the situation, Turkish Jews must either leave, or be prepared to live in a massive antisemitic environment.[6]
In July 2014, Imam Mehmet Sait Yaz gave a sermon in
See also
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- ^ "Turkish Prime Minister blamed for anti-Semitism" (газета). Труд. 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Israel accused Erdogan in anti-Semitism". TREND. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
Несмотря на то, что на международных форумах Эрдоган постоянно заявляет, что антисемитизм является преступлением против человечности, он по-прежнему "косвенно подстрекает или поощряет" антисемитизм в Турции
- ^ "Атмосфера страха". Agency of Jewish News. 2 February 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ "Jewish organizations in US raise concerns of anti-Semitism sentiments in Turkey". PanArmenian.Net. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ "Турецкое правительство не разжигает антисемитские настроения в стране – эксперты". TREND. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ Mouradian K. (15 November 2007). "The Betrayal of Turkish Jews". Jewcy. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ "Эрдоган: Израиль должен положить конец спекуляции антисемитизмом". Росбалт. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
- ^ "Серьезный удар по израильско-палестинскому урегулированию". International French Radio. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
- ^ "Greek peacemakers: Tzahal attacked us with electrocution". ZMAN.com. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- MEMRI, Clip No. 4724 (transcript), 30 July 2014 (video clip available here).
- Times of Israel, 11 January 2015.
External links
- Media related to Antisemitism in Turkey at Wikimedia Commons