Antisthenes
Antisthenes | |
---|---|
Museo Pio-Clementino) | |
Born | c. 446 BCE[1] |
Died | c. 366 BCE[1] (aged approximately 80) Athens |
Era | Ancient Greek philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Cynicism |
Main interests | Asceticism, ethics, language, literature, logic |
Notable ideas | Laying the foundations of Cynic philosophy Distinction between sense and reference |
Antisthenes ( philosophy.
Life
Antisthenes was born c. 446 BCE, the son of Antisthenes, an
Antisthenes's nickname was The (Absolute) Dog (ἁπλοκύων, Diog. Laert. 6.13) [17][18][19]
Philosophy
According to Diogenes Laertius
In his
Ethics
Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates, from whom he imbibed the fundamental ethical precept that virtue, not pleasure, is the end of existence. Everything that the wise person does, Antisthenes said, conforms to perfect virtue,[21] and pleasure is not only unnecessary, but a positive evil. He is reported to have held pain[22] and even ill-repute (Greek: ἀδοξία)[23] to be blessings, and he said, "I'd rather be mad than feel pleasure".[24] However, it is probable that he did not consider all pleasure worthless, but only that which results from the gratification of sensual or artificial desires, for we find him praising the pleasures which spring "from out of one's soul,"[25] and the enjoyments of a wisely chosen friendship.[26] The supreme good he placed in a life lived according to virtue — virtue consisting in action, which when obtained is never lost, and exempts the wise person from error.[27] It is closely connected with reason, but to enable it to develop itself in action, and to be sufficient for happiness, it requires the aid of Socratic strength (Greek: Σωκρατικὴ ἱσχύς).[21]
Physics
His work on
Logic
In
Philosophy of language
Antisthenes apparently distinguished "a general object that can be aligned with the meaning of the utterance" from "a particular object of extensional reference". This "suggests that he makes a distinction between sense and reference".[32] The principal basis of this claim is a quotation in Alexander of Aphrodisias' “Comments on Aristotle's 'Topics'” with a three-way distinction:
- the semantic medium, δι' ὧν λέγουσι
- an object external to the semantic medium, περὶ οὗ λέγουσιν
- the direct indication of a thing, σημαίνειν … τὸ …}[33]
Antisthenes and the Cynics
In later times Antisthenes came to be seen as the founder of the
Antisthenes certainly adopted a rigorous
Notes
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-39674-6.
- ^ Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter James; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane, eds. (2006). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (17th ed.). Cambridge UP.
- ^ Suda, Antisthenes.; Laërtius 1925, § 1.
- ^ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology — Antisthenes". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
- ^ "CYBELE (Kybele) - Phrygian Goddess, Mother of the Gods". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
- ^ a b c public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antisthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 146. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Plato, Phaedo, 59b.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 9.
- ^ Plutarch, Lycurgus, 30.
- ^ Eudocia, Violarium, 96
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, xv. 76.4
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 13.
- ^ Athenaeus, v. 220c-e
- ^ Athenaeus, xi. 508c-d
- ^ "Κῦρος δ᾽, ε᾽ mihi sic placuit ut cetera Antisthenis, hominis acuti magis quam eruditi". Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, Book XII, Letter 38, section 2. In English translation: "Books four (δ᾽) and five (ε᾽) of Cyrus I found as pleasing as the others composed by Antisthenes, he is a man who is sharp rather than learned".
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 4.
- ISBN 0-313-31672-4.
- ISBN 978-1-135-45740-2.
- ISBN 978-0-19-869135-8.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 10.
- ^ a b Laërtius 1925, § 11.
- ^ Julian, Oration, 6.181b
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 3, 7.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 3.
- ^ Xenophon, Symposium, iv. 41.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 12.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 11–12, 104–105.
- ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i. 13.
- ^ Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, v.
- ^ a b Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1043b24
- ^ Simplicius, in Arist. Cat. 208, 28
- ^ Prince, Susan (2015). Antisthenes of Athens: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. University of Michigan Press. p. 20
- ^ Prince 2015, pp. 518–522 (Antisthenes's literary remains: t. 153B.1).
- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1024b26; Rhetoric, 1407a9; Topics, 104b21; Politics, 1284a15
- ^ Long 1996, page 32
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom, Orations, viii. 1–4; Aelian, x. 16; Stobaeus, Florilegium, 13.19
- ^ a b Long 1996, page 45
- ^ Dudley 1937, pages 2-4
- ^ Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, page 100
- ^ Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, pages 34, 112-3
- ^ Xenophon, Symposium, iv. 34–44.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 15.
References
- Brancacci, Aldo. Oikeios logos. La filosofia del linguaggio di Antistene, Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1990 (fr. tr. Antisthène, Le discours propre, Paris, Vrin, 2005)
- Dudley, Donald R. (1937), A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the 6th Century A.D.. Cambridge
- Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. 2:6. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew(Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library. § 1–19.
- Long, A. A. (1996), "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics", in Bracht Branham, R.; Goulet-Caze Marie-Odile, The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21645-8
- Luis E. Navia, (2005). Diogenes The Cynic: The War Against The World. Humanity Books. ISBN 1-59102-320-3
- Prince, Susan (2015). Antisthenes of Athens: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11934-9
Further reading
- Branham, R. Bracht; Cazé, Marie-Odile Goulet, eds. (1996). The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Fuentes González, Pedro Pablo (2013). "En defensa del encuentro entre dos Perros, Antístenes y Diógenes: historia de una tensa amistad". Cuadernos de Filología Clásica: Estudios Griegos e Indoeuropeos. 23: 225–267 (reprint in: V. Suvák [ed.], Antisthenica Cynica Socratica, Praha: Oikoumene, 2014, p. 11–71).
- Guthrie, William Keith Chambers (1969). The Fifth-Century Enlightenment. A History of Greek Philosophy. Vol. 3. London: Cambridge University Press.
- Meijer P. A., A New Perspective on Antisthenes: Logos, Predicate and Ethics in his Philosophy, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press B.V., 2017
- Navia, Luis E. (1996). Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Navia, Luis E. (1995). The Philosophy of Cynicism An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Rankin, H. D. (1986). Anthisthenes Sokratikos. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert. ISBN 90-256-0896-5.
- Rankin, H. D. (1983). Sophists, Socratics, and Cynics. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 9780389204213.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Sayre, Farrand (1948). "Antisthenes the Socratic". The Classical Journal. 43: 237–244.
External links
- "Antisthenes". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Lives & Writings on the Cynics, directory of literary references to Ancient Cynics
- Xenophon, Symposium, Book IV