Matthew 5
Matthew 5 | |
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Book | Gospel of Matthew |
Category | Gospel |
Christian Bible part | New Testament |
Order in the Christian part | 1 |
Gospel of Matthew |
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Chapters |
Matthew 5 is the fifth chapter of the
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 48 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing text from this chapter are:[1]
- Papyrus 64 (Magdalen papyrus) (c. AD 200; extant verses 20-22, 25-28)
- Papyrus 86 (4th century; extant verses 13–16, 22–25)
- Codex Vaticanus (4th century)
- Codex Sinaiticus (4th century)
- Codex Washingtonianus (4-5th century)
- Codex Bezae (5th century)
- Codex Alexandrinus (5th century)
- Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (5th century; extant verses 1–14)
Structure
The structure of Matthew 5 can be broken down as follows:
- Matthew 5:1–12 – Setting and Beatitudes
- Matthew 5:13–16 – Salt of the earth and light of the world
- Matthew 5:17–20 – Law and the Prophets
- Matthew 5:21–26 – Do not hate
- Matthew 5:27–30 – Do not lust
- Matthew 5:31–32 – Do not divorce except for sexual misconduct
- Matthew 5:33–37 – Do not swear oaths
- Matthew 5:38–42 – Do not retaliate
- Matthew 5:43–48 – Love your enemies
Old Testament references
Analysis
In the
In John Wesley's analysis of the Sermon on the Mount, chapter five outlines "the sum of all true religion", allowing chapter 6 to detail "rules for that right intention which we are to preserve in all our outward actions, unmixed with worldly desires or anxious cares for even the necessaries of life" and chapter 7 to provide "cautions against the main hinderances of religion".[4]
Matthew 5 contains parallels to the other Synoptic Gospels. These include a few parallels to Mark (e.g., Mark 4, 5, 9) and many to Luke, especially to the Sermon on the Plain (Luke 6), as well as to other materials (e.g., Luke 8, 12, 14, 16). According to the four-source hypothesis, most of Matthew 5 is based on Q and Matthew's unique source or sources (M). Harvey King McArthur considers the parallels in Luke to be very loose, much further away than most areas they overlap. McArthur thus theorizes that there must have been an extra step between the sources Matthew and Luke used.[5]
Beatitudes
After a brief introduction (Matthew 5:1–2), the chapter contains the section known as the Beatitudes, which includes some of Jesus' most famous teachings. Robert H. Gundry suggests that the Beatitudes can be divided into two quartets. The first group of four beatitudes describes the ideal righteous behaviour of Jesus' disciples. The second group of four focuses on the persecution that these disciples will likely encounter because of their righteous behaviour.
Some scholars feel the ninth Beatitude in
The English word used to show the positive nature of the Beatitudes is blessed. A number of scholars note that this is not an ideal translation as in modern English, blessed often means "blessed by God", a meaning not implied by the
Teachings on the law
The role and importance of the law
- Verse 17 – Jesus states that he has not come to "abolish[a] the law" but to "fulfill"[b] it.
- Verse 18 – Jesus then declares the law to be valid until "Heaven and Earth pass away" and "all things are accomplished[c]".
- Verse 19 – shows a direct correlation between the act of adhering to the Biblical Code, and the righteousness of the individual.
- Verse 20 – Jesus identifies Greater Righteousness[d] as a condition for inclusion in the Kingdom of Heaven.
The
This pericope is at the core of the argument about the relationship between the views attributed to Jesus, such as
The reason for this argument is a disagreement about the proper interpretation of the word "fulfillment" (πληρῶσαι; plerosai). This goes back at least as far as Marcion of Sinope and continues until today. Many modern scholars now consider these four verses to be a prelude to the Antitheses, but this position is not universally accepted, and many continue to interpret Matthew 5:17–20 independent of its textual neighbors.
Antitheses
The sermon then moves to a highly structured discussion ("Ye have heard... But I say unto you") of the "Law and Prophets"
Gundry disputes this title: "The sayings are traditionally called 'the Antitheses'. But this designation seems to imply that after stoutly affirming the Law in Matthew 5:17–20, Jesus contradicts it". Instead Gundry argues that Jesus escalates the Law towards "the goal toward which it was already headed, so that we should stop calling these sayings "the Antitheses" and perhaps start calling them "the Culminations".[8]
After the introduction (5:17–20), the next verses are commentaries on six specific topics where Jesus recites a law, starting with two of the Ten Commandments, and then comments on it. This generally sees Jesus impose more rigorous standards. The six antitheses are on:
- Divorce in verses 31 and 32
- 36, 37
- Eye for an eye in verses 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
- Love thy neighbour as thyself in verses 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
The Jewish Encyclopedia states:
As Schechter in J.Q.R. x. 11, shows, the expression "Ye have heard..." is an inexact translation of the rabbinical formula (שומע אני), which is only a formal logical interrogation introducing the opposite view as the only correct one: "Ye might deduce from this verse[9] that thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy, but I say to you the only correct interpretation is, Love all men, even thine enemies."[10]
Jesus' six antitheses are on six topics. In each of them, Jesus opens the statement with words to the effect: "You have heard it said... but I say to you...". These antitheses appear only in Matthew. At the outset, Jesus made it clear that he greatly respects Old Testament Law in the Torah, and fulfilling the Law was one of his purposes for coming to Earth.
Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them. I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished. Anyone who breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever practices and teaches these commands will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:17–20
Murder
The first antithesis (verses 21–22) attacks anger as the root of murder. The two loosely connected illustrations (23–24, 25–26) point out the value of reconciling with one's enemy.[11]
21You have heard that it was said to the people long ago, "Do not murder,[12] and anyone who murders will be subject to judgment." 22But I tell you that anyone who is angry with his brother[e] will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to his brother, "Raca,"[f] is answerable to the Sanhedrin. But anyone who says, "You fool!" will be in danger of the fire of hell.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:21–22
Adultery
The second antithesis (verses 27–28) attacks lust as the root of adultery. The sayings about the right eye and the right-hand as causes of scandal (29–30) are further instances of going to the sources of sin.[11]
27You have heard that it was said, "Do not commit adultery."[13] 28But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart. 29If your right eye causes you to sin, gouge it out and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. 30And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to go into hell.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:27–30
Divorce
The third antithesis (verses 31–32) not only contains Jesus' rejection of the legal process of divorce stated in Deuteronomy 24:1[11] but uniquely includes his only justification for divorce, i.e. "sexual unfaithfulness" (cf. Matthew 19:8).[14]
31It has been said, "Anyone who divorces his wife must give her a certificate of divorce."[15] 32But I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, causes her to become an adulteress, and anyone who marries the divorced woman commits adultery.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:31–32
Oaths
The fourth antithesis (verses 33–37) about oaths says to avoid oaths entirely so as never to swear falsely.[11]
33Again, you have heard that it was said to the people long ago, "Do not break your oath, but keep the oaths you have made to the Lord." 34But I tell you, Do not swear at all: either by heaven, for it is God's throne; 35or by the earth, for it is his footstool; or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the Great King. 36And do not swear by your head, for you cannot make even one hair white or black. 37Simply let your "Yes" be "Yes", and your "No", "No"; anything beyond this comes from the evil one.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:33–37
An eye for an eye
The fifth antithesis on non-retaliation (verses 38–39a) also urges the followers of Jesus to not seek revenge through violence. The examples not only prohibit violence, but also require that brutality and force be met with goodness.[11]
38You have heard that it was said, "Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth."[16] [17] 39But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. 40And if someone wants to sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well. 41If someone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. 42Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:38–42
Love for enemies
The final antithesis (verses 43–48) expands the concept of "neighbor". Here Jesus urges that love include even enemies instead of restricting love only to those who either can benefit us or who already love us.[11] This section concludes with the call to be perfect, "as your heavenly Father is perfect", i.e. be like God, who "causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and send rain on the righteous and the unrighteous" - on his friends and his enemies. (verse 45).
43You have heard that it was said, "Love your neighbor[18] and hate your enemy." 44But I tell you: Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45that you may be sons of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. 46If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? 47And if you greet only your brothers, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? 48Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.
— Jesus, Matthew 5:43–47
Verses
- Matthew 5:1
- Matthew 5:2
- Matthew 5:3
- Matthew 5:4
- Matthew 5:5
- Matthew 5:6
- Matthew 5:7
- Matthew 5:8
- Matthew 5:9
- Matthew 5:10
- Matthew 5:11
- Matthew 5:12
- Matthew 5:13
- Matthew 5:14
- Matthew 5:15
- Matthew 5:16
- Matthew 5:17
- Matthew 5:18
- Matthew 5:19
- Matthew 5:20
- Matthew 5:21
- Matthew 5:22
- Matthew 5:23
- Matthew 5:24
- Matthew 5:25
- Matthew 5:26
- Matthew 5:27
- Matthew 5:28
- Matthew 5:29
- Matthew 5:30
- Matthew 5:31
- Matthew 5:32
- Matthew 5:33
- Matthew 5:34
- Matthew 5:35
- Matthew 5:36
- Matthew 5:37
- Matthew 5:38
- Matthew 5:39
- Matthew 5:40
- Matthew 5:41
- Matthew 5:42
- Matthew 5:43
- Matthew 5:44
- Matthew 5:45
- Matthew 5:46
- Matthew 5:47
- Matthew 5:48
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Aland, Barbara and Kurt; et al., eds. (2012). Novum Testamentum Graece (28th ed.). Deutsche Bibelgesellshaft. pp. 795–802.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
- ^ Luther, Martin. "Commentary on Sermon on the Mount". Translated by Charles A. Hay. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ^ Wesley, J., Sermon 21, Upon Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount: Discourse One, accessed 10 August 2019
- ISBN 978-0313205699.
- Pentateuch).
- ^ Jeremias, J., The Sermon On The Mount. The Ethel M. Wood Lecture delivered before the University of London on 7 March 1961, London: The Athlone Press, 1961.
- ^ Commentary on Matthew, Robert H. Gundry, Baker Academic 2011.
- ^ Lev 19:18
- ^ "Brotherly Love", Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-81465964-9.
- ^ Ex 20:13
- ^ Ex 20:14
- ^ In both texts, the unique exception centers on the word πορνεία, an expression used for “various kinds of ‘unsanctioned sexual intercourse’”. Danker, Frederick William, ed. (2000), A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (3rd ed.), p. 854
- ^ Deut. 24:1
- ^ Ex 21:24
- ^ Lev 24:20, Deut 19:21
- ^ Lev 19:18
Sources
- The Anchor Bible Series. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1971.
- Betz, Hans Dieter. Essays on the Sermon on the Mount. Translations by Laurence Welborn. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985.
- Clarke, Howard W. The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
- France, R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
- Gundry, Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1982.
- Hill, David. The Gospel of Matthew. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.
- Kissinger, Warren S. The Sermon on the Mount: A History of Interpretation and Bibliography. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1975.
- Kodjak, Andrej (1986). A Structural Analysis of the Sermon on the Mount. New York: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110108330.
- Lapide, Pinchas. The Sermon on the Mount, Utopia or Program for Action? translated from the German by Arlene Swidler. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1986.
- McArthur, Harvey King. Understanding the Sermon on the Mount. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978.
- Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News According to Matthew. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975.
External links
- Matthew 5 King James Bible - Wikisource
- English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
Preceded by Matthew 4 |
Chapters of the New Testament Gospel of Matthew |
Succeeded by Matthew 6 |