Bar, Montenegro
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Bar, Montenegro
Бар Tivar | |
---|---|
City and municipality | |
Csa, Cfa | |
Website | Official website |
Bar (
Name
Bar is supposed to be a shortened Slavic variant of Antivari.[2][3] The name is thought to be derived from the Latin Antibarum or Antibari, which later in Greek was transformed into Antivárion / Antivari due to its pronunciation. A name taken because of its location and which means "in front of Bari".[4] Variations are in Italian, Antivari / Antibari; in Albanian, Tivari or Tivar; in Turkish, Bar; in Greek, Θηβάριον, Thivárion, Αντιβάριον, Antivárion; in Latin, Antibarium.
History
Ancient times
Bar is a historic city. It has not been historically established when it was created, but archaeological findings of substantial extent prove the presence of life in this location during prehistoric times.[3] Local archaeological findings date to the Neolithic era. It is assumed that Bar was mentioned as the reconstructed Roman castle, Antipargal, in the 6th century. The name Antibarium was quoted for the first time in the 10th century.[citation needed]
Middle Ages
In the 6th and 7th centuries,
Venetian and Ottoman period
Between 1405 and 1412. Venetians control the Bar, and this is also the time when the city has seen the most growth. The Venetians grant the Barans rights in an effort to appease and win them over, and as a result, Bar develops into a sort of city-state. Barans had their own Statute of Communes, were in charge of their own defense, possessed judicial authority, printed their own currency, and were exempt from military service in times of war. After the Venetians, Bar is again ruled by the Balšićs, and besides them, Stefan Lazarević and Đurađ Branković in the first half of the 15th century held Bar in their hands.[3]
From 1443 to 1571, the region was ruled by Venice who called it Antivari, and it was part of the
In 1571, The Ottomans expelled the Orthodox and Catholic population.[8]
In 1878, The Ottomans ceded Antivari to Montenegro at the Treaty of Berlin, after losing the Russo-Turkish War. Montenegro's initial main goal in the negotiations was its expansion in Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, but Austro-Hungarian expansion made it unrealistic. The Ottomans, represented by Alexander Karatheodori Pasha, declared that they would cede the port of Spizza to Montenegro but not Bar and other areas because they claimed they were primarily inhabited by Catholics and Muslim Albanians. After negotiations between Foreign Ministers Gyula Andrássy (Austria-Hungary) and Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov (Russia), it was agreed that Bar would be ceded to Montenegro in return for Russian support for Austrian control over Herzegovina. The city-port of Bar itself became militarily neutral, the total number of Montenegrin vessels in the port was placed under limitations and Austria-Hungary acquired the right of patrol of Bar's coastline.[9]
In 1885 The castle of King Nikola was built there. The king had it constructed for his daughter Princess Zorka and his future son-in-law Prince Petar Karadjordjevic. It has a chapel, watchtower, winter garden, small and huge castles, and a park. A wooden pier for docking ships was located in front of the structure. Additionally, there is a sizable flower shop with unique construction, a gift from King Emmanuel of Italy, and a catering establishment called "Knjaeva bata." The former castle complex is now the Bara Heritage Museum, which hosts cultural events.
In the new Montenegrin Orthodox state, Bar went through urban depopulation because many of its urban inhabitants which were in fact Muslims either left or were expelled from the town. In the late 1850s, the town had 4,000 inhabitants, 62.5% of which were Muslims. More than half of its population left or was expelled after 1878. The first population register of the town under Montenegrin administration in 1879, counted 1,879 inhabitants. Muslims were 30.9% of the population, 24.6% were Catholics (mostly Albanians) in addition to Orthodox (mostly Montenegrins and Serbs).[10][need quotation to verify]
Contemporary
When the Montenegrins recaptured the city after Russo-Turkish War, life could not be organized in it due to the destruction of war. The population first moved to Podgrađe, and the urban core was formed at the beginning of the 20th century below Volujica. The settlement is called Pristan (Novi Bar).[3]
On 8 August 1914 Austria-Hungary responded to Montenegro's declaration of
In 1918, Bar became part of the
In 1945, Albanians in Bar were massacred by Yugoslavs partisans. This event is known as the Bar massacre.
In 1976, Pristan was demolished, with the aim of expanding the Port in its place. The population was mainly moved to Topolica, where until urbanization there was only a complex of the Castle of King Nicholas.[3]
After the catastrophic earthquake of 1979, especially conditioned by the work of the Port of Bar, the city experienced a demographic boom. In the period until 1990, Bar was one of the crucial ports of SFR Yugoslavia, which was invested in and which became the political, industrial, tourist, cultural, sports center of the region. This was especially contributed by the opening of the roads Bar-Titograd in 1959 and Bar-Belgrade in 1976.[12]
When Montenegro signed an agreement with the
Geography
Location
Bar is located on the coastal western border of Montenegro on the shore of the
Climate
Bar has a borderline
Climate data for Bar, Montenegro (1961–1990, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.7 (99.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
33.6 (92.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
15.6 (60.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) |
−6 (21) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 155.6 (6.13) |
149.1 (5.87) |
130.1 (5.12) |
126.1 (4.96) |
86.0 (3.39) |
56.5 (2.22) |
36.9 (1.45) |
53.0 (2.09) |
106.5 (4.19) |
139.9 (5.51) |
182.2 (7.17) |
169.9 (6.69) |
1,391.8 (54.79) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 14 | 120 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
65 | 64 | 67 | 71 | 73 | 72 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 69 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120.9 | 124.2 | 170.9 | 198.9 | 259.7 | 297.4 | 351.5 | 317.3 | 252.1 | 198.8 | 124.6 | 111.6 | 2,527.9 |
Source: Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro[18][19] |
Flora and fauna
The coastal part of Bar supports maquis shrubland with oak, holm oak, laurel, myrtle, Spanish broom, oleander, hawthorn, sloe, thorn, butcher's broom and asparagus. To the north and the mountains, there are oak and beech forests. Citrus fruits including tangerine, orange and lemon grow in the Bar area as do pomegranates, olives, grapevines and figs. Ginkgo biloba grows in the park of King Nikola's palace.[citation needed]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1948 | 897 | — |
1953 | 1,113 | +24.1% |
1961 | 2,184 | +96.2% |
1971 | 3,612 | +65.4% |
1981 | 6,742 | +86.7% |
1991 | 10,971 | +62.7% |
2003 | 13,719 | +25.0% |
2011 | 13,503 | −1.6% |
2023 | 15,868 | +17.5% |
Bar is the administrative centre of Bar Municipality, which includes the town of Sutomore and other small coastal towns. A census in 2023 recorded 46,171 people in the Bar Municipality. Bar city had 15,868 inhabitants.[1][20]
Divisions and settlements
The municipality of Bar is divided into 12 communes (mjesna zajednica), consisting of 83 settlements:
Commune | Settlements |
---|---|
Bar I | central business district |
Bar II | Polje, Burtaiši, Čeluga, part of Rena; |
Bar III | part of Bjeliši, Sokolana, Stara Ambulanta, Zgrade Prvoborca; |
Bar IV | Popovići, part of Bjeliši, Ahmetov Brijeg, Vuletića Brijeg, part of Rena and Trsanj |
Bar V | Sustaš, Zupci, Marovići, Tuđemili |
Šušanj | Žukotrlica, Novi Pristan, Zeleni Pojas, Ilino, Šušanj, Carevići, Vitići and Paladini |
Sutomore | Brca, Zelen, Obala Željezničke Kolonije, Mirošica I, Turke, Pobrđe, Gorelac, Miljevci, Sozina, Zankovići, Suvi Potok, Mirošica II, Zgrade, Bjelila, Papani, Haj-Nehaj, Zagrađe, Mišići, Đurmani and Čanj |
Stari Bar (Old Bar) | Stari Bar, Baukovo, Belveder, Velembusi, Gretva, Brbot, Turčini, Menke, Mikulići, Podgrad, Bartula, Rap, Gornja Poda and Donja Poda, Tomba, Gornje Zaljevo and Donje Zaljevo |
Mrko(je)vići | Pečurice, Dobra Voda, Grdovići, Pelinkovići, Dabezići, Velje Selo, Kunje, Velja Gorana and Mala Gorana |
Krajina |
Arbneš, Veliki Ostros, Mali Ostros, Martići, Runji, Koštanjica, Bobovište , Ckla, Tejani
|
Šestan | Livari, Gornja i Donja Briska, Gornji Murići, Donji Murići, Besa, Pinčići, Bapsulj, Šestan |
Crmnica | Virpazar, Orahovo, Bračeni, Mikovići, Zabes, Boljevići, Sotonići, Bukovik, Mačuge, Dupilo, Popratnica, Komarno, Trnovo, Gornji Brčeli, Donji Brčeli, Brijege, Ovtočići, Tomići, Utrg, Godinje, Seoča, Krnjice, Limljani, Gluhi Do |
Ethnicity
Ethnic composition of the town in 2011:[21]
Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Montenegrins | 6,901 | 51.11% |
Serbs | 4,487 | 33.23% |
Bosniaks | 410 | 3.04% |
Ethnic Muslims |
273 | 2.02% |
Albanians |
121 | 0.89% |
Croats | 121 | 0.89% |
Other | 78 | 0.58% |
Not declared | 787 | 5.82% |
Total | 13,503 | 100% |
Religion
The main religion in Bar is Orthodox Christianity. However, there are churches from both the
Religion | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Eastern Orthodox |
10,499 | 77.7% |
Islam | 1,433 | 10.6% |
Roman Catholic |
745 | 5.5% |
Atheist |
250 | 1.85% |
Agnostic |
19 | 0.14% |
Other | 59 | 0.4% |
Undeclared | 459 | 3.3% |
Economy
The economy of Bar relies upon the
Transport
Bar has a ferry line to
Sport
Bar has over fifty sports clubs, and associations including a chess club. The town's major football club is
There are numerous sports facilities in the Bar hotels and schools. In the centre of town, most of the facilities are in the Sports and Recreation Centre. Water sports such as diving are common.[
Notable people
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Bar is
- Adana, Turkey
- Bari, Italy
- Bor, Serbia
- Bornova, Turkey
- Cherepovets, Russia
- Corfu, Greece
- Elbasan, Albania
- Hongkou (Shanghai), China
- Küçükkuyu, Turkey
- Kula, Serbia
- Kursk, Russia
- Kragujevac, Serbia
- Mali Iđoš, Serbia
- Maribor, Slovenia
- Mariupol, Ukraine
- Ningbo, China
- Nuremberg, Germany
- Piaseczno, Poland
- Podolsk, Russia
- Požarevac, Serbia
- Resen, North Macedonia
- Vodnjan, Croatia
- Živinice, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Footnotes
References
- ^ a b "Preliminary results of the 2023 Census of Population, Households, and Dwellings". Monstat. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ISBN 0786422483
- ^ a b c d e f "History".
- ^ Pouqueville, François Charles Hugues Laurent (1829). Viaggio in Morea a Costantinopoli ed in Albania non che in molte altre parti dell'Impero Ottomano negli anni 1798, 1799, 1800 e 1801 (in Italian). Vol. VIII. Stamperia. Alliana. pp. 189–192.
- ^ Lovorka Čoralić, Vol. 23, 2005. Izbjeglištvo kao sudbina – Barani u Mlecima (XIV.–XVII. st.) https://hrcak.srce.hr/7449 #page=89
- ^ Vasić 2005, p. 101.
- ^ Ivan Jovović, 2013, Dvooltarske crkve na crnogorskom primorju, {Glavni razlozi propadanja katoličke crkve na graničnim područjima, kao što je na primjer barska arhidijeceza jeste emigracija starosjedilačkog stanovništva, ali i imigracija ovog etničkog i vjerskog elementa, koje dovode Turci, "The main reasons for collapse of the Catholic Church in border areas, such as Archdiocese of Bar, are emigration of the indigenous population, but also immigration of new ethnic and religious element, brought by the Turks"} https://www.maticacrnogorska.me/files/53/06%20ivan%20jovovic.pdf #page= 67
- ^ Vasić 2005, p. 128.
- ISBN 0801402832.
- ISBN 9780521522564.
- ISBN 978-1-4728-1470-8
- ISBN 0-276-42213-9.
- ^ "The billion-dollar motorway leading Montenegro to nowhere". euronews. 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
- ^ "How A Chinese-Built Highway Drove Montenegro Deep Into Debt". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
- ^ "Focus - Montenegro's highway to debt: Unfinished Chinese road comes with strings attached". France 24. 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
- ^ Montenegro Google map accessed 23 October 2015.
- ^ Peel, M. C. et al Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2007, Volume 11(1027–5606) pp1633–1644 DOI 10.5194 Hess-11-1633-2007.
- ^ a b "Climate: Bar" (in Montenegrin). Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "Dnevni prosjeci i ekstremi" (in Montenegrin). Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro. May 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Становништво, упоредни преглед броја становника 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2003, подаци по насељима. Подгорица: Републички завод за статистику. 2005. COBISS-ID 8764176.
- ^ "2011 Montenegrin Census" (PDF) (in English and Montenegrin). Monsta. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ Bar-Bari Ferry Montenegro Lines.com
- ^ "Međunarodna saradnja Opštine Bar". bar.me (in Montenegrin). Bar. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
- ^ "Bratimljenje" (PDF). database.uom.me (in Montenegrin). Zajednica opština Crne Gore. January 2013. p. 29. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
Sources
- Шишић, Фердо, ed. (1928). Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja). Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија.
- Кунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.
- Живковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.
- Vasić, Milan (2005). Naselja na Balkanskom Poluostrvu od XVI do XVIII Vijeka (in Serbian). Banja Luka: Narodna I Univerzitetska Biblioteka Republike Srpske. ISBN 99938-0-584-X.