Antonio Iturmendi Bañales
Antonio Iturmendi Bañales | |
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Falange Española Tradicionalista |
Antonio Iturmendi Bañales (1903–1976) was a
Family and youth
The Iturmendi family originated from the
Like his siblings, Antonio was raised in a profoundly Catholic ambience; he started education at the Doctrina Cristiana and Sagrados Corazones schools, where he obtained the
In 1927 Iturmendi married Rita Gómez Nales (1900-1983), a
Bilbao: from abogado to deputy mayor
Close to nothing is known about Iturmendi's public engagements of the late 1920s and early 1930s, except that he continued exercising as abogado del estado in Bilbao. At unspecified time he became asesor juridico for the provincial Biscay self-government[32] and it is likely that in this role he met Esteban Bilbao, the friend of his father and during primoderiverista period the president of the Biscay diputación; Bilbao was to become Iturmendi's lifetime political patron and Iturmendi turned his protégé and successor. In the early 1930s Iturmendi continued as a lawyer; during Dictablanda he worked with his father in the same office,[33] but in the Republican period he set up an office of his own.[34] None of the sources consulted clearly notes him as involved in any political activity. Later works and press notes referred to Iturmendi as a Carlist and Traditionalist,[35] though it is not confirmed that like Esteban Bilbao he joined Traditionalist Communion or otherwise engaged in Carlist initiatives. An apparently well-known Iturmendi was recorded as involved in Acción Popular in the Biscay countryside, though it is not clear whether the person is question was Antonio, his father or any other family member.[36]
There is no data available related to Iturmendi's stand prior and shortly after the
Also the next Iturmendi's assignment kept him busy in Bilbao. In August 1938 the Nationalist Ministry of Interior appointed the 3rd municipal administration, headed by José Lequerica; in a trademark Francoist move of balancing various political groupings, as a tractable Carlist Iturmendi was nominated primero teniente de alcalde, de facto the deputy mayor of the city.[41] He became president of the Economic and Budgetary Commission[42] and entered executive boards of commercial companies controlled by the city, e.g. he joined Junta de Gobierno of Caja de Ahorros de Bilbao.[43] None of the sources consulted provides any detailed information on his activity in the town hall; it is neither clear when exactly he ceased. Most sources note that in January 1939 he was posted to a new job in Catalonia; however, some works list Iturmendi as member of the Bilbao administration until March 1939.[44]
Rise and demise
In January 1939 Iturmendi was nominated the first Francoist
In August 1939 Iturmendi ceased as the Zaragoza governor and was nominated head of Dirección General de Administración Local within the Ministry of Interior;[51] the job presented him with enormous powers as he became responsible for these local nominations which were not reserved for the Minister or civil governors.[52] Indeed, he cautiously endorsed Carlists in ranks of the local officials, noted for promoting his fellow Traditionalists in Vic,[53] Valencia[54] or Bilbao.[55] He also organized from scratch Cuerpo de Funcionarios of the local administration and founded a dedicated school named Instituto de Estudios de Administración Local, serving at the same time as its vice-president.[56]
In September 1939 Iturmendi was appointed to the second
Iturmendi's position versus Carlism remained ambiguous. On the one hand, as high official of the Interior he monitored the intransigent party activists and denounced some as "aliadofilos".[65] On the other, in late 1941 he visited the Falangist secretario general and demanded that Traditionalists are no longer isolated and marginalized.[66] He maintained relations with collaborative Carlists; in August 1942 he was present during a sermon to honor the Carlist dead, which later became known as the Begoña incident.[67] Iturmendi emerged unhurt[68] yet he was furious about the hardline Falangism. In protest he resigned his seat in Consejo Nacional;[69] shortly afterwards he ceased as sub-secretary in the Interior.[70] It is not clear whether the dismissal was related to his resignation; some scholars claim that on the contrary, he was fired as part of the anti-Serranista purges in the ministry.[71]
From sidelines back to power
In late 1942 Iturmendi was not re-appointed to the new Consejo Nacional[72] and he found himself on the sidelines of official politics; according to some scholars he commenced the period of “largo ostracismo”, which was to last until the end of the decade.[73] Politically he seemed bewildered, vacillating between Javierista Carlism, Juanista Carlism, Carloctavismo and Francoism. In 1943 together with orthodox Carlist leaders he signed a letter to Franco; the signatories demanded that totalitarian features of the regime are removed and traditional institutions are brought back.[74] Some authors claim that in 1944 Iturmendi returned to Comunión Tradicionalista, allegedly because he sensed that after the Allied takeover of Western Europe the end of Francoism was near.[75] However, almost at the same time Iturmendi was reportedly engaged in drafting a political manifesto of the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan; it materialized in 1946 as Bases Institucionales de la Monarquía Española. Some scholars claim that the 1946 Ley de Sucesión partially acknowledged the Juanista proposal.[76] Others suggest rather that it might have been written with the Carloctavista claimant in mind;[77] together with Esteban Bilbao, Iturmendi emerged as one of the best known supporters of Karl Pius Habsburgo-Lorena.[78] As at the time it appeared that Carloctavistas enjoyed some cautious backing of the regime[79] it might have seemed that Iturmendi took part in a Francoist plot to install a puppet king. Indeed, he started to re-gain position in officialdom;[80] in 1947 he was appointed to the new Consejo Nacional of Falange[81] and as its member he automatically gained seat in the third Francoist Cortes, assembled in 1949.[82]
Though not holding important political positions throughout most of the 1940s, Iturmendi did not entirely fall out of grace. At unspecified time in the mid-1940s[83] he was appointed president of the executive board of Fabricación Española de Fibras Textiles Artificiales, the company created within the Instituto Nacional de Industria framework in Miranda de Ebro. As part of the Francoist plan of reaching full economic independence, FEFASA was tasked with launching production of synthetic fiber; though based on German technology, the bid was not successful before Iturmendi ceased as president.[84] Other commercial enterprises he engaged in were Pola and Nervión, two Bilbao-based insurance companies where he worked as consejero.[85] Iturmendi resumed also the law practice, though not in Bilbao but in Madrid; he served as abogado del estado before various Tribunales in the capital.[86] He engaged also in more ambitious juridical activities. In a move hardly compatible with his earlier work in Liquidadora, he took part in works developing legal infrastructure for semi-autonomous governance which would incorporate some fuerista establishments into the civil code. They climaxed in Congreso Nacional de Derecho Civil in Zaragoza in 1946; its resolutions paved the way for a 1947 decree, which in turned enabled further works.[87] They were to continue grudgingly throughout decades and ultimately turned out to be a failure, yet even 20 years later Iturmendi considered them vital for Spanish legal system.[88]
Minister of Justice
Since the late 1940s reinstated in official structures, Iturmendi rose to governmental strata when in 1951 he was nominated Minister of Justice.[89] None of the sources consulted provides any details on mechanism of his appointment except that it was part of the Franco's balancing game[90] and that Iturmendi followed in the footsteps of Esteban Bilbao.[91] His term turned out to be one of the longest ministerial tenures in the Francoist Spain and lasted 14 years until 1965;[92] until today Iturmendi remains also the longest serving Spanish minister of justice in the entire history.[93] Moreover, during his tenure he was also many times and for short few-day periods double-hatting as a caretaker minister for Public Works,[94] Economy,[95] Education,[96] Labor[97] and Information.[98]
By the time Iturmendi took office the regime had already mitigated its terror; also the basic Francoist legislation had already been in place. Iturmendi focused on regulations which stabilized the system further on. He soon announced his determination to do away with administrative defects of the juridical system,
When discussing his governmental career many scholars do not focus on Iturmendi's ministerial work but single out his stand during the 1956 crisis, when Falange hardliners led by
Monarchist
Iturmendi vacillated between a few political monarchist groupings active in the Francoist Spain. According to some scholars the 1953 death of Karl Pius
Many scholars suggest that in the late 1950s Iturmendi was already firmly in the
Hierarch
Since 1949 Iturmendi was continuously member in the Cortes by virtue of his seat in the Falangist Consejo Nacional.
It is not entirely clear what was Iturmendi's position in terms of practical politics, except that he remained utterly loyal to Franco. Some scholars counted him among key Juanista or Juancarlista supporters already since the late 1950s.
In late 1969 Iturmendi resigned as president of the Cortes, Consejo del Reino and Consejo de Regencia; he quoted his age and declared withdrawal from active politics.
Reception and legacy
During the Francoist era Iturmendi was hailed in the media as a great statesman. He was decorated with a number of honors, above all
Over time perception of Iturmendi and his role in history changed dramatically. Though already in the 1950s he was dubbed “a scoundrel” by some orthodox Carlists
In scientific historiographic discourse Iturmendi has not earned a monograph so far, be it a full-blown biography or a minor article. In general works dealing with Francoism he is usually acknowledged as a noticeable, but second-rate figure, a man who held two important jobs but who did not qualify among key policy-makers of the regime.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Iturmendi entry, [in:] Heraldry Institute service, available here
- ^ Iturmendi Barbarín has earned a monograph, Marcelo Nuñez de Cepeda, El general Iturmendi, Pamplona 1960
- ^ Iturmendi Barbarin, Emeterio Celedonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Ayuntamiento de Morentin, [in:] Morentin service, available here
- ^ ABC 12.04.55, available here
- ^ ABC 27.01.26, available here
- ^ ABC 12.04.55, available here
- ^ Hoje Oficial de Lunes 23.04.62, available here
- ^ named José, Antonio, Pedro, Emilio, Marcelo, Jesus and Ramón, ABC 12.04.55, available here
- ^ named María Victoria, María Purificación, María de los Angeles and Ana María, ABC 12.04.55, available here
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here. Iturmendi remained profoundly religious throughout all his life; at one point he advised to Conde Rodezno “Procura hacer en esta vida todo lo que te sirva para la otra”, Jesús Pavón, Semblanza del Conde de Rodezno, [in:] Principe de Viana 15/54-55 (1954), p. 190
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Eduardo Montagut Contreras, Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, [in:] El País 28.10.08, available here
- ^ La Noche 24.10.24, available here
- ^ Heraldo de Castellón 22.06.22, available here
- ^ ABC 31.10.26, available here
- ^ Heraldo de Castellón 20.01.27, available here
- ^ Heraldo de Castellón 27.10.26, available here
- ^ Heraldo de Casetllón 20.01.27, available here
- ^ La Vanguardia Española 05.03.76, available here
- ISBN 9788441417403, p. 53
- calle Bravo Murillo, Herreros 2005, p. 53
- ^ compare her front-page photo as “a Spanish beauty” in Semana 29.06.54, available here
- ^ La Vanguardia Española 05.03.76, available here
- ^ see Lucas Osorio Iturmendi entry, [in:] Bloomberg service, available here, Alfonso Osorio Iturmendi profile, [in:] LinkedIn service, available here, María Angeles Osorio Iturmendi profile, [in:] LinkedIn service, available here
- ^ Antonio Iturmendi MacLellan, [in:] CrestCom España service, available here
- ^ Antonio Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] Congreso service, available here
- ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 03.02.37, available here
- ^ he is considered the disciple of Francisco Elías de Tejada, Miguel Ayuso Torres, Francisco Elías de Tejada en la ciencia jurídico-política, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 3 (1997), p. 16
- ^ she is daughter to Antonio’s brother José Iturmendi Bañales and Juana Maguregui y Díaz de Mendívil, José Miguel de Mayoralgo y Lodo, Movimiento Nobiliario. Año 1937, p. 137
- ^ Iturmendi Maguregui, Juana entry, [in:] Senado service, available here
- ^ ABC 03.10.65, available here
- ^ Anuario del País Vasco 1930, p. 388, available here
- ^ Anuario Regional 1932, p. 661, available here
- ^ see e.g. “[Iturmendi] fue originariamente tradicionalista, peró entró en FET-JONS”, Martí Marín Cobrera, Los gobernadores civiles del franquismo, [in:] Historia y Política 29 (2013), p. 276
- ^ El Nervión 20.01.36, available here
- ^ Diario de Burgos 07.08.36, available here
- ^ Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 30
- ^ Eduardo J. Alonso Olea, El crédito de la Unión Minera, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 24 (2002), p. 346
- ^ El Pensamiento Alaves 13.12.37, available here
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ISBN 9788488714145,p. 178
- ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 180
- ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 178. One source claims that Iturmendi was appointed a concejal in the Bilbao ayuntamiento in 1950, see the Real Academia de Historia service; this information is not confirmed elsewhere and might result from confusion; it was Antonio's brother Pedro Iturmendi Banales who served as concejal in the Bilbao ayuntamiento during few strings in course of early Francoism
- ^ technically the first Francoist civil governor of Tarragona was Carmelo Monzón Mosso, nominated in April 1938 (also for the province of Castellón). At that time the Nationalist made first incursions into the province, yet until January 1939 they never controlled more than 25% of its territory. Official provincial site does not count Monzón as the civil governor, Govern civil de Tarragona, [in:] Tarragona service, available here
- ISBN 9788496035690, p. 293
- ISBN 9788432130168, pp. 566-567
- ISBN 9781134365937, pp. 299-301
- ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 13.03.39, available here
- ISBN 9788447535538, p. 166
- ^ Imperio 17.08.39, available here
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Martí Marín i Corbera, El personal polític de l’ajuntament de Vic durant el franquisme: algunes consideracions (1939-1975), [in:] Recerques: história, economia, cultura 31 (1995), p. 392
- ^ Andreu Ginés i Sànchez, La instauració del franquisme al País Valencià [PhD thesis Barcelona Universitat Pompeu Fabra], Barcelona 2008, p. 702
- ISBN 9788483569160, p. 76
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here, La Vanguardia Española 05.03.76, available here
- ^ ABC 13.09.39, available here
- ISBN 9788416558711, p. 40
- ^ Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 188
- ISBN 9788360748732, p. 69
- ^ Marín i Corbera 1995, p. 392
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ISBN 9780299110741, p. 287
- ^ Marin Cobrera 2013, p. 276
- ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 162, Manuel Martorell Pérez, Antonio Arrue, Euskaltzaindiaren suspertzean lagundu zuen karlista, [in:] Euskera 56 (2011), p. 856
- ISBN 9788423533657, p. 88. Another author claims that Iturmendi made the same representation already in 1940, denouncing “agravios inferidos a los tradicionalistas”, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 148. However, the author claims this representation was made to Arrese, who at the time was not the FET secretary general
- ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 90
- ^ Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), p. 115, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 217
- ^ Martorell Pérez 2008, p. 188
- ^ Marín i Cobrera 2001, p. 392
- ^ Marin Cobrera 2013, p. 276
- ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 329 (1942), available here
- ^ Marin Cobrera 2013, p. 276
- ISBN 8493109797, p. 53
- ISBN 9788477682653, p. 68
- Rodezno, Gil-Robles and Saínz-Rodriguez, Alvaro Rodríguez Núñez, Franquismo y tradicionalismo. La legitimación teórica del franquismo en la teoría política tradicionalista [PhD thesis Universidade de Santiago de Compostela], Santiago de Compostela 2014, p. 240, Santiago Martínez Sanchez, El cardenal Pedro Segura y Saenz [PhD thesis Universidad Navarra], Pamplona 2002, p. 448
- ISBN 9781134249800, p. 31
- ISBN 8420639478, p. 353, Iker Cantabrana Morras, Lo viejo y lo nuevo, [in:] Sancho el Sabio 21 (2004), p. 158
- ISBN 9788499671710, p. 231
- ^ according to one scholar Iturmendi left Falange altogether but returned in 1946, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 68
- ^ Montagut Contreras 2008
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Cortes service, available here.
- ^ El Pensamiento Alaves 05.04.45, available here
- ISBN 9788449111792, p. 175
- ^ Mundo Obrero 15.08.51, here
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here, ABC 03.10.65, available here
- ^ Encarna Roca Trías, La postcodificación civil: la unidad de Códigos, una política muerta, [in:] Anuario de historia del derecho español 82 (2012), pp. 178-179
- ISBN 9788499114866, pp. 219-220
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Payne 2011, pp. 416-417
- ^ Clemente 2011, p. 231
- ^ José Girón de Velasco served 16 years as minister of labor (1941-1957), Blas Pérez González served 15 years as minister of Interior (1942-1957)
- ^ the second longest-serving minister of justice, Francisco Tadeo Calomarde, served almost 9 years between 1824 and 1832; the third longest-serving minister, Antonio Oriol Urquijo, remained in office for almost 8 years between 1965 and 1973
- ^ in 1953, 1954 and 1955, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
- ^ in 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
- ^ in 1958 and 1960, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
- ^ in 1958 and 1959, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
- ^ in 1964, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
- ISBN 9780886927240, p. 52
- ^ ABC 06.03.76, available here
- ISBN 9780838757536, p. 122
- ^ Iturmendi claimed that “the Hispanic, a solid and enduring bloc, will provide, in the hour uncertainty in which we live, a guarantee for more peace; this peace anxiously desired by so many”; in the 1950s some 10 dual-citizenship agreements were concluded, Daniel Gunnar Kressel, The Hispanic Community of Nations: the Spanish-Argentine nexus and the imagining of a Hispanic Cold War bloc, [in:] Cahiers des Ameriques Latines 79 (2015), pp. 115-133
- ISBN 9781782255475
- ISBN 9781107016965, p. 267
- ISBN 9789051832242, p. 251
- ^ Ituemrndi tried to argue that the law would turn FET into bureaucratic, state-dependent institution without life, J. Sarmiento, Franco y el poder, [in:] Historia de España blog 03.09.11, available here
- ISBN 8493165891, p. 10
- ^ Iturmendi claimed that "the state should represent all Spaniards, even those not affiliated to the Movement", Sarmiento 2011
- ^ Diego González 2004, p. 13
- ^ Diego González 2004, p. 11
- ^ Payne 2011, p. 448
- ^ Kim Helsvig, Modernization and Administrative Reform during the later Franquist Régime (1957-1973), Oslo 1998, p. 102
- ^ Iturmendi denounced the draft proposal as running against “leyes fundamentales” and having nothing to do “con la tradición política española y con el espíritu del alzamiento”, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), p. 206
- ISBN 8497725565, pp. 126, 129
- ^ Antonio Riviera, Dictadura y desarrollismo. El franquismo en Alava, [in:] Academia service 2009, p. 162
- ISBN 9780874173444, p. 86
- ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo 1935–1972, Barcelona 1977, ISBN, 9788425307591, p. 299
- ISBN 9788416558407, p. 39
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 398
- ISBN 9788495009999, p. 51, Martorell Pérez 2008, p. 396
- ^ Ana Marín Fidaldo, Manuel M. Burgueño, In memoriam. Manuel J. Fal Conde (1894-1975), Sevilla 1980, p. 52
- ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 367
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 188, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 38, Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976, pp. 27-28
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 192
- ^ Alcalá 2001, p. 148
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 400
- ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 221
- ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 364, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 34, Marín Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 52 364, Vázquez de Prada 2009, p. 192
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 61 Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 177
- ^ Alcalá 2001, p. 127
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 92, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 20
- ^ Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015, p. 217
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 222, 232
- ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 247
- ^ Martorell Pérez 2008, p. 484
- ^ the key antagonist of Iturmendi within the Carlohuguista camp was Ramón Massó, Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 55, 130
- ^ Lavardín 1976, p. 213
- Corpus Christiparade the young Carlohuguista assaulted him with cries of “traidor” and “Rey Javier!”, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 163
- ISBN 9788431315641, p. 125
- ISBN 8487863949, p. 243
- ^ see the official Iturmendi note on the Congress website, available here When stepping down, Iturmendi made room for another Carlist, Antonio Oriol. Payne 2011, p. 511
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Payne 2011, p. 511
- ^ Clemente 2011, p. 231
- ^ Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Monserrat 2001, p. 309
- ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 364, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 34, Marín Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 52 Vázquez de Prada 2009, p. 192
- ^ Payne 2011, p. 505
- ^ Pedro Cobo Pulido, Representación familair en la época de Franco (1945-1974) [PhD thesis Universidad de Malaga], Málaga 200, p. 220
- ^ the Carlist MPs José Angel Zubiaur and Auxilio Goñi were charged with attending so-called Cortes Transhumantes, rump sessions of willing Cortes deputies staged across the country, Caspistegui 1997, p. 334
- ^ Montagut Contreras 2008
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio, [in:] Cortes service, available here
- ^ see Iturmendi’s Cortes’ tickets at the official website of the house, available here
- ^ Caspistegui 1997, p. 237; on the other hand, a small monograph dedicated to Hermandad does not mention Iturmendi at all, see Ramón Rodón Guinjoan, Una aproximación al estudio de la Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo y del Partido Social Regionalista, [in:] Aportes 88 (2015), pp. 169-201
- ISBN 9788499920283, p. 75
- ^ also , Mérito Agricola and Mérito Naval, Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
- ^ ABC 28.06.55, available here
- ^ Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, [in:] Real Academia de Historia service, available here
- ^ El régimen municipal en los pueblos adoptados (1940), De la justicia y de los jueces (1952), I Congreso Penal y Penitenciario Hispano Luso Americano y Filipino (1952, with Federico Castejón y Martínez de Arizala), Curso de conferencias sobre derecho inmobiliario registral (1952), Sociedades de responsabilidad limitada (1953), En defensa de proyectos de ley ante las Cortes españolas y sobre temas jurídicos y materias de la competencia del departamento (1961), Perfeccionamiento de la organización y procedimiento de la justicia (1964), Las compilaciones forales en el proceso de la codificación española (1973)
- ^ Vázquez Mella (editor, 1953, with Rafael Gambra), En torno a la doctrina de la soberanía social en Vázquez de Mella (1962), Balmes sacerdote: su magisterio politico visto por un por un seglar (1970)
- ^ ABC 06.03.76, available here
- ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 06.01.77, available here
- ^ Alfonso R. Aldeyturriaga, El Corte del Rey de España, [in:] La Rioja 19.06.14, available here
- ^ one such street has been identified in Quart de Poblet; it is not clear when it was named after Iturmendi
- ^ e.g. by an orthodox Carlist historian Melchor Ferrer, referred after Vallverdu 2014, p. 151
- ^ Iturmendi is pictured in “Gallery of traitors” by a Carlohuguista historian, Clemente 2011, pp. 231-232
- ^ see Marzal 2015, Segura 2012, Recasens Llort 2003
- ^ the Quart de Poblet street was purged in 2016, see Las 13 Rosas y otras mujeres renombran calles franquistas de Quart de Poblet, [in:] La Vanguardia 21.07.16, available here
- ^ see Communicado de Izquierda Republicana, [in:] Izquierda Repubulicana service available here Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ “biografía en proceso de remodelación”; the effect of this re-work is Antonio Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] Congreso service, available here
- ^ Diego Barcala, Iturmendi, el requeté que aspira a ser rector, [in:] Público service 12.04.11, available here
- ISBN 9788441420830, pp. 12, 58, 95-96. The book deals with the Francoist smear campaign, subsequent marginalisation and media blackout on Fidel García Martínez, the former bishop of Calahorra; Iturmendi is presented as the one who forced the church into silence over the regime’s campaign of insults and mockery
- ^ Iturmendi is dubbed “pseudo-tradicionalista” in Miralles Climent 2018, p. 332
- ^ Iturmendi is classified as representative of „post-carlism”, Bartyzel 2015, p. 69
- ISBN 9780006862109
- ^ Caspistegui 1997, p. 11
- ^ for scholarly discouse see e.g. García Riol 2015, p. 217, Martorell Pérez 2018, p. 20, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 92. For popular media discourse, see e.g. Manuel Martorell, La ‘Operación Salmón’ de los tecnócratas abrió a Juan Carlos las puertas del Trono, [in:] Cuartopoder service, 08.01.17, available here
- ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 93
- ISBN 9788499205021, Yolanda Couceiro, El euskera se prohibió con Franco? Falso, [in:] InfoHispania 27.12.18, available here. In some cases Antonio is confused with his brother Pedro, see Jacobo de Andrés, Ascensión Corcuera, Los vascos que crearon el franquismo, [in:] La Tribuna del Pais Vasco 21.05.14, available here
- ^ Morcillo 2010, p. 122
- ^ "can be explained by the political mood of members of Franco’s government during those years, and in particular the stance of the then Minister of Justice, Antonio Iturmendi, well-known for his Carlist ideology" and passim, Marzal 2015
Further reading
- Álvaro de Diego González, Algunas de las claves de la transición en el punto de inflexión del franquismo la etapa constituyente de Arrese (1956-1957), [in:] La transición a la democracia en España: actas de las VI Jornadas de Castilla-La Mancha sobre Investigación en Archivos, Guadalajara 2004, Vol. 2, ISBN 8493165891
- Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976
- Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, London 1987, ISBN 0299110702, 9780299110741
- Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil, [PhD thesis], Valencia 2009
- Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407
- Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organización, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, [in:] Gerónimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), pp. 97–117
External links
- Iturmendi on Euskomedia service
- Iturmendi on Real Academia de Historia service
- Iturmendi on official Cortes service
- Juan Carlos swearing to Iturmendi (video)
- footage of Iturmendi speaking (1:40 to 2:15)
- portrait as in the Cortes and on Cortes web page
- Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda on YouTube