Antonio Iturmendi Bañales

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Antonio Iturmendi Bañales
Falange Española Tradicionalista

Antonio Iturmendi Bañales (1903–1976) was a

Falangist attempt to re-define the system in the mid-1950s, and in the process of implementing the Alfonsist
restoration in the 1960s.

Family and youth

Baracaldo
, early 20. c.

The Iturmendi family originated from the

Biscay self-government and Madrid.[6] In the mid-1930s he became the dean of Colegio de Abogados of the Biscay province, the position held until death.[7] Iturmendi López married Julia Bañales Menchaca (1881-1962);[8] the couple had 11 children, 7 sons[9] and 4 daughters.[10]

Like his siblings, Antonio was raised in a profoundly Catholic ambience; he started education at the Doctrina Cristiana and Sagrados Corazones schools, where he obtained the

Jesuit Order. It is at Deusto that he graduated in law;[12] exact date is not clear and probably fell on the mid-1920s.[13] In 1924 Iturmendi settled his affairs with the army[14] and in 1926 he was nominated abogado de estado, the state juridical service.[15] The same year he successfully passed entry exams to Instituto Reus[16] and commenced law practice in Delegación de Hacienda[17] in Castellón,[18] though already in 1927 he was transferred to Logroño.[19] At unspecified time in the late 1920s Iturmendi returned to his native Biscay when posted to Bilbao.[20]

Deusto University, current view

In 1927 Iturmendi married Rita Gómez Nales (1900-1983), a

Partido Popular politician and served in the Senate during the 2009–2011 term.[31]

Bilbao: from abogado to deputy mayor

Carlist standard

Close to nothing is known about Iturmendi's public engagements of the late 1920s and early 1930s, except that he continued exercising as abogado del estado in Bilbao. At unspecified time he became asesor juridico for the provincial Biscay self-government[32] and it is likely that in this role he met Esteban Bilbao, the friend of his father and during primoderiverista period the president of the Biscay diputación; Bilbao was to become Iturmendi's lifetime political patron and Iturmendi turned his protégé and successor. In the early 1930s Iturmendi continued as a lawyer; during Dictablanda he worked with his father in the same office,[33] but in the Republican period he set up an office of his own.[34] None of the sources consulted clearly notes him as involved in any political activity. Later works and press notes referred to Iturmendi as a Carlist and Traditionalist,[35] though it is not confirmed that like Esteban Bilbao he joined Traditionalist Communion or otherwise engaged in Carlist initiatives. An apparently well-known Iturmendi was recorded as involved in Acción Popular in the Biscay countryside, though it is not clear whether the person is question was Antonio, his father or any other family member.[36]

There is no data available related to Iturmendi's stand prior and shortly after the

Falange Española Tradicionalista,[38] though the first confirmed information on his whereabouts comes from December 1937. Recommended by Esteban Bilbao, Iturmendi was nominated into a 3-member Comisión Liquidadora;[39] once the Nationalists scrapped all separate provincial Biscay arrangements, especially Concierto Económico, the body was entrusted with engineering their legal handover to the central administration and it completed the task within few months.[40]

Also the next Iturmendi's assignment kept him busy in Bilbao. In August 1938 the Nationalist Ministry of Interior appointed the 3rd municipal administration, headed by José Lequerica; in a trademark Francoist move of balancing various political groupings, as a tractable Carlist Iturmendi was nominated primero teniente de alcalde, de facto the deputy mayor of the city.[41] He became president of the Economic and Budgetary Commission[42] and entered executive boards of commercial companies controlled by the city, e.g. he joined Junta de Gobierno of Caja de Ahorros de Bilbao.[43] None of the sources consulted provides any detailed information on his activity in the town hall; it is neither clear when exactly he ceased. Most sources note that in January 1939 he was posted to a new job in Catalonia; however, some works list Iturmendi as member of the Bilbao administration until March 1939.[44]

Rise and demise

Falangist
standard

In January 1939 Iturmendi was nominated the first Francoist

Zaragoza, which he held for 5 months. Again, he is noted as the one whose hand “did not tremble” when dealing with officials suspected of lack of enthusiasm for the new regime.[50]

In August 1939 Iturmendi ceased as the Zaragoza governor and was nominated head of Dirección General de Administración Local within the Ministry of Interior;[51] the job presented him with enormous powers as he became responsible for these local nominations which were not reserved for the Minister or civil governors.[52] Indeed, he cautiously endorsed Carlists in ranks of the local officials, noted for promoting his fellow Traditionalists in Vic,[53] Valencia[54] or Bilbao.[55] He also organized from scratch Cuerpo de Funcionarios of the local administration and founded a dedicated school named Instituto de Estudios de Administración Local, serving at the same time as its vice-president.[56]

Basilica de Begoña

In September 1939 Iturmendi was appointed to the second

Valentín Galarza as part of his offensive against Serrano Suñer;[63] another account has it that Serrano was Iturmendi's “mentor”.[64]

Iturmendi's position versus Carlism remained ambiguous. On the one hand, as high official of the Interior he monitored the intransigent party activists and denounced some as "aliadofilos".[65] On the other, in late 1941 he visited the Falangist secretario general and demanded that Traditionalists are no longer isolated and marginalized.[66] He maintained relations with collaborative Carlists; in August 1942 he was present during a sermon to honor the Carlist dead, which later became known as the Begoña incident.[67] Iturmendi emerged unhurt[68] yet he was furious about the hardline Falangism. In protest he resigned his seat in Consejo Nacional;[69] shortly afterwards he ceased as sub-secretary in the Interior.[70] It is not clear whether the dismissal was related to his resignation; some scholars claim that on the contrary, he was fired as part of the anti-Serranista purges in the ministry.[71]

From sidelines back to power

Esteban Bilbao

In late 1942 Iturmendi was not re-appointed to the new Consejo Nacional[72] and he found himself on the sidelines of official politics; according to some scholars he commenced the period of “largo ostracismo”, which was to last until the end of the decade.[73] Politically he seemed bewildered, vacillating between Javierista Carlism, Juanista Carlism, Carloctavismo and Francoism. In 1943 together with orthodox Carlist leaders he signed a letter to Franco; the signatories demanded that totalitarian features of the regime are removed and traditional institutions are brought back.[74] Some authors claim that in 1944 Iturmendi returned to Comunión Tradicionalista, allegedly because he sensed that after the Allied takeover of Western Europe the end of Francoism was near.[75] However, almost at the same time Iturmendi was reportedly engaged in drafting a political manifesto of the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan; it materialized in 1946 as Bases Institucionales de la Monarquía Española. Some scholars claim that the 1946 Ley de Sucesión partially acknowledged the Juanista proposal.[76] Others suggest rather that it might have been written with the Carloctavista claimant in mind;[77] together with Esteban Bilbao, Iturmendi emerged as one of the best known supporters of Karl Pius Habsburgo-Lorena.[78] As at the time it appeared that Carloctavistas enjoyed some cautious backing of the regime[79] it might have seemed that Iturmendi took part in a Francoist plot to install a puppet king. Indeed, he started to re-gain position in officialdom;[80] in 1947 he was appointed to the new Consejo Nacional of Falange[81] and as its member he automatically gained seat in the third Francoist Cortes, assembled in 1949.[82]

former FEFASA

Though not holding important political positions throughout most of the 1940s, Iturmendi did not entirely fall out of grace. At unspecified time in the mid-1940s[83] he was appointed president of the executive board of Fabricación Española de Fibras Textiles Artificiales, the company created within the Instituto Nacional de Industria framework in Miranda de Ebro. As part of the Francoist plan of reaching full economic independence, FEFASA was tasked with launching production of synthetic fiber; though based on German technology, the bid was not successful before Iturmendi ceased as president.[84] Other commercial enterprises he engaged in were Pola and Nervión, two Bilbao-based insurance companies where he worked as consejero.[85] Iturmendi resumed also the law practice, though not in Bilbao but in Madrid; he served as abogado del estado before various Tribunales in the capital.[86] He engaged also in more ambitious juridical activities. In a move hardly compatible with his earlier work in Liquidadora, he took part in works developing legal infrastructure for semi-autonomous governance which would incorporate some fuerista establishments into the civil code. They climaxed in Congreso Nacional de Derecho Civil in Zaragoza in 1946; its resolutions paved the way for a 1947 decree, which in turned enabled further works.[87] They were to continue grudgingly throughout decades and ultimately turned out to be a failure, yet even 20 years later Iturmendi considered them vital for Spanish legal system.[88]

Minister of Justice

Ministry of Justice, current view

Since the late 1940s reinstated in official structures, Iturmendi rose to governmental strata when in 1951 he was nominated Minister of Justice.[89] None of the sources consulted provides any details on mechanism of his appointment except that it was part of the Franco's balancing game[90] and that Iturmendi followed in the footsteps of Esteban Bilbao.[91] His term turned out to be one of the longest ministerial tenures in the Francoist Spain and lasted 14 years until 1965;[92] until today Iturmendi remains also the longest serving Spanish minister of justice in the entire history.[93] Moreover, during his tenure he was also many times and for short few-day periods double-hatting as a caretaker minister for Public Works,[94] Economy,[95] Education,[96] Labor[97] and Information.[98]

By the time Iturmendi took office the regime had already mitigated its terror; also the basic Francoist legislation had already been in place. Iturmendi focused on regulations which stabilized the system further on. He soon announced his determination to do away with administrative defects of the juridical system,

Juzgado y Tribunal de Orden Publico; in 1963 the body replaced the obsolete Tribunal Especial para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo and was designed to handle high-profile political cases.[104] In 1963 he admitted to 610 political prisoners in Spain.[105]

When discussing his governmental career many scholars do not focus on Iturmendi's ministerial work but single out his stand during the 1956 crisis, when Falange hardliners led by

China.[109] He declared that only the monarchy might prevent “tyranny of inorganic democracy”[110] and presented his own set of legislative proposals, aimed to build “Estado do Derecho”;[111] according to some scholars they were drafted by López Rodo.[112] Forming a common front with the monarchists and the military Iturmendi emerged successful; the climax led to the cabinet reshuffle, sidetracking of Arrese and adoption of a vague Ley de Principios del Movimiento Nacional.[113]

Monarchist

Don Javier

Iturmendi vacillated between a few political monarchist groupings active in the Francoist Spain. According to some scholars the 1953 death of Karl Pius

Valiente still deemed Iturmendi tractable and their best liaison with Franco;[124] they preferred to comply.[125] As late as in 1957 Valiente thought of Iturmendi when sketching a planned Carlist collaborationist strategy[126] with the intention to promote the Borbón-Parmas.[127]

Many scholars suggest that in the late 1950s Iturmendi was already firmly in the

Corpus Christi celebrations in Toledo[138] triggered repression against the assailants.[139]

Hierarch

Juan Carlos
, Prince of Spain

Since 1949 Iturmendi was continuously member in the Cortes by virtue of his seat in the Falangist Consejo Nacional.

speaker. The role was held by Esteban Bilbao until he resigned due to his age;[143] as the most senior collaborative Traditionalist and the disciple of Bilbao[144] Iturmendi inherited the job.[145] The speaker role automatically made him president of Consejo del Reino and Consejo de Regencia,[146] peculiar diarchic structures giving credibility to quasi-monarchic nature of the Francoist Spain.[147]
In this triple role Iturmendi enjoyed the most prestigious and distinguished positions available to civilians within the regime, even though there was very little if any political power formally attached to any of them.

It is not entirely clear what was Iturmendi's position in terms of practical politics, except that he remained utterly loyal to Franco. Some scholars counted him among key Juanista or Juancarlista supporters already since the late 1950s.

technocratic monarchists versus regentialists and immovilistas versus reformists - Iturmendi preferred not to take a firm stand and fluctuated.[149] It is clear that he kept opposing the syndicalist hardliners; during 1967 works on Ley de Representacion Familiar he blocked the Falangists from entering the draft committee and ultimately ensured liberalization of the electoral law.[150] He also remained on ice-cold terms with Carlohuguista supporters; when two of their MPs faced legal action related to so-called Cortes Transhumantes activity Iturmendi refused any assistance.[151] His monarchist efforts were finally crowned in 1969, when Don Juan Carlos was nominated the future king of Spain; Iturmendi played a personal role in the ceremony since it was in front of him as president of the Cortes that the royal hopeful swore fidelity to the Francoist leyes fundamentales.[152]

Franco

In late 1969 Iturmendi resigned as president of the Cortes, Consejo del Reino and Consejo de Regencia; he quoted his age and declared withdrawal from active politics.

septuagenarian, he usually remained politically passive. However, in the early 1970s he was noted for joining forces with Traditionalist Carlists in an attempt to build Hermandad de Maestrazgo, an organization supposed to counter the progressive Carlohuguista bid to control Carlism.[156] Following the death of Franco Iturmendi was counted among “40 de Ayete”, direct Franco appointees to the council and to the Cortes still serving; others name him “pata negra franquista”.[157]

Reception and legacy

Academia de Jurisprudencia
site

During the Francoist era Iturmendi was hailed in the media as a great statesman. He was decorated with a number of honors, above all

Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación, which he joined in 1973.[160] His numerous works were published between 1940 and 1973; they are either juridical studies[161] or dissertations on history of Traditionalist thought.[162] His death was acknowledged in nationwide media; most presented him as great jurist and politician.[163] In 1977 Juan Carlos de Borbón conferred upon Iturmendi's widow the title of condesa de Iturmendi. The move was to honor the deceased as “constante defensor de la Institución Monárquica”[164] and turned out to be one of only 6 condados created during his rule;[165] the title is currently held by Iturmendi's grandson, Antonio Iturmendi Mac-Lellan. At least in one street has been named after him.[166]

Over time perception of Iturmendi and his role in history changed dramatically. Though already in the 1950s he was dubbed “a scoundrel” by some orthodox Carlists

Universidad Complutense rectorship in 2011.[173] In some partisan works he is dubbed “canalla”.[174] There are authors who deny him the name of a Traditionalist[175] or a Carlist.[176]

In scientific historiographic discourse Iturmendi has not earned a monograph so far, be it a full-blown biography or a minor article. In general works dealing with Francoism he is usually acknowledged as a noticeable, but second-rate figure, a man who held two important jobs but who did not qualify among key policy-makers of the regime.

Basques on prominent positions within Francoism.[181] At times he is noted as the one who delegalized prostitution in Spain,[182] though some scholars present it as a reactionary rather than a progressive move.[183]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Iturmendi entry, [in:] Heraldry Institute service, available here
  2. ^ Iturmendi Barbarín has earned a monograph, Marcelo Nuñez de Cepeda, El general Iturmendi, Pamplona 1960
  3. ^ Iturmendi Barbarin, Emeterio Celedonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  4. ^ Ayuntamiento de Morentin, [in:] Morentin service, available here
  5. ^ ABC 12.04.55, available here
  6. ^ ABC 27.01.26, available here
  7. ^ ABC 12.04.55, available here
  8. ^ Hoje Oficial de Lunes 23.04.62, available here
  9. ^ named José, Antonio, Pedro, Emilio, Marcelo, Jesus and Ramón, ABC 12.04.55, available here
  10. ^ named María Victoria, María Purificación, María de los Angeles and Ana María, ABC 12.04.55, available here
  11. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here. Iturmendi remained profoundly religious throughout all his life; at one point he advised to Conde Rodezno “Procura hacer en esta vida todo lo que te sirva para la otra”, Jesús Pavón, Semblanza del Conde de Rodezno, [in:] Principe de Viana 15/54-55 (1954), p. 190
  12. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  13. ^ Eduardo Montagut Contreras, Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, [in:] El País 28.10.08, available here
  14. ^ La Noche 24.10.24, available here
  15. ^ Heraldo de Castellón 22.06.22, available here
  16. ^ ABC 31.10.26, available here
  17. ^ Heraldo de Castellón 20.01.27, available here
  18. ^ Heraldo de Castellón 27.10.26, available here
  19. ^ Heraldo de Casetllón 20.01.27, available here
  20. ^ La Vanguardia Española 05.03.76, available here
  21. , p. 53
  22. calle Bravo Murillo
    , Herreros 2005, p. 53
  23. ^ compare her front-page photo as “a Spanish beauty” in Semana 29.06.54, available here
  24. ^ La Vanguardia Española 05.03.76, available here
  25. ^ see Lucas Osorio Iturmendi entry, [in:] Bloomberg service, available here, Alfonso Osorio Iturmendi profile, [in:] LinkedIn service, available here, María Angeles Osorio Iturmendi profile, [in:] LinkedIn service, available here
  26. ^ Antonio Iturmendi MacLellan, [in:] CrestCom España service, available here
  27. ^ Antonio Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] Congreso service, available here
  28. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 03.02.37, available here
  29. ^ he is considered the disciple of Francisco Elías de Tejada, Miguel Ayuso Torres, Francisco Elías de Tejada en la ciencia jurídico-política, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 3 (1997), p. 16
  30. ^ she is daughter to Antonio’s brother José Iturmendi Bañales and Juana Maguregui y Díaz de Mendívil, José Miguel de Mayoralgo y Lodo, Movimiento Nobiliario. Año 1937, p. 137
  31. ^ Iturmendi Maguregui, Juana entry, [in:] Senado service, available here
  32. ^ ABC 03.10.65, available here
  33. ^ Anuario del País Vasco 1930, p. 388, available here
  34. ^ Anuario Regional 1932, p. 661, available here
  35. ^ see e.g. “[Iturmendi] fue originariamente tradicionalista, peró entró en FET-JONS”, Martí Marín Cobrera, Los gobernadores civiles del franquismo, [in:] Historia y Política 29 (2013), p. 276
  36. ^ El Nervión 20.01.36, available here
  37. ^ Diario de Burgos 07.08.36, available here
  38. ^ Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 30
  39. ^ Eduardo J. Alonso Olea, El crédito de la Unión Minera, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 24 (2002), p. 346
  40. ^ El Pensamiento Alaves 13.12.37, available here
  41. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  42. ,p. 178
  43. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 180
  44. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 178. One source claims that Iturmendi was appointed a concejal in the Bilbao ayuntamiento in 1950, see the Real Academia de Historia service; this information is not confirmed elsewhere and might result from confusion; it was Antonio's brother Pedro Iturmendi Banales who served as concejal in the Bilbao ayuntamiento during few strings in course of early Francoism
  45. ^ technically the first Francoist civil governor of Tarragona was Carmelo Monzón Mosso, nominated in April 1938 (also for the province of Castellón). At that time the Nationalist made first incursions into the province, yet until January 1939 they never controlled more than 25% of its territory. Official provincial site does not count Monzón as the civil governor, Govern civil de Tarragona, [in:] Tarragona service, available here
  46. , p. 293
  47. , pp. 566-567
  48. , pp. 299-301
  49. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 13.03.39, available here
  50. , p. 166
  51. ^ Imperio 17.08.39, available here
  52. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  53. ^ Martí Marín i Corbera, El personal polític de l’ajuntament de Vic durant el franquisme: algunes consideracions (1939-1975), [in:] Recerques: história, economia, cultura 31 (1995), p. 392
  54. ^ Andreu Ginés i Sànchez, La instauració del franquisme al País Valencià [PhD thesis Barcelona Universitat Pompeu Fabra], Barcelona 2008, p. 702
  55. , p. 76
  56. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here, La Vanguardia Española 05.03.76, available here
  57. ^ ABC 13.09.39, available here
  58. , p. 40
  59. ^ Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 188
  60. , p. 69
  61. ^ Marín i Corbera 1995, p. 392
  62. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  63. , p. 287
  64. ^ Marin Cobrera 2013, p. 276
  65. ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 162, Manuel Martorell Pérez, Antonio Arrue, Euskaltzaindiaren suspertzean lagundu zuen karlista, [in:] Euskera 56 (2011), p. 856
  66. , p. 88. Another author claims that Iturmendi made the same representation already in 1940, denouncing “agravios inferidos a los tradicionalistas”, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 148. However, the author claims this representation was made to Arrese, who at the time was not the FET secretary general
  67. ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 90
  68. ^ Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), p. 115, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 217
  69. ^ Martorell Pérez 2008, p. 188
  70. ^ Marín i Cobrera 2001, p. 392
  71. ^ Marin Cobrera 2013, p. 276
  72. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 329 (1942), available here
  73. ^ Marin Cobrera 2013, p. 276
  74. , p. 53
  75. , p. 68
  76. Rodezno
    , Gil-Robles and Saínz-Rodriguez, Alvaro Rodríguez Núñez, Franquismo y tradicionalismo. La legitimación teórica del franquismo en la teoría política tradicionalista [PhD thesis Universidade de Santiago de Compostela], Santiago de Compostela 2014, p. 240, Santiago Martínez Sanchez, El cardenal Pedro Segura y Saenz [PhD thesis Universidad Navarra], Pamplona 2002, p. 448
  77. , p. 31
  78. , p. 353, Iker Cantabrana Morras, Lo viejo y lo nuevo, [in:] Sancho el Sabio 21 (2004), p. 158
  79. , p. 231
  80. ^ according to one scholar Iturmendi left Falange altogether but returned in 1946, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 68
  81. ^ Montagut Contreras 2008
  82. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Cortes service, available here.
  83. ^ El Pensamiento Alaves 05.04.45, available here
  84. , p. 175
  85. ^ Mundo Obrero 15.08.51, here
  86. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here, ABC 03.10.65, available here
  87. ^ Encarna Roca Trías, La postcodificación civil: la unidad de Códigos, una política muerta, [in:] Anuario de historia del derecho español 82 (2012), pp. 178-179
  88. , pp. 219-220
  89. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  90. ^ Payne 2011, pp. 416-417
  91. ^ Clemente 2011, p. 231
  92. ^ José Girón de Velasco served 16 years as minister of labor (1941-1957), Blas Pérez González served 15 years as minister of Interior (1942-1957)
  93. ^ the second longest-serving minister of justice, Francisco Tadeo Calomarde, served almost 9 years between 1824 and 1832; the third longest-serving minister, Antonio Oriol Urquijo, remained in office for almost 8 years between 1965 and 1973
  94. ^ in 1953, 1954 and 1955, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
  95. ^ in 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
  96. ^ in 1958 and 1960, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
  97. ^ in 1958 and 1959, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
  98. ^ in 1964, Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
  99. , p. 52
  100. ^ ABC 06.03.76, available here
  101. , p. 122
  102. ^ Iturmendi claimed that “the Hispanic, a solid and enduring bloc, will provide, in the hour uncertainty in which we live, a guarantee for more peace; this peace anxiously desired by so many”; in the 1950s some 10 dual-citizenship agreements were concluded, Daniel Gunnar Kressel, The Hispanic Community of Nations: the Spanish-Argentine nexus and the imagining of a Hispanic Cold War bloc, [in:] Cahiers des Ameriques Latines 79 (2015), pp. 115-133
  103. , p. 267
  104. , p. 251
  105. ^ Ituemrndi tried to argue that the law would turn FET into bureaucratic, state-dependent institution without life, J. Sarmiento, Franco y el poder, [in:] Historia de España blog 03.09.11, available here
  106. , p. 10
  107. ^ Iturmendi claimed that "the state should represent all Spaniards, even those not affiliated to the Movement", Sarmiento 2011
  108. ^ Diego González 2004, p. 13
  109. ^ Diego González 2004, p. 11
  110. ^ Payne 2011, p. 448
  111. ^ Kim Helsvig, Modernization and Administrative Reform during the later Franquist Régime (1957-1973), Oslo 1998, p. 102
  112. ^ Iturmendi denounced the draft proposal as running against “leyes fundamentales” and having nothing to do “con la tradición política española y con el espíritu del alzamiento”, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), p. 206
  113. , pp. 126, 129
  114. ^ Antonio Riviera, Dictadura y desarrollismo. El franquismo en Alava, [in:] Academia service 2009, p. 162
  115. , p. 86
  116. ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo 1935–1972, Barcelona 1977, ISBN, 9788425307591, p. 299
  117. , p. 39
  118. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 398
  119. , p. 51, Martorell Pérez 2008, p. 396
  120. ^ Ana Marín Fidaldo, Manuel M. Burgueño, In memoriam. Manuel J. Fal Conde (1894-1975), Sevilla 1980, p. 52
  121. ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 367
  122. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 188, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 38, Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976, pp. 27-28
  123. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 192
  124. ^ Alcalá 2001, p. 148
  125. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 400
  126. ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 221
  127. ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 364, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 34, Marín Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 52 364, Vázquez de Prada 2009, p. 192
  128. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 61 Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 177
  129. ^ Alcalá 2001, p. 127
  130. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 92, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 20
  131. ^ Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015, p. 217
  132. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 222, 232
  133. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 247
  134. ^ Martorell Pérez 2008, p. 484
  135. ^ the key antagonist of Iturmendi within the Carlohuguista camp was Ramón Massó, Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 55, 130
  136. ^ Lavardín 1976, p. 213
  137. Corpus Christi
    parade the young Carlohuguista assaulted him with cries of “traidor” and “Rey Javier!”, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 163
  138. , p. 125
  139. , p. 243
  140. ^ see the official Iturmendi note on the Congress website, available here When stepping down, Iturmendi made room for another Carlist, Antonio Oriol. Payne 2011, p. 511
  141. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  142. ^ Payne 2011, p. 511
  143. ^ Clemente 2011, p. 231
  144. ^ Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, [in:] official Cortes service, available here
  145. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  146. ^ Monserrat 2001, p. 309
  147. ^ Miralles Climent 2018, p. 364, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 34, Marín Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 52 Vázquez de Prada 2009, p. 192
  148. ^ Payne 2011, p. 505
  149. ^ Pedro Cobo Pulido, Representación familair en la época de Franco (1945-1974) [PhD thesis Universidad de Malaga], Málaga 200, p. 220
  150. ^ the Carlist MPs José Angel Zubiaur and Auxilio Goñi were charged with attending so-called Cortes Transhumantes, rump sessions of willing Cortes deputies staged across the country, Caspistegui 1997, p. 334
  151. ^ Montagut Contreras 2008
  152. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  153. ^ Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio, [in:] Cortes service, available here
  154. ^ see Iturmendi’s Cortes’ tickets at the official website of the house, available here
  155. ^ Caspistegui 1997, p. 237; on the other hand, a small monograph dedicated to Hermandad does not mention Iturmendi at all, see Ramón Rodón Guinjoan, Una aproximación al estudio de la Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo y del Partido Social Regionalista, [in:] Aportes 88 (2015), pp. 169-201
  156. , p. 75
  157. ^ also , Mérito Agricola and Mérito Naval, Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  158. ^ ABC 28.06.55, available here
  159. ^ Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, [in:] Real Academia de Historia service, available here
  160. ^ El régimen municipal en los pueblos adoptados (1940), De la justicia y de los jueces (1952), I Congreso Penal y Penitenciario Hispano Luso Americano y Filipino (1952, with Federico Castejón y Martínez de Arizala), Curso de conferencias sobre derecho inmobiliario registral (1952), Sociedades de responsabilidad limitada (1953), En defensa de proyectos de ley ante las Cortes españolas y sobre temas jurídicos y materias de la competencia del departamento (1961), Perfeccionamiento de la organización y procedimiento de la justicia (1964), Las compilaciones forales en el proceso de la codificación española (1973)
  161. ^ Vázquez Mella (editor, 1953, with Rafael Gambra), En torno a la doctrina de la soberanía social en Vázquez de Mella (1962), Balmes sacerdote: su magisterio politico visto por un por un seglar (1970)
  162. ^ ABC 06.03.76, available here
  163. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 06.01.77, available here
  164. ^ Alfonso R. Aldeyturriaga, El Corte del Rey de España, [in:] La Rioja 19.06.14, available here
  165. ^ one such street has been identified in Quart de Poblet; it is not clear when it was named after Iturmendi
  166. ^ e.g. by an orthodox Carlist historian Melchor Ferrer, referred after Vallverdu 2014, p. 151
  167. ^ Iturmendi is pictured in “Gallery of traitors” by a Carlohuguista historian, Clemente 2011, pp. 231-232
  168. ^ see Marzal 2015, Segura 2012, Recasens Llort 2003
  169. ^ the Quart de Poblet street was purged in 2016, see Las 13 Rosas y otras mujeres renombran calles franquistas de Quart de Poblet, [in:] La Vanguardia 21.07.16, available here
  170. ^ see Communicado de Izquierda Republicana, [in:] Izquierda Repubulicana service available here Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  171. ^ “biografía en proceso de remodelación”; the effect of this re-work is Antonio Iturmendi Bañales entry, [in:] Congreso service, available here
  172. ^ Diego Barcala, Iturmendi, el requeté que aspira a ser rector, [in:] Público service 12.04.11, available here
  173. , pp. 12, 58, 95-96. The book deals with the Francoist smear campaign, subsequent marginalisation and media blackout on Fidel García Martínez, the former bishop of Calahorra; Iturmendi is presented as the one who forced the church into silence over the regime’s campaign of insults and mockery
  174. ^ Iturmendi is dubbed “pseudo-tradicionalista” in Miralles Climent 2018, p. 332
  175. ^ Iturmendi is classified as representative of „post-carlism”, Bartyzel 2015, p. 69
  176. ^ Caspistegui 1997, p. 11
  177. ^ for scholarly discouse see e.g. García Riol 2015, p. 217, Martorell Pérez 2018, p. 20, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 92. For popular media discourse, see e.g. Manuel Martorell, La ‘Operación Salmón’ de los tecnócratas abrió a Juan Carlos las puertas del Trono, [in:] Cuartopoder service, 08.01.17, available here
  178. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 93
  179. ISBN 9788499205021, Yolanda Couceiro, El euskera se prohibió con Franco? Falso, [in:] InfoHispania 27.12.18, available here. In some cases Antonio is confused with his brother Pedro, see Jacobo de Andrés, Ascensión Corcuera, Los vascos que crearon el franquismo, [in:] La Tribuna del Pais Vasco 21.05.14, available here
  180. ^ Morcillo 2010, p. 122
  181. ^ "can be explained by the political mood of members of Franco’s government during those years, and in particular the stance of the then Minister of Justice, Antonio Iturmendi, well-known for his Carlist ideology" and passim, Marzal 2015

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